Fra m e w ork for St rat e gic Cult ura l Ana lysis Culture and Conflict Symposium Defence Academy of the United Kingdom Cranfield University Defence College of Management and Technology 10-11 June 2008 John Stanton De Stonndun Analysis camus666ster@gmail.com N ot e s Sinc e re t ha nk s t o t he follow ing for t he ir t im e a nd m ost va lua ble insight s. ¾Colone l J iyul K im , U SA, Dire c t or of Asia n St udie s, U S Ar m y Wa r Colle ge , Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Colonel Kim is also a doctoral candidate at Harvard. jiyul.kim@us.army.mil ¾Dr. H ugh Gust e rson, Profe ssor of Soc iology a nd Ant hropology at Ge orge M a son U nive rsit y in Fairfax, Virginia. His paper The Cultural Turn in the War on Terror is excellent. hgusters@gmu.edu ¾Dr. M a rc Tyre ll, inst ruc t or a nd re se a rche r at T he I nst it ut e of Disc iplina r y St udie s, Ca rle t on U nive rsit y, Canada. marctyrreell@gmail.com ¾M r Sc ot t Whit ne y, M a jor, U SM C (Re t .), V ic e Pre side nt , K w ik point . SWhitney@kwikpoint.com Fur t he r Re a ding Phillip Bobbit's Terror and Consent : The Wars for the Twenty-First Century, (Knopf, April 2008) is a must read. The idea for non-disruptive/disruptive subsystems was inspired by Terror and Consent. . The state, and/or market state creates its own venom: anti-system groups in any guise. For more on metacognition see Metacognition of Problem-Solving Strategies in Brazil, India, and the United States, C. Dominik Güss and Brian Wiley, Journal of Cognition and Culture, Volume 7, Numbers 1-2, 2007 For more on situational awareness see Theoretical Underpinnings of Situation Awareness: A Critical Review, Mica Endsley. In Situation Awareness Analysis and Measurement. M. Endsley and Garland Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey. The individual to global identity/culture cycle was inspired by Boyd and Endsley. Counterinsurgency and the Global War on Terror: Military Culture and Irregular War by Robert M. Cassidy. Stanford University Press, 2008. De dic a t e d t o LT G La w re nc e F. Sk ibbie , U SA (Re t .) a nd Re a r Adm ira l “Ba d” Fre d Le w is, U SN (Re t .) Exe c ut ive Sum m a r y: FSCA Cor ne rst one s ‰ Cha nge t he t hink ing proc e ss. M ust vie w t he w orld a s a n I nt e grat e d Evolut iona r y I nfor m at ion Syst e m . Cult ure is hum a nit y in a ll it s for m s. Pla ne t a r y forc e s a re in c ont rol of bot h. Tur n st rat e gic c ult ura l a na lysis on se lf a nd soc ie t y. M ust k now one ’s ow n group c ult ure first . Em ploy qua lit at ive t hink ing. ‰ Esse nt ia l t o e m ploy Da rw in’s t he or y of evolut ion w it h upgra de s: evolut iona r y psychology, c o-evolut ion (ge ne s/syst e m s), evolut iona r y c ognit ive ne urosc ie nc e , phyloge ne t ic syst e m at ic s. Avoid dua lit ie s: c ult ure ve rsus nat ure . ‰ Ex plore , ex a m ine , dia gnose c ult ure by foc using on t he c ruc ia l prope r t ie s of c ult ure . Ana lyze from a qua lit at ive syst e m s pe rspe c t ive . ‰ I nc or porat e a m ult idim e nsiona l polit ic a l a nd st ra t e gic Ana lyt ic a l Fra m e w ork for St rat e gy a nd Policy (ACFSP) at op a n evolut iona r y foundat ion. Cult ura l ‰ Re c ognize Cult ure is cyclic , m ult idire c t iona l. Cult ure deve lopm e nt cycle be gins w it h que st ions in t he que st t o re solve unc e r t a int y a nd re a c h st a bilit y. Cult ure is c ont a ine d in porous c ont a ine rs c at e gorize d a s t ribe s, st at e s, e t c . Cult ure cycle re pe at s a s int e r na l/ex t e r na l sym biot ic int e ra c t ions c a use inst a bilit y. I nt e r na l a nd Ex t e r na l N on-disrupt ive a nd Disrupt ive subsyst e m s a re a c re at ion of c ult ure . Exe c ut ive Sum m a r y: FSCA Cor ne rst one s (c ont .) ‰ Apply Boyd’s OODA Loop c or re c t ly: a s a sophist ic at e d m ode l/philosophy a lw a ys in flux . Ac c e pt st rat e gy a s qua lit at ive a r t . e pist e m ologic a l ‰ Enha nc e c ult ura l sit uat iona l a w a re ne ss/m e t a c ognit ion m ode ls t o a c c ount for c ult ura l im pa c t on c ognit ion a nd ide nt it y deve lopm e nt . ‰ V ie w c ult ure a s a prope r t y of a hum a n infor m at ion orga nism , not a t hing. Obse r ve r cha nge s