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Punk subculture in Poland - from rebelion to stylization

2019, Threat to the individual in the contemporary society

Contemporary punk in Poland can be characterized as a heterogenous phenom­enon, undergoing changes, which occur on several levels. This text has briefly characterized the five levels on which the possible activity of people who understand and identify with the punk subculture in a different way can be considered. First of all: contemporary Polish punk takes part in concerts, often organized In the form of large music events, where through the outfit he expresses his passion for the subculture. The second possibility Is to refer to the splendour of the Polish punk through sentimentaljourneysin timeintheform of events, books, films, interviews with musicians playing on the punk stages in the 80s or the participants of these events. The third option is the social activity, undertaken in the spirit of anarchism and freedom, opposition to capitalist rules, where the outfit and the punk-styled external look sometimes move to the background. The fourth option of activity of contemporary punks are informal groups, which spend their free time through their nihilist and anarchist lifestyle and the use of stimulants. Finally, the fifth element of expressingthe punk subculture Is pulling it into the fashion trends in chain stores with clothing, thanks to which it becomes one of the products to choose from and at the same time is devoid of an ideological layer.

Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii WSB Zagrożenia jednostki we współczesnym społeczeństwie Ohroźeni jedince v soucasne spolećnosti Threat to the individual in the contemporary society Redakcja naukowa: Marek Walancik Stanislava Hoferkova Dąb r o w a G ó r n icza 2 0 1 9 Punk subculture in Poland - from rebellion to stylization Mikołaj Brenk A b st r a c t : Co n t e m p o r a r y p u n k in Po lan d can be ch a r a ct e r ize d as a h e t e r o ge n o u s p h e n o m ­ en o n , u n d e r go in g ch a n ge s, w h ich o ccu r on se v e r al le v e ls. Th i s t e x t h as b r ie f ly ch a r a ct e r ize d t h e f iv e le v e ls on w h ich t h e p o ssi b le a ct i v i t y o f p eo p le w h o u n d e r st an d an d id e n t if y w it h t h e p u n k su b cu l t u r e in a d if f e r e n t w ay can be co n sid e r e d . Fir st o f all: co n t e m p o r a r y Po lish p u n k t a k e s p ar t in co n ce r t s, o f t e n o r gan ize d In t h e f o r m o f lar ge m u sic e v e n t s, w h e r e t h r o u gh t h e o u t f it he e x p r e sse s h is p a ssio n f o r t h e su b cu l t u r e . Th e se co n d p o ssi b il it y Is t o r ef e r t o t h e sp le n d o u r o f t h e Po lish p u n k t h r o u gh se n t im e n t a lj o u r n e y si n t i m e i n t h e f o r m o f e ve n t s, b o o ks, f il m s, in t e r v ie w s w it h m u sicia n s p la y in g on t h e p u n k st a g e s in t h e 8 0 s o r t h e p a r t i ci p a n t s o f t h e se e v e n t s. Th e t h ir d o p t io n is t h e so ci a l act iv it y , u n d e r t ak e n in t h e sp ir it o f a n ar ch i sm an d f r ee d o m , o p p o sit io n t o c a p i t a l i st r u les, w h e r e t h e o u t f it an d t h e p u n k -st y le d e xt e r n al lo o k so m e t im e s m o ve t o t h e b ack gr o u n d . Th e f o u r t h o p t io n o f a