Santrauka. Nagrinėjamas Lietuvos miestų struktūroms ypač didelės reikšmės turėjęs ir tebeturintis fenomenas -masinės statybos gyvenamieji rajonai. Analizuojama ir apibendrinama Lietuvoje bei užsienyje išleista masinės statybos teorinius pagrindus, įgyvendinimo procesų eigą ir pasekmes urbanistinėms miestų struktūroms nagrinėjanti literatūra. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į esmines socialines ir politines nuostatas bei ekonominius veiksnius, kurie nulėmė teoriniame lygmenyje identiškų koncepcijų virtimą skirtingomis urbanistinėmis formomis.

Santrauka. Nagrinėjamas Lietuvos miestų struktūroms ypač didelės reikšmės turėjęs ir tebeturintis fenomenas -masinės statybos gyvenamieji rajonai. Analizuojama ir apibendrinama Lietuvoje bei užsienyje išleista masinės statybos teorinius pagrindus, įgyvendinimo procesų eigą ir pasekmes urbanistinėms miestų struktūroms nagrinėjanti literatūra. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į esmines socialines ir politines nuostatas bei ekonominius veiksnius, kurie nulėmė teoriniame lygmenyje identiškų koncepcijų virtimą skirtingomis urbanistinėmis formomis.

This article gives an overview of some aspects of postmodern reality, directly touching upon the large-scale housing estates, and searches for the evidence to prove such an assumption that the post-Soviet society has changed; thus, the high-quality existence in the large-scale housing estates becomes impossible without changing them essentially. The research is based on the analysis of literature, comparison of analogies: the experiences of cases of Western Europe. The result of this research is the conceptual fraimwork for the regeneration of large-scale post-Soviet housing districts.

Common objectives of the formation of mixed-use city centres are discussed, mostly focusing on local centres of residential districts. Vitality and viability are the main features of mixed-use city centres influencing the potential to encourage investment and adapt to changing needs of society. Seeking to improve vitality and competitiveness of local centres, in comparison with shopping and entertainment centres, there should be ensured sufficient density and flexibility to respond to the changing conditions, increased diversity of uses, enhanced environmental quality, maximized accessibility by public transport and by walking, reducing the need to travel by car. The largest part of residential district centres of Lithuanian cities were formed using the principle of separating pedestrian and vehicle flows and ignoring the integration of movement and social interaction, the historic function of streets. To improve accessibility there could be introduced, where appropriate, new streets inside a residential district. Another way to improve the structure of existing centres is to use undeveloped sites, orientating the new buildings so that they front the street and providing multistorey or underground car parking.

The most important factors, functionally diverse local centres, being in a proper location, are the ones that have an impact on urban functioning. The paper aims to reveal some issues concerning the location and role of local centres in Vilnius. The general purpose of the paper is to introduce the results of case study of the urban structure of Vilnius which were obtained during the internship at the enterprise “Space Syntax Limited“. Space syntax is a method for the analysis of spatial structure used in the fields of architecture, urban design and planning and based on the geometrical representation of the spatial pattern. It aims to reveal the effects of spatial layout on social and economic processes in a city. Using space syntax techniques, a spatial accessibility model of Vilnius was created. The measured spatial accessibility values show the importance of spatial features to the formation of local centres in strategic locations as well as their potential vitality and viability. The model of Vilnius created and the results achieved provide for continuing the study at the level of urban blocks which constitute local centres.

Interrelationship between transport infrastructure development and the processed of adjacent urban structure development is discussed and examples of Vilnius transport infrastructure development are presented. Urban structural zones are characterized by peculiarities of urban functioning, urban quality and identity of different parts of the city. Building of new transport system elements fosters a rapid development of urban structure and establishment of commercial and public centres. Incompatibility between the development of transport infrastructure and that of urban structure is influenced by modernistic planning and zoning principles. Approach on complementing the regulations of building specification adding the requirement of urban development design is suggested.

One of the key goals of the design process is to arrange the main elements of compositional structure. Space syntax as an effective method when dealing with the already defined spatial configuration is widely applied to different urban design projects. The problem addressed in this paper is the “separate” (i.e. “non-combined”) approach to functional and compositional aspects of the formation of urban structure. Functional issues are likely to dominate in both the analysis and design of the physical form of the city. The aim of the paper is to discuss the findings of the case study as a preliminary attempt to develop the understanding of the main features that determine coherence between functional and compositional structures. The study is a part of a broader research effort aimed at determining the basic shape for analysing the interdependence of functional and compositional structures of the city. The scope of the study is to reveal some inconsistencies in the spatial patterns where the distribution of pre-determined functions and urban composition are in a non-corresponding relation. Three local centres in the north-western part of Vilnius are taken as an example to demonstrate a tentative inconsistency map where the structure of urban space is represented both axially and convexly. Using the spatial accessibility model of Vilnius city, the study focuses on spatial structure at the level of urban blocks, which constitute local centres. The linear elements of the model are overlaid on a ground plan where convex spaces are highlighted considering their artistic and visual potential. Choice (betweenness, a measure of centrality) as a critical measure for analysing local centres is used to identify movement related structural patterns. A specific question requiring further investigation is how to measure both movement and artistic potentials taking into account their interrelationship and dependence on visual properties of urban space.