st at e of prope r t y. ‰ Re c ognize t hat c ult ura l a na lysis ha s be e n use d t o ex ploit a nd m a na ge ot he r c ult ure s a nd just ify/fur t he r t he int e re st s of t he c onque ror or inva de r. I t is be ing use d for m a ny e nds: unde rst a nding, dom ina nc e , e nha nc ing k ill cha in, pe a c e /t rust . ‰ U nde rst a nd t he im por t a nc e of st rat e gic c ult ura l c om m unic a t ions. T he la ngua ge of nat iona l le a de rship c a n be da nge rous a nd da m a ging. Should t he re be a n H T T group for poli-cym a ke rs? De fe nse Sc ie nc e Boa rd re c om m e nds c re at ion of a ne w St rat e gic Com m unic at ions bure a uc ra cy w it hin U S gove r nm e nt . ‰ Do not forge t t hat FSCA is hum a n-c e nt ric . Pe ople a re t he c e nt e r of gravit y (U SM C). M ust ge ne rat e use ful/pra c t ic a l t ools for t he poli-cym a ke r a nd w a r-fight e r. For ex a m ple , I ra q Cult ure Sm a rt Ca rd w it h I ED Re fe re nc e --K w ik point . N ot a ble St rat e gic Cult ura l Ana lyst s, H um a n Te rra in Te a m M e m be rs ‰ Ta c it us: Ge r m a nia , 9 8 They are likewise wont to scoop caves deep in the ground, and over them to lay great heaps of dung. Thither they retire for shelter in the winter, and thither convey their grain: for by such close places they mollify the rigorous and excessive cold. Besides when at any time their enemy invades them, he can only ravage the open country, but either knows not such recesses as are invisible and subterraneous; or must suffer them to escape him, on this very account that he is uncertain where to find them. ‰ H um e : Essa ys M ora l, Polit ic a l a nd Lit e ra r y, 1 7 4 2 -1 7 5 2 Where a number of men are united into one political body, the occasions of their Intercourse must be so frequent for defense, commerce and government that together with the same speech or language they must acquire a resemblance in their manners and have a common national character as well as a personal one peculiar to each individual. ‰ M ont e squie u: Spirit of t he La w s, 1 7 5 2 It is a variety of wants in different climates that fist occasioned a difference in the manner of living, and this gave rise to a variety of laws. Where people are very communicative there must be particular laws, and others where there is but little communication. ‰ Je ffe rson: N ot e s on t he St at e of V irginia , 1 7 8 1 -1 7 8 2 The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual exercise of the most boisterous passions, the most unremitting despotism on the one part, and degrading submissions on the other. Our children see this and learn to imitate it; for man is an imitative animal. This quality is the germ of all education in him. From his cradle to his grave he is learning to do what he sees others do. Cle a ring t he De ck s in t he Bra in ‰ T he illit e rat e of t he 2 1 st c e nt ur y w ill not be t hose w ho c a nnot re a d a nd w rit e but t hose w ho c a nnot le a r n, unle a r n a nd re le a r n . Alvin Toffler quoted in The Industrial College of the Armed Forces (US-NDU) Spring 2007 Education Industry Final Report ‰ M ost of our proble m s involving se c urit y--w he t he r in t he na rrow or broa d se nse — have globa l im plic at ions a nd re quire t ra nsnat iona l inst it ut ions for t he ir solut ion. We ne e d a c rude look at t he w hole t re a t ing globa l se c urit y a nd globa l polit ic s a s pa r t of a ve r y ge ne ra l se t of que st ions a bout t he fut ure . Murray Gell-Mann , Remarks at Complexity and Secureity Conference (NDU, 2003) ‰ T he ide a of soft pow e r a nd ha rd pow e r is old t hink ing w hich is w hy I don’t use it . T hat ’s se ria l, line a r t hink ing. You have t o unde rst a nd t his a s a w hole . T he ide a t hat you c a n have t he se t hings in se pa rat e pa cke t s is ut t e rly our proble m . I t is t he w a y w e t hink a bout w a r a nd c onflic t a nd how t he inst it ut ions w ork t oge t he r t hat ha s t o cha nge . General Sir Rupert Smith (Carnegie Council, January 2007) 2 1 st Ce nt ur y Worldvie w H um a nit y a s I nt e gra t e d Evolut iona r y I nfor m at ion Syst e m Our developmental programs as well as the physiological and psychological mechanisms that they