c t i v i t y o f co n t e m p o r a r y p u n k s ar e in f o r m al gr o u p s, w h ich sp e n d t h e ir f r ee t im e t h r o u gh t h e ir n ih i list an d a n a r ch i st li f e st y le an d t h e u se o f st im u l a n t s. Fin ally, t h e f if t h e le m e n t o f e x p r e ssi n g t h e p u n k su b cu l t u r e Is p u ll in g it in t o t h e f a sh io n t r e n d s in ch ain st o r e s w it h clo t h i n g, t h a n k s t o w h ich it b e co m e s o n e o f t h e p r o d u ct s t o ch o o se f r o m an d at t h e sam e t im e is d evo id o f an id e o l o gi cal layer. Key words: p u n k , su b cu lt u r e , p o st -su b cu lt u r e , p u n k r o ck m u sic, r o ck f e st iv a l, an ar ch i sm Zagrożenia jednostki we współczesnym społeczeństwie / Ohrozenfjedince v soućasne spolećnosti ! Thm«t to the individualin the contemporary societya Mikołaj Brenk Introduction Pu n k h as u n d o u b t e d ly b een o n e o f t h e m o st in t e n se cu lt u r al p h e n o m e n a o f t h e 1 9 8 0 s an d e ar ly 1 9 9 0 s. Th e r e f o r e , co n t e m p o r a r y co n t e x t s o f t h e p r e se n ce o f p u n k in t h e so ci a l r e ali t y st il l ar o u se in t e r e st o f t h e m ed ia, r e se a r ch e r s o r y o u t h se e k i n g t h e ir o w n st y le . In t h is a r t i cle I w o u ld like t o p o in t o u t t h e se le ct e d f e a t u r e s o f t h e Po lish p u n k f r o m t h e t i m e s o f it s m agn i f ice n ce , f in d so ci al p h e n o m e n a t h a t in su b se q u e n t y e a r s cu lt iv at e d t h e m e m o r y o f t h is su b cu lt u r e , as w ell a s m ar k it s r e lat io n s w it h co n t e m p o r a r y so ci a l m o v e m e n t s. It is n o t m y go al t o sh o w t h e d e t a ile d ch ar ­ a c t e r i st i c s o f t h is su b cu lt u r e , o r t o p o in t t o t h e n e xt ch a n g e s on t h e m u sic sce n e o f t h is gen r e - t h e s e p h e n o m e n a are u n d o u b t e d ly in t e r e st in g, b u t h ave alr e ad y b een e xam in e d an d d e scr ib e d at v a r i o u s an gle s. Subculture of rebellion Fo r t h e yo u t h o f t h e f i r st h alf o f t h e 8 0 s, t h e su b cu l t u r a l a f f il ia t io n w a s v e r y p o p u lar . It co u ld be e xp r e sse d t h r o u gh a c o n sc i o u s an d f u ll se le ct i o n o f t h e su b cu l t u r e , o r t h e sp o n t a n e o u s j o i n i n g a su b cu l t u r e in se a r ch o f a p ee r gr o u p . A n o t h e r p o ssi b i l i t y w a s o n ly a sh o r t -t e r m su b m i ssi o n t o f ash io n o f b e lo n gin g t o a su b cu lt u r e w it h o u t g e t t i n g t o k n o w it s id e o lo gical e le m e n t s. Id zik o w sk aCzu b aJ i n d i ca t e s t h a t at t h e t i m e t h e p u n k su b cu l t u r e h as t h e st r o n g e st e f f e c t o n y o u n g ge n e r a ­ t io n s, p a r t icu la r ly r elat e d t o t h e p u n k r o ck m u sic. Pu n k w o n t h e h e a r t s o f n u m e r o u s m e m b e r s in b o t h lar ge an d sm al le r u r b an ce n t r e s (2 0 0 6 , p. 275-276). Th e st a t u s o f t h e ca p it a l o f p u n k r o ck w as aw ar d e d t o t h e f e st iv a l in Ja r o c i n (a p r o v in cia l t o w n o f Gr e at e r Po lan d ). D e sp it e t h e p r e se n t o f r e p r e se n t a t iv e s o f m an y su b cu l t u r e s, su ch a s sk i n h e a d s an d h e av y m e t als\ p u n k s w er e t