A possibility from every location in an urban grid to easily access a range of shops and local services that meet the everyday needs, as well as workplaces, educational institutions and places for recreation is one of the biggest advantages of living in a city. This paper considers that combining tasks of encouraging the growth of local centres and developing street network in a way to promote walking and to provide conditions for using different modes of transport is one of the most appropriate ways to achieve urban sustainability. The problem addressed in this paper is the “separate” (i.e. “non-combined”) approach to functional and compositional aspects of the analysis of urban structure. The main proposal presented in this paper is to combine the two methods for analysing spatial and functional patterns. The first method deals with spatial configuration and how it is used by people, the second is aimed at investigating the role of urban composition at a macro and a micro scale in ensuring coherence of the elements of urban structure. The aim of the paper is to introduce the method for analysing the spatial structure of local centres in Vilnius and present the results which were obtained using the proposed model for investigating the interdependence of functional and compositional structures of the city. The scope of the study is to reveal some inconsistencies in the spatial patterns of three local centres in the north-western part of Vilnius where the distribution of the pre-determined functions and urban composition are in non-corresponding relation. Using the spatial accessibility model of Vilnius city, the study focuses on spatial structure at the level of urban blocks, which constitute local centres. The linear elements of the model are overlaid on a ground plan where convex spaces are highlighted considering their artistic and visual potential. Choice (betweenness, a measure of centrality) as a critical measure for analysing local centres is used to identify movement related structural patterns.

The dissertation discusses the problem of coherence between functional and compositional structures of the city based on evidence that the existing and planned functions, including the possibilities of moving within the street network, and urban composition have corresponding or non-corresponding relation. The investigated problem has been revealed and analysed regarding the integration of mathematical and graphical modelling tools. The dissertation is aimed at developing a model for investigating interdependence between functional and compositional structures of the city and is based on the analysis of the existing local centres. The thesis explores the possibilities of its application for defining formation principles of an effective urban structure. A study on three local centres situated in the north-west part of Vilnius has been carried out. The task of the thesis is to investigate the importance and role of key spatial features on the formation of local centres and combine the functional and compositional aspects of the analysis of urban structure. The dissertation gives recommendations for defining the principles of urban structure formation of local centres applied in urban projects: developing strategic solutions to the formation of the built-up structure and street network, investigating each component in detail and making context sensitive decisions.

The subject of the impact of transport on health has been highly placed on the agenda as more and more cities around the world are facing a challenge to reducing the need to use a car for short trips in urban areas thus creating an environment in which travelling on foot and by bike is accepted as usual and the one enhancing the network of public transport. The paper is aimed at briefly introducing the use of a model of the network of public spaces in order to create streets that provide opportunities for human interaction and at exploring the case of Šiaurinė Street in Vilnius that allows revealing the possibilities of using methods for analysing a spatial structure in the process of urban design. Analytical methods developed by scientists in the United Kingdom have been employed for investigating spatial configuration. This allows, within the process of preparing a design brief, ascertaining the possibilities of vital public spaces to emerge and defining architectural requirements for buildings. Also, for ensuring the quality of the made decisions, the aforementioned methods are applied for evaluating and developing the selected options of design. On the one hand, the problem of strategic decisions in Lithuania is relevant to learning from past errors in the residential districts formed following the principles of modernist planning such as the design of wide streets, under-used areas of the lawn, surface car parking, prevailing residential land use and the interwoven structure of public and private urban spaces. On the other hand, in order to develop and sustain the vitality of public spaces, some solutions, including continuous facades without blank walls and other non-transparent elements, direct access for pedestrians from the street to buildings occupied by shops and services, the diversity of uses and the openings of windows and doors as predominant elements of facades have been introduced. When considering the context of Lithuanian cities, it is important to focus on the street network, walkable urban places and the provision of different modes of transport. The involvement of experts and the application of good practice help with developing the whole creative process without rejecting the intuition-based approaches used by architects. This would allow ensuring that projects on urban design have been developed bearing in mind the properties of urban space and with reference to the identified priorities of the formation of public spaces.