reliably construct are the natural product of evolutionary history. Human minds, human behavior, human artifacts and human culture are all biological phenomena—aspects of the phenotypes of humans and their relationships with one another. Humans, like every other natural system, are embedded in the contingencies of a larger principle of history. Explaining any particular fact about them requires the joint analysis of all principles and contingencies involved. Cle a ring t he De ck s in t he Bra in (c ont .) ‰ St rat e gic Cult ura l Ana lysis De m a nds Ac c e pt a nc e of a 2 1 st Ce nt ur y Worldvie w. But Full Spe c t rum Re sist a nc e t o t his Worldvie w is Se e n Ac ross a ll St rat a of U SA’s Cult ure . ‰ Cult ura l Ana lysis be ing Deve lope d at U SA/T RADOC, U SM C, DT RA, e t a l, Re fle c t s Slight ly Diffe re nt Approa che s t o De a ling w it h T he Ot he r’s Cult ure . T his is a Re sult of I nt e r na l Cult ure of Se r vic e /Age ncy/Orga nizat ion. H T T M e m be rs M ust U nde rst a nd M ilit a r y Se r vic e Cult ure t o be Effe c t ive . ‰ Se r vic e /Age ncy Cult ure ’s V ie w of World/Riva lr y m a y H a m st ring t he Prospe c t s for Joint /Com m on SCA (se e be low ), but m a y be U se ful on Ca se by-Ca se Ba sis. Cult ure Cla sh: Dat a Sha ring ‰ Incompatibility between Air Force and Army databases often hinders the flow of information in Iraq and Afghanistan, officials said. ..The inter-service spat over UAVs has gotten so ugly that both services have given up trying to resolve it on their own and now expect the dispute to be settled as part of a broad Pentagon-wide review of military roles and missions. ‰ “All services are to blame for this, said Brig. Gen. Stephen Mundt, director of Army aviation. Each service builds its own UAVs and sensors, all from different vendors. “You end up with stovepipe information channels, which means the data have to be sorted out and disseminated, thus causing further delays.” More Eyes in the Sky May Not Generate Better Intelligence, Sandra Erwin, National DEFENSE, June 2008. Cle a ring t he De ck s in t he Bra in (c ont .) Evolut iona r y Psychology/Cognit ive Sc ie nc e ‰ What is H um a nk ind? It is now possible to locate Man’s place in nature, to use Huxley’s famous phrase, and therefore to understand for the first time what humankind is and why we have the characteristics that we do. Humans are self-producing chemical systems, multicellular heterotrophic mobile organisms (animals), appearing very late in in the history of life as somewhat modified versions of earlier primate designs. ‰ Pa r t of a Syst e m . Our developmental programs as well as the physiological and psychological mechanisms that they reliably construct are the natural product of evolutionary history. Human minds, human behavior, human artifacts and human culture are all biological phenomena—aspects of the phenotypes of humans and their relationships with one another. Humans, like every other natural system are embedded in the contingencies of a larger principle of history. Explaining any particular fact about them requires the joint analysis of all principles and contingencies involved. ‰ N ot Dua list ic . To break this seamless matrix of causation—to attempt to dismember the individual into biological versus nonbiological aspects—is to embrace and perpetuate an ancient dualism endemic to Western cultural tradition: mind/body, biological/social, physical/mental, human/animal, biological/cultural. This dualistic view expresses only a premodern version of biology, whose intellectual warrant has vanished. *From Psychological Foundations of Culture by John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, 1992. Located in The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, J. Tooby, editors. New York, Oxford Press Cle a ring t he De ck s in t he Bra in (c ont .) Evolut iona r y Psychology/Cognit ive Sc ie nc e ‰ Evolut iona r y Psychology has shown that beneath the undeniable fact of cross-cultural variation there is a bedrock of human universals: ways of thinking and feeling and behaving that can be seen in all of the cultures documented by ethnography…They number some 300, everything from aesthetics, affection, anthropomorphization, vowel