h e sy m b o l o f t h e e v e n t f o r se v e r al y e a r s w it h t h e ir ch a r a c t e r i st i c a p p e a r a n ce an d w ay o f b ein g. A t t h a t t im e , Ja r o c i n w a s co n sid e r e d a sp a ce f o r p e ace f u l p r e se n t at i o n o f m u sic. It w a s at t r ib u t e d t h e r o le o f a m e e t in g w h e r e y o u t h m an if e st e d t h e ir r e b ellio n an d d i ssa t i sf a c t i o n w it h t h e p o l it i­ ca l r e ali t y o f t h e PRL w it h o u t an y r e st r ict i o n s^ Th e p u n k m o v e m e n t d e m o n st r at e d it s r e b ellio n a g a i n st t h e e x i st i n g r e ali t y o n se v e r al le ve ls: st a r t i n g f r o m t h e n am e s o f b an d s p la y in g p u n k r o ck , so p h i st i ca t e d so n g ly r i cs f lo w in g f r o m t h e st a ge , also t h r o u gh t h e ap p e ar an ce , up t o t h e w o r ld vie w . Du e t o t h e e x t e n si v e n e ss o f t h e issu e , le t u s u se e xam p le s. A m o n g t h e n am e s o f m u sic b an d s, w e f in d t h o se w h o se n am e s il lu st r at e ^ Th er e w er e f ew er m em b e r s o f su ch su b cu lt u r e s as: Sa t a n i st s, h ip p ie s, Ra st a f a r i a n s, O a s i s - i.e. t h e ch u r ch yo u t h m o ve m en t , an d Har e Kr i sh n a s. Se e : Le sia k o w sk i , Pe r zy n a, To b o r e k 2 0 0 4 , p, 1 4 4 ,1 53 ,1 74 . 2 Pa r a d o xic a ll y , t h e f e st i v a l w a s co -o r ga n i ze d b y t h e lo cal a u t h o r it ie s o f t h e c o m m u n ist p a r t y t h a t r u led Po l an d , b u t d e sp it e t h i s, t h e u b iq u it o u s ce n so r sh i p at t h a t t im e w a s ap p lie d t o a sm all e xt e n t . Th e co n se n t t o t h e e x i st e n ce o f t h e f e st i v a l in su ch a f o r m ca n be e xp la in e d b y t h e in t e n t io n a l p a ssi v i t y o f t h e a u t h o r it ie s, w h ich t h r o u gh t h e f o r m o f r eb e lli o n an d exp r e ssio n w an t e d t o d i st r a c t t h e y o u t h f r o m p o l it ic a l in v o lv e m e n t in t h e t h e n e m e r gin g p o l it ica l o p p o sit io n . Se e : W r ze sie ń 2013, p. 3 0 2 -3 0 2 . 311 Punk subculture in Poland - from rebellion to stylization t h e p o l it ical si t u at io n o f Po lan d in t h e 1 9 8 0s, e.g. Cr i si s, SS-2 0 ^ O p p o sit i o n , M o sco w . In t u r n , t h e n am e s o f o t h e r b an d s e sca p e d f r o m t h e ge n e r ally a cce p t e d a e st h e t i c se n si t i v i t y - h er e w e can li st n am e s, su ch as: Co r p se s, Br ain D e f e ct , N igh t Rat s, W C, To ile t , A xe , Cli n ic a l D e at h . In t u r n , t h e p u n k lo o k in Po lan d r ef e r r e d t o t h e m o d el f r o m t h e co u n t r i e s o f W e st e r n Eu r o p e, w h e r e t h is m o v e m e n t w as b o r n . It s c h a r a c t e r i st i c s w as cle a r ly d e scr i b e d b y Ry szar d Cia r k a : " Pu n k h is h ar d . A g g r e ssi v e b e h av io u r b o r d e r in g on b r u t alit y . Fa ce s w it h sa f e t y p in s f a st e n e d t o t h e ch e e k s an d e ar s. Le at h e r j a c k e t s w it h a p ain t e d em b lem o f a f av o u r it e b an d o r w it h an ap p r o p r iat e sl o ga n t o r e f l e ct t h e a t t it u d e o f it s o w n e r t o life an d t h e w h o le e n v ir o n m e n t (...). Th e h e ad s w er e c u t In t o st r a n ge f o r m s, co lo u r e d hair, h