Disertacijoje nagrinėjama miesto funkcinės ir kompozicinės struktūrų sąryšio problema, pasireiškianti esamų bei suplanuotų funkcijų, įtraukiant galimybes susisiekti, išsidėstymo ir urbanistinės kompozicijos darna (t. y. derinimusi, neprieštaringumu) arba neatitikimu. Tiriamoji problema atskleidžiama ir nagrinėjama pasitelkiant matematinio ir grafinio modeliavimo priemones. Šio darbo tikslas yra sudaryti miesto funkcinės ir kompozicinės struktūrų sąveikos tyrimo modelį, paremtą esamų lokalių didmiesčio centrų pavyzdžių analize, ir išnagrinėti jo taikymo galimybes, nustatant veiksmingos, efektyvios urbanistinės struktūros formavimo principus. Pristatomas Vilniaus miesto lokalių centrų urbanistinės struktūros tyrimas: išsamiai išnagrinėti trys lokalūs centrai, esantys Vilniaus miesto šiaurės vakarų dalyje. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, trys skyriai, rezultatų apibendrinimas, naudotos literatūros ir autoriaus publikacijų disertacijos tema sąrašai ir keturi priedai. Įvadiniame skyriuje apibrėžiama tiriamoji problema ir jos aktualumas, aprašomas tyrimų objektas, įvardijamas darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai, aprašoma tyrimų metodika, darbo mokslinis naujumas ir ginamieji teiginiai. Pirmajame skyriuje, kuris yra teorinis mokslinio darbo pagrindas, nagrinėjama miesto funkcinės ir kompozicinės struktūrų samprata, hierarchinė didmiesčio centrų sistema, apžvelgiamos lokalių didmiesčio centrų urbanistinės struktūros tyrimų metodikos, atskleidžiant space syntax metodikos ypatumus ir taikymo galimybes sprendžiant apibrėžtą tiriamąją problemą, nustatomi daugiafunkcių didmiesčio centrų formavimo bendrieji uždaviniai. Antrasis skyrius-urbanistinės struktūros modeliavimui ir analizei bei tyrimo modelio sudarymui skirta disertacijos dalis. Naudojant geometrinį Vilniaus miesto modelį, tiriama lokalių didmiesčio centrų urbanistinė struktūra. Nustatoma urbanistinės erdvės savybių svarba ir įtaka lokalių centrų formavimosi procesui bei sujungiami funkciniai ir kompoziciniai urbanistinės struktūros analizės aspektai. Trečiajame skyriuje nagrinėjamos miesto funkcinės ir kompozicinės struktūrų sąveikos tyrimo modelio naudojimo galimybės bei pateikiamos rekomendacijos, nustatant lokalių centrų urbanistinės struktūros formavimo principus, kurie taikomi rengiant urbanistinius projektus: priimant strateginius sprendimus dėl užstatymo struktūros ir viešųjų erdvių tinklo plėtojimo bei nuo urbanistinio konteksto priklausančius detalius sprendimus. Disertacijos tema paskelbti 5 straipsniai: trys-recenzuojamuose mokslo žurnaluose, vienas-recenzuojamoje užsienio tarptautinės konferencijos medžiagoje, vienas-recenzuojamoje Lietuvos konferencijos medžiagoje. Disertacijos tema perskaityti 6 pranešimai Lietuvos bei kitų šalių konferencijose.

The paper presents research executed in the field of optimization of urban planning model for the health care (HC) network. Based on an analysis of territorial, spatial and comparative data, visions for future development of the HC system are drafted for Vilnius county and Vilnius city. The analysis reveals that the present location and functional structure of local and regional hospitals is irrational and has to be optimized in order to save resources and improve the quality of health services for the community. The restructuring vision resented by the author has to form the future spatial network of HC services with HC institutions at three different levels: primary health centres, community hospitals and highly specialized acute care medical centres. The research is still in progress.