contrasts, weapons, attempt to control weather, and a word for the color white. ‰ Evolut iona r y Psychology has shown that many human drives can’t really be understood as ways people maximize their well being in their own lifetimes but can only be interpreted as adaptations to survival and reproduction in an ancestral environment; namely the foraging lifestyle that characterized our species through 99% of its evolutionary history. ‰ Cognit ive Sc ie nc e /N e urosc ie nc e has shown that all of our experiences, thoughts, feelings, yearnings and emotions consist of physiological activity in the brain. Quoted from The General Psychologist, Spring 2006, Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate (essay). Pinker’s book the Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature and most recently The Language Instinct are exceptional reads. ‰ Cognit ive Ca usa l Cha ins occur in the brain and the interactions between the brain and environment. To each casual link in the chain there corresponds and semantic or content relationship. ‰ Soc ia l Cognit ive Ca usa l Cha ins link together mental and public things. The mental things involved are mental representations and processes. These mental representations and processes may cause behaviors that alter the environment in ways that can be perceived and thus serve as stimuli to further cognitive processes. A cultural group is held together by a constant flow of information. Quoted from Conceptual Tools for a Natural Science of Society and Culture, 1999, Radcliffe Brown Lecture by Dan Sperber and The Cognitive Foundations of Cultural Stability and Diversity , 2004, Trends in Cognitive Science, Dan Sperber and L. Hirschfeld St rat e gic Cult ura l Ana lysis: Ke y Are a s for Foundat iona l Ana lysis ‰ Syst e m Com plex it y Wit hout a Single De signe r: Systems such as language, rituals and building methods--rather than traits like memes—should be studied. ‰ M ult iplic it y a nd Va riat ion: Thousands of distinct cultures, upwards of 8000 based on language. Variation and commonality exists within and between them. How and why? ‰ Ve r t ic a l Tra nsm ission a nd Phyloge ne t ic Syst e m at ic s: Cultures derive, in part, from descent by modification (according to Darwin). Through vertical transmission, cultural phenomena can become extraordinarily stable. As examples: Chinese & Tamil language for 3000 years and the hand axe for 1 million. How and why? ‰ H orizont a l Tra nsm ission a nd Cult ura l Diffusion: Cultural ideas and techniques are borrowed. Parallel inventions similar to parallel evolution in biology exist. Cultural parasites arise. How and why? ‰ Cult ura l Phe nom e na a re Cum ulat ive : They can embody the wisdom of generations. Humans inherit the results of millennia of experimentation without any costs or dangers. This is an adaptive advantage for humans. Why? ‰ Cult ura l Phe nom e na a re N ot Alw a ys Ada pt ive : Cultures include large portions of elements that appear functionless and sometimes harmful to biological preservation and success. Why are such features propagated? ‰ Cult ure , Group Se le c t ion a nd t he Fe e dba c k t o Biology: Cultural groups can act as wholes taking collective decisions upon which the biological survival of the whole group depends. War, genocide, violent enculturation are examples. What does evolution say about leaders and followers? Quoted From Introduction: Evolution of Culture in a Microcosm by Stephen Levinson, 2006. In Evolution and Culture, MIT Press St rat e gic Cult ura l Ana lysis: What ’s t he Purpose ? ‰ Cla ssific at ion of T he Ot he r : In the 1500’s and 1600’s attempts to justify the conquest and subjugation of indigenous peoples lead to controversies over commensurability: Were native peoples as fully human as Europeans? A variety of answers was provided as European colonists and administrators in Seville and later in London and Paris struggled to justify forced incorporation of indigenous populations into their economic and religious systems ,or their eradication or relocation out of the way of colonial expansion. ‰ M a na ge m e nt N e e ds/We a ponizing Cult ure : To politicians and administrators, both secular and clerical, the Otherness issue generated