air d o s r e m in isce n t o f r e cr u it s o r g h o st l y c h a r a ct e r s f r o m h o r r o r m o v ie s o f t h e 1 9 4 0 s. All t h is w as su p p o se d t o f ill w it h f e a r an d t h at ' s h o w it w a s r ead . A n ew cr e a ­ t io n , a sh o c k i n g st y le o f b ein g, d y n am ic m u sic p er f o r m e d in t h e r o ck co n v e n t io n (...)" (1988, p. 17). Th e e le m e n t s o f t h e o u t f it o f t h e p u n k s in clu d e d , am o n g o t h e r s: a le at h e r j a ck e t , h e av y b o o t h s (e.g. b o o t s o r m il it ar y f o o t w e ar ), st u d s on clo t h in g, a b an d w it h st u d s on t h e ar m , a sa f e t y p in, a r azo r , ch a in s, h igh d yed hair. Th a n k s t o a cle a r p at t e r n , it w as r e lat iv e ly e a sy t o be a m em b er o f t h is su b cu l t u r e , h av in g at l e a st a f e w p u n k e le m e n t s in o n e 's o u t f it , b e ca u se d u e t o t h e sh o r t ­ age o f g o o d s in t h e PRL p er io d , p u r ch a si n g a " co m p le t e " o u t f it w as an e xt r e m e ly d i f f i cu l t t a sk . It sh o u ld be n o t e d h er e t h a t p u n k, like o t h e r su b cu l t u r e s, gat h e r e d v e r y h e t e r o ge n o u s m e m ­ b e r s in t e r m s o f in v o lv e m e n t , i.e. y o u n g p eo p le co u ld sh o w a d if f e r e n t d e gr e e o f in v o lv e m e n t in t h e su b cu lt u r e . Fo r exam p le, it co u ld h ave b een t h e m ain d im e n sio n o f t h e ir liv es, b e co m in g a n ew id en t it y. It co u ld also be o n ly a f o r m o f e n t e r t ain m e n t on t h e o cca si o n o f a co n ce r t o r o t h e r e v e n t - it w as a f o r m o f e sca p e f r o m t h e m o n o t o n o u s, t h o u gh d o m in an t , r e a li t ie s o f t h e sch o o l, f am il y o r p r o f e ssio n a l lif e (M u ggle t o n 2 0 0 4 , p. 106-107). In t u r n , se a so n a l a f f il ia t io n co u ld , e.g., c o n si st In go in g t o a f e st iv a l in Ja r o c i n o n ce In a p u n k o u t f it an d w it h a m o h aw k on yo u r h ead . Ev e r y day, so m e o f t h e y o u t h w h o u se d t o be p u n k s in Ja r o ci n w er e o r d in ar y st u d e n t s w h o did n o t c o n t e st t h e r ealit y. A n o t h e r co m m o n f e at u r e f o r t h e su b cu l t u r e s o f t h e 8 0 s w as t h e lo w d o ct r in al aw ar e ­ n e ss o f t h e ir m e m b e r s. M o st o f t e n , it w as lim it e d t o t h e k n o w le d ge o f p o p u lar sl o g a n s " w e f i g h t f o r p eace" , " w e w an t t o st a n d out " , " w e do w h at w e w an t " (W ó jcik 1992, p. 82). Th e w e ak e n in g o f p u n k su b cu lt u r e in f lu e n ce s t o o k p lace at t h e end o f t h e 1980s. A t t h at t im e, a lar ge p ar t o f yo u t h id e n t i f y in g t h e m se lv e s w it h t h e p u n k s b egan t o list en t o m et al, m ore an d m o re pop u lar , w h ich al so had a r ich se t t in g in t e r m s o f o u t f it s f o r t h e f an s o f t h is m u sic an d t h e co u r se o f co n ce r t s. In t u r n, p eo ple w h o w an t ed t o e xp r e ss t h eir reb ellio n o r aggr e ssio n m o re r ad ically b egan t o id en t if y t h e m se lv e s w it h gr o u p s o f sk in s an d h o o ligan s, r e co r d in g an in cr e ase in t h e n u m b er o f m em ­ b er s at t h at t im e. In ad d it io n t o t h e in t e r p e n e t r at io n o f st y le s o f clo t h in g, or p r efer r ed m u sic, t h e se su b cu lt u r e s b egan t o f ig h t each ot her , t h er e w er e f r e q u e n t f igh t s (Liso w sk i, Pio t r o w icz 2017, p. 39). 