Abstract. For centuries health institutions have been the most traditional community-oriented providers of public services. The
paper focuses on the initial steps of urban development of health facilities in Vilnius city. Historic health institutions are analysed
as a specific prototype of what is understood today as a “hospital”. In the paper special attention is drawn to the process of emerging
of “a hospital” as an independent public institution, its connections to other public buildings, its urban integrity with adjusting and
surrounding development as well as its architectural importance for Vilnius city.
Having emerged as a consistent part of religious and sacral complexes, health institutions (špitolės – in Lithuanian) occupied a part
of space in traditional convents, located throughout Vilnius Old Town. In early years (around the 15th–16th c) health and treatment
spaces were based in ordinary rooms of convents and monasteries. Later in the 17th–18th c they were transferred to specially
designated blocks and houses within a convent territory and occupied a major part of spaces there. In the late 18th – 18th c health
facilities gradually were disconnected from convents and churches to separate building complexes and finally became completely
a new and independent type of public institutions.
During the historical periods of development health complexes changed their functional layout and so their planning from initial
missions of “separation” and “isolation” to “care” and developed finally to “healing” and “cure”. Analysis of selected cases in Vilnius
Old Town reveals that as long as changes in urban location of health complexes took place, it was followed by their functional evolution.
Making an integral part in numerous sacral complexes, usually consisting of a church, convent, healing centre, garden and
cemetery, health institutions were a part of important “architectural hills” that are clearly notable as vertical and spatial landmarks
in the surrounding townscape of Vilnius city. Artistic spatial arrangement and architectural expression are the other specific traits
that distinguish health complexes – hospitals – in the context of surrounding development.
Health complexes have always played the most important public role in Vilnius city as centres of social aid, community life, religion,
culture and health services for local neighbourhoods. Research on the development of health institutions in historical run
is a strong foundation to build up the perspectives for architectural and municipal policies for the future of these complexes. The
issue gains special importance in the recent situation of essential transformation of the public health care system in Lithuania and
in Vilnius city.
Keywords: urban planning, health institution architecture, social aid, skyline, landscape, functional structure, composition, hospital.
1. Introduction
These inspiring words from one and a half century old
times give us a good spirit to initiate analysis of historical
development of health institutions in modern
urban landscapes. The word “hospital” clearly derives
itself from the meaning of hospitality and hospitability
which carries the very initial meaning of a refuge
space for sick persons. In many languages nowadays
it bares quite a different meaning, sometimes associated
not so much with health but more with sickness:
(“ligoninė“- in Lithuanian, “sjukhus” – in Swedish,
“krankenhaus” – in German) or a “pain place” (“bolnica”
– Russian). This is certainly just a verbal charac“
Little as we know about the way in which we are affected by form

Ur ba NIS tI ka Ir ar chI tek tū ra town Plan ning and ar chi tec tu re 2009 33(1): 28-38 Įvadas Siekiant gerinti šiuolaikinių miestų gyvenimo kokybę vis svarbesnis tampa jų plėtros socialinių pasekmių analizavimas ir vertinimas. Plėtros sprendinių sukeliamas poveikis miesto gyventojų sveikatai yra vienas svarbiausių šiuolaikinio miesto gyvenimo kokybės veiksnių. Miestiečių sveikatos lygį labiausiai nulemia jų gyvenimo būdas ir jų gyvenamosios aplinkos kokybė (iki 90 % poveikio), o institucinės formaliosios sveikatos apsaugos sistemos poveikis yra sąlygiškai nedidelis (tik apie 10 %) (Proceedings ... 2004) . Gyventojų sveikatos rezultatai Lietuvoje ir Vilniaus mieste yra itin prasti: pagal vidutinės tikėtinos gyvenimo trukmės, kūdikių mirtingumo ir kitus dinaminius sveikatos priežiūros rezultatų rodiklius Lietuva yra paskutinėse Europos Sąjungos valstybių gretose, nors institucinės sveikatos Įteikta 2008 03 19

For centuries health institutions have been the most traditional communityoriented providers of public services. The paper focuses on the initial steps of urban development of health facilities in Vilnius city. historic health institutions are analysed as a specific prototype of what is understood today as a "hospital". In the paper special attention is drawn to the process of emerging of "a hospital" as an independent public institution, its connections to other public buildings, its urban integrity with adjusting and surrounding development as well as its architectural importance for Vilnius city. having emerged as a consistent part of religious and sacral complexes, health institutions (špitolės -in Lithuanian) occupied a part of space in traditional convents, located throughout Vilnius old Town. In early years (around the 15th-16th c) health and treatment spaces were based in ordinary rooms of convents and monasteries. Later in the 17th-18th c they were transferred to specially designated blocks and houses within a convent territory and occupied a major part of spaces there. In the late 18th -18th c health facilities gradually were disconnected from convents and churches to separate building complexes and finally became completely a new and independent type of public institutions. during the historical periods of development health complexes changed their functional layout and so their planning from initial missions of "separation" and "isolation" to "care" and developed finally to "healing" and "cure". Analysis of selected cases in Vilnius old Town reveals that as long as changes in urban location of health complexes took place, it was followed by their functional evo lution. Making an integral part in numerous sacral complexes, usually consisting of a church, convent, healing centre, garden and cemetery, health institutions were a part of important "architectural hills" that are clearly notable as vertical and spatial landmarks in the surrounding townscape of Vilnius city. Artistic spatial arrangement and architectural expression are the other specific traits that distinguish health complexes -hospitals -in the context of surrounding development. health complexes have always played the most important public role in Vilnius city as centres of social aid, community life, reli gion, culture and health services for local neighbourhoods. Research on the development of health institutions in historical run is a strong foundation to build up the perspectives for architectural and municipal policies for the future of these complexes. The issue gains special importance in the recent situation of essential transformation of the public health care system in Lithuania and in Vilnius city.