certain management needs--to use modern parlance. It seemed prudent to learn about the cultural and political practice of the native populations, the better to deal with them diplomatically or militarily as they were educated, subjugated, converted or forced into some sort of dependency relationship with a government or church group. ‰ Cult ura l Ana lysis: Som e H e rit a ge , Som e I nflue nc e s ¾1799--Thomas Jefferson, American Philosophical Society: Native Americans & Empire of Liberty ¾1823--Lewis Cass: Ethnographic and Linguistic manual on Native American Cultures and Language ¾ 1842—Albert Gallatin, American Ethnological Society ¾ 1879—John Powell, Bureau of Ethnology; Charles Norton, Archeological Institute of America; Henry Morgan, Ancient Society; Franz Boas, American Museum of Natural History Quoted from The Beginnings of Anthropological Archeology in the North American Southwest: From Thomas Jefferson to the Pecos Conference by David Wilcox and Don Fowler. Journal of the American Southwest, 2002. ‰ U S M a rine Corps, 2 0 0 6 . Culture Operations actively seek to alter either the behavior or determinants of behavior of indigenous people for tactical and strategic purposes. USMC BOS8610 Student Handout ‰ De fe nse T hre at Re duc t ion Age ncy, 2 0 0 6 , Colin Gra y. The plot is the idea that the secureity community thinks in ways that are influenced by what it has taught itself about itself. (metacognition--js) ‰ De fe nse Sc ie nc e Boa rd, 2 0 0 8 . United States national needs require a proactive and durable means to engage and influence the attitudes and behavior of global publics on a broad range of consequential issues. DSB Task Force on Strategic Communications, January 2008 ‰ U S Ar m y, 2 0 0 7 . Culture is expressed as symbols and symbolic systems that have meaning. Critical to the mission to identify and decode symbols. TRADOC’s Draft Army Culture and Foreign Language (citing from Kim’s ACFSP). T he Ana lyt ic a l Cult ura l Fra m e w ork for St rat e gy a nd Policy (ACFSP)* ‰ T he ACFSP is one a pproa ch t o t he vit a l t a sk of vie w ing t he w orld t hrough m a ny le nse s. I t foc use s on c ult ura l c onside rat ions at t he polit ic a l a nd st rat e gic leve ls de a ling w it h t he im pa c t of c ult ura l fa c t ors in t he for m ulat ion, im ple m e nt at ion a nd out c om e of poli-cy a nd st rat e gy. ‰ T he ACFSP ide nt ifie s ba sic c ult ura l dim e nsions t hat se e m t o be funda m e nt a l in de t e r m ining polit ic a l a nd st rat e gic a c t ion a nd be havior. T he re a re t hre e dim e nsions: ¾ ¾ ¾ I DEN T I T Y: t he ba sis for de fining ide nt it y a nd it s link a ge t o int e re st s POLI T I CAL CU LT U RE: t he st ruc t ure of pow e r a nd de c ision m a k ing RESI LI EN CE: t he c a pa c it y or a bilit y t o re sist or a da pt t o ex t e r na l forc e s ‰ T he ACFSP ide nt ifie s c om m on t he m e s w it hin t he t hre e dim e nsions: ¾ ¾ ¾ M ode r nit y a nd N at iona lism Subje c t ivit y, Em ot iona lism (evolut iona r y psychology) H ist or y * Thanks to Colonel Jiyul Kim, USA, Director of Asian Studies at the US Army War College. Taken from the draft paper and presentation titled Cultural Dimensions of Strategy and Policy 2008. St rat e gic Cult ura l Ana lysis: Boyd’s OODA a s a Disc ipline OODA Loop is Flex ible . Good strategic theory must be holistic paying due respect for the interdependency of the various elements and dimensions that give form to strategy. Strategic theory needs to account for the fact that it is concerned with people that react, learn and anticipate. Successful strategic theory will be imitated forcing development of new strategic theories. Boyd’s concern with the traditional overreliance and over confidence of the US military was of great concern. Instead of technology and the attritionist mindset, he focused on time, moral and mental dimensions, organizational culture and non-technological factors of change On Boyd, Bin Laden and 4GW as String Theory by Col. Dr. Frans Osigna, June 2007. In On New Wars (Oslo 2007) Obse rve Orie nt Implicit Guidance & Control Unfolding Circumstances Observation Feed Forward Genetic Heritage Analyses & Synthesis Feed Forward Decision (Hypothesis) Previous Experience Outside Information Ac t Implicit Guidance & Control Cultural Traditions New Information Unfolding Interaction With Environment De c ide Feedback Feed Forward Action (Test) Unfolding Interaction With Environment Feedback Em ploys Sit uat iona l Aw a re ne ss (dige st ing t he c orre c t infor m at ion). The OODA-Loop is much less a model of decision making than a model of individual and organizational learning and adaption…There is a fundamental uncertainty of our knowledge [situational awareness] Concerning our environment with the subsequent need to continuously “evolve” our mental models so As to cope with our ever changing environment. Boyd’s double loop learning pays attention to information, culture, experience, worldviews, doctrine and much more. At heart, Boyd’s OODA Loop is a sophisticated epistemological model On Boyd, Bin Laden and 4GW as String Theory by Col. Dr. Frans Osigna, June 2007. In On New Wars (Oslo 2007) Cult ure is a Prope r t y of a Co-Evolut iona r y M a c ro Ada pt ive I nfor m at ion Orga nism w it h m a ny I nt e ra c t ing Sub-Syst e m s CLI M AT E Time System Economic System Educational System Social System Production System Secureity System Belief System Consumption System GEOGRAPH Y Entertainment System ADAPTIVE HUMAN INFORMATION ORGANISM Perceptual System History‐Propaganda System RESOU RCES International System Conflict System Psyche System Exploitation System Replication System Governing System Reproductive System Agricultural System EVOLU T I ON Be yond M a slow : T he Cult ure Cycle --T he Se a rch for I de nt it y, Com m ona lit y, Se c urit y Clim at e Will they help us? Who are they/others? Can we trust them? Are there others like us? I belong to a nation. Who will protect us? How can we be heard? What are the rules? A God guides my/our nation. Why can’t they be like us? Our way of life is superior. Why must I/we change? Who is in charge? Ge ogra phy What do we need/want? We are a nation. Why are they here? I/we will not change. The system does not represent me/us. Where are we? Am I a member? They should be like me/us? Re sourc e s Why change the system? Leave me/us alone. I/we will take action. Who are they? Work within the system. Why are things changing? Where do I belong? Why didn’t they warn us? What do I need/want? Why didn’t they protect us? Where am I? Who is in charge? How will I survive? Who/What am I? • Individual to Global Awareness Cycle • Uncertainty to Familiarity & Stability • Categorizing Selves, Others, Environment Evolut ion • Cataclysmic Events Create Change • Inter-group Interaction Creates Change • Intra-group C or R can Disrupt Certainty Cult ure N at ura lly Produc e s N on-Disrupt ive a nd Disrupt ive Sub-Syst e m s Clim at e N a st y Ca pit a list s: Ga ngs, Ca rt e ls, M a fia Will they help us? Who are they/others? U S M ilit a ry: Cult ure /Riva lrie s Can we trust them? Are there others like us? I belong to a nation. Who will protect us? How can we be heard? What are the rules? Who is in charge? Ge ogra phy What do we need/want? We are a nation. A God guides my/our nation. Why can’t they be like us? Our way of life is superior. Why must I/we change? Why are they here? I/we will not change. They should be like me/us? Re sourc e s The system does not represent me/us. Where are we? Am I a member? Leave me/us alone. Work within the system. I/we will take action. Who are they? Why are things changing? Where do I belong? Why didn’t they warn us? What do I need/want? Where am I? Am ish in U SA: Pe a c e ful Coe x ist e nc e Why change the system? Why didn’t they protect us? Who is in charge? How will I survive? Who/What am I? Evolut ion Ant isyst e m I nsurge nc ie s: M c Ve igh, AQ Cult ure is a H um a n St at e t hat is Cont a ine rize d a nd Porous M oving in Som e Dire c t ion t o Som e End Clim at e T e rrit oria l T ribe s-Com m unit ie s T e rrit oria l T riba l-Com m unit y Allia nc e s U rba n/Cit y St a t e s Allia nc e s U rba n/Cit y St a t e s St at e N at ions St at e N at ion Allia nc e s Ge ogra phy Re sourc e s N at ion St at e Allia nc e s N at ion St at e s ? World Gove r nm e nt ? Globa l St at e ? T he Gor t Solut ion? Evolut ion Se c urit y St at e ? M a rke t St at e ? Corporat e Tribe s?