2 SS-2 0 is a So v i e t b a l l i st i c m issi le m an u f act u r e d d u r in g t h e Co ld W ar. 312 Zagrożenia jednostki we współczesnym społeczeństwie / Ohrożenfjedince v soućasne spolecnosti / ThrA^t tn thfi inrilvirlimi in the contemoorarv societya Mikołaj Brenk Punk in controlled conditions A t t h e b e gin n i n g o f t h e 1 9 9 0 s, p u n k in t h e m ake o f t h e co m m u n ist r egim e h as d ied . Even t h e f e s­ t i v al in Ja r o c i n lo st it s ch ar ism a, t h e r e w a s no id e a f o r it s f u n ct i o n i n g in t h e n ew p o l it i ca l co n d i ­ t io n s. It h as lo st it s o r igin al f o r m o f r e v ie w o f y o u n g r o ck b an d s w h o an n u all y in t r o d u ce d " f r e sh ­ n e ss" an d t i m e li n e ss in t h e ir m e ssa ge . In st e ad , t h e o r ga n i ze r s f o cu se d on i n v it in g p r o f e ssio n a l b an d s, o f w h ich h e av y m et al b an d s w er e t h e m o st p o p u lar , o f f e r in g t h e p y r o t e ch n ic e f f e c t s t o t h e a u d ie n ce a l o n g w it h st r o n g m u sic (Ja n k o w sk i 1994, p. 5). A s a r e su l t o f t h e d e m o li t io n o f t h e c i t y ce n t r e b y a gr o u p o f p a r t i ci p a n t s o f t h e f e st iv a l in 1994, a s w ell a s o r ga n i za t io n a l an d f i n a n ­ ci al d i f f i cu l t i e s an d t h e o p p o sit io n o f r e sid e n t s, t h e o r ga n i za t io n o f t h e e v e n t w a s d isco n t in u e d (Pio t r o w i cz 1995, p. 5). Th e r e b ir t h o f t h e t r ad it io n o f a lar ge r o ck f e st iv a l, w h ich co u ld h ave b een a m e e t in g p la ce f o r so m e p a r t s o f t h e t h e n p u n k e n v ir o n m e n t , t o o k p la ce in 1995. A t t h a t t im e, Je r zy O w si ak , p r e v i­ o u sly a m em b er o f t h e Ja r o ci n f e st iv al m an agem en t , in it iat e d t h e cr e at io n o f t h e Po lish e v e n t - t h e W o o d st o ck . Th e an n u al su m m e r e v e n t w a s cr e a t e d on o r ga n i za t io n a l p r i n ci p l e s d r aw n f r o m t h e p r o f e ssio n a l e v e n t s in t h e U n it ed St a t e s, w h ich w a s t o e n su r e t h e e lim in at i o n o f ad v e r se b e h av ­ io u r s (e.g. b r a w ls o f t h e m e m b e r s o f su b cu l t u r e s kn o w n , am o n g o t h e r s, fr o m Ja r o ci n , d e v a st a t io n o f t h e e n v ir o n m e n t , ab u se ). A n e f f o r t w a s m ad e t o e lim in at e d r u gs, an d t h e o r d e r ly f o r ce s t h r e w a g g r e ssi v e h o o l iga n s (in clu d in g p u n k s) o u t w h o t r ie d t o ca u se r io t s. Th e an n u al e v e n t p r o m o t e d t h e p o sit iv e im age o f t h e f e st iv a l, an d t h u s t h e e m e r gi n g su b cu l t u r e s (a lt h o u gh m u ch l e ss t h an in Ja r o ci n ). Th e f e st iv a l h ad f in a n cia l st a b i l i t y (u n lik e t h e o n e in Ja r o ci n ), t h a n k s t o w h ich it w as p o ssi b le t o t a k e car e o f t h e p r o f e ssio n a l o r ga n i za t io n . Th e e v e n t w a s n o t t i ck e t e d , w h ich w as a n o t h e r f a c t o r e n co u r a g i n g y o u n g p e o p le t o p a r t ici p a t e . A n ad d i t io n al e le m e n t o f a p o sit i v e im age o f w a s t h e o r gan izer , t h a t is o n e o f t h e b i g g e st Po li sh ch a r i t i e s - t h e Gr e a t O r ch e st r a o f Ch r i st m a s Ch a r i t y (O w sia k , Sk a r a d zi ń sk i 2010, p. 27). Th e se in ce n t i v e s ca u se d t h a t t h e r o ck f e s­ t iv al b e cam e a m a ss e ve n t , a t t r a c t i n g h u n d r e d s o f t h o u sa n d s o f list e n e r s, an d l i st e n i n g t o m u sic o n ce r e se r v e d f o r a r e lat iv e ly n ar r o w au d i e n ce (I am t h in k in g ab o u t p u n k an d h e av y m et al o f t h e 1 9 8 0s) st a r t e d b e in g a p ar t o f m a ss cu lt u r e . A n o t h e r f e st iv a l r e m in isce n t o f t h e sp le n d o u r o f t h e p u n k su b cu l t u r e t a k e s p la ce in Ja r o c i n . Du e t o t h e b ad f am e o f r e ce n t e d it io n s, t h e r e st o r at i o n o f t h is e v e n t af t e r a f e w y e ar s' b r e ak w as a d i f f i cu l t t a sk an d it w as n o t p o ssi b le u n t il 2 0 0 0 (o n ce ). Ho w ever , it t u r n e d o u t t h a t t h e f e st iv a l h as li t t le t o d o w it h t h e at m o sp h e r e o f an e v e n t f r o m a d o zen o r so y e a r s ago . W h at is in t e r e st in g, t h e r e w er e p r a ct i ca l l y no p u n k s am o n g t h e sm all au d i e n ce a t t h a t t im e, an d t h e r e w er e no m e m ­ b e r s o f o t h e r su b cu l t u r e s. A v e r y calm , o r even m o n o t o n o u s at m o sp h e r e r e se m b le d a p icn ic, an d t h e p o lice p r e p ar e d f o r t h e r io t s w er e le f t w it h no w o r k t o d o (Go go lk ie w i cz, Ka źm i e r cza k 2 0 0 0 , p. 14-15). Fu r t h e r at t e m p t s t o r e su r r e ct t h e f e st iv a l w er e in it iat e d b y t h e " Jar o cin PRL Fe st iv al" 313 Punk subculture in Poland - from rebellion to stylization in 2 00 5 , h eld lat e r in t h e year , w h o se o r ga n i ze r s r e co n st r u ct e d t h e o ld lo o k o f t h e cit y an d t h e f o r m o f t h e f e st iv a l f r o m t h e 8 0 s in d e t a il t h e r e b y a t t r a ct i n g a lar ge au d ie n ce . Pu n k an d o t h e r su b cu l t u r e s o f t h e PRL in t h is f o r m h ave b e co m e t h e o b j e ct o f " l iv in g h ist o r y " . It t u r n e d o u t t h a t t h e sp e c i f i c i t y o f t h is su b cu l t u r e r e su l t s in t h e n eed t o r e ca ll sl o ga n s, a t m o sp h e r e an d o u t f it s f r o m t w e n t y y e a r s ago . Th e ab o v e f e st i v a l s ar e o n ly e x a m p le s o f m an y m u sic e v e n t s h eld In Po lan d , w h e r e o n e can m e e t p u n k f a n s. All t h e se e v e n t s ar e ch a r a ct e r i ze d b y se t t i n g cl e a r b o u n d a r ie s f o r m e m b e r s o f su b c u l t u r e s. Th e se b o u n d a r ie s ar e w it h in t h e cu r r e n t law , b u t go b e y o n d t h e co n v e n t i o n o f e v e r y d ay lif e - h e n ce t h e r e is n o c o n se n t f o r v i o l e n ce o r d r u g t r a f f i c k i n g , b u t t h e v o l u n t e e r s can u se m u d b at h s, p a r a d i n g in an In t r ig u in g o u t f it , se xu a l p r o m i scu i t y an d d r i n k in g a lo t o f a l co h o l. Th e b o u n d a r ie s r e f e r r e d t o , in a ssu m p t i o n w er e n o t t o e x i st f o r p u n k s - p e o p le m an i­ f e st i n g b e in g o u t o f t h e b o u n d s, t h r o w n o u t at t h e i r o w n r e q u e st f r o m so ci e t y , m o r e o v e r - m a k ­ in g t h i s b e in g o u t o f t h e so c i e t y o n e o f t h e p illa r s o f t h e su b cu l t u r e , i t s i d e n t i f i ca t i o n f e a t u r e . W h at Is m o r e - it is w o r t h e m p h a si zi n g o n e m o r e t im e - t h a t t h e p u n k im age cr e a t e d in t h i s f e st i v a l c o n t e x t Is m o st o f t e n cl e a r l y p o sit i v e . Pu n k is n o lo n ge r a sso c i a t e d w it h so m e o n e n e ­ g le ct e d , w it h a p e r so n f r o m t h e m ar gin , an d m o r e w it h so m e o n e w e a r i n g co lo u r f u l clo t h i n g , t a k i n g p a r t In a su b t l e gam e . Punks Not Dead. Towards post-suboulture A n n o u n c i n g t h e d e at h o f p u n k w o u ld be p r e m at u r e . W h at ' s m o r e - it sh o u l d b e w r i t t e n t h a t t h e r e b e lli o n in t h e sp i r i t o f t h i s su b c u l t u r e l i v e s an d Is d o i n g w ell, i t j u s t n e e d s t o b e f o u n d In t h e m a ss o f t h e co n t e m p o r a r y cu l t u r e d Th e p h e n o m e n o n o f a p p a r e n t d e at h o f p u n k is n o t i c e ­ ab le in Po la n d an d is p a r t o f t r e n d s v i si b l e in t h e W e st . Cl a r k D y lan i n d i c a t e s t h a t „ p e r h ap s t h a t is o n e o f t h e g r e a t se c r e t s o f su b c u l t u r a l h ist o r y : p u n k f ak e d i t s o w n d e at h . Go n e w a s t h e h air, g o n e w a s t h e b o u t i q u e c l o t h i n g , go n e w a s n e g a t i v e r e b e lli o n (w h a t e v e r t h e y d o , w e' ll d o t h e o p p o si t e ). Go n e w a s t h e n am e . M ay b e it h ad t o d ie, so a s t o c o l l e c t i t s o w n lif e in su r ­ a n ce . W h en p u n k w a s p r o n o u n ce d d e ad it b e q u e a t h e d t o i t s su c c e sso r s - t o i t se l f - a n ew su b c u l t u r a l d i sc o u r se . Th e d o - i t - y o u r se l f cu l t u r e h ad sp a w n e d in d e p e n d e n t r e co r d la b e ls, sp e c i a l i t y r e co r d st o r e s, an d m u si c v e n u e s: in t h e se p l a c e s cu lt u r e co u ld be p r o d u ce d w it h l e ss c a p i t a l i sm , m o r e au t o n o m y , an d m o r e a n o n y m it y . Pu n k f ak e d it s o w n d e at h so w ell t h a t e v e r y o n e b e li e v e d it ." (2 0 0 3 , p. 231). ^ A sim il ar d if f e r e n t ia t io n w it h in t h e p u n k su b cu lt u r e is p o i n t e d t o b y r e se a r ch e r s f r o m o t h e r co u n t r ie s. Se e : Lo jd o v a 2011 p. 167-167. 314 Zagrożenia jednostki we współczesnym społeczeństwie / Ohroźenf jedince v soućasne spolećnosti / Tk r o o f t k o in r l k / ir l i sal in ł h o n n n f A m n n r a r v <;n n iA t v a Mikołaj Brenk W h o is a m o d er n p u n k t h en ?. Th e st e r e o t y p ica l a p p e a r a n ce o f a p u n k w it h a c h a r a c t e r i st i c co lo u r e d m o h aw k on t h e h ead h as e xp ir e d ^ in ad d it io n , even t h e id e n t i f ica t i o n o f o n e se lf w it h a p u n k st o p p e d b e in g si g n i f i ca n t . A m o n g t h e f e a t u r e s o f t o d ay s p u n k s, r e se a r ch e r s ar e lo o k in g f o r a p a r t icu la r w o r ld view , e xp r e sse d in t h e co n t e x t o f p o lit ical d e clar at io n s, e sp e ci a lly r e gar d in g so ci a l issu e s (Cla r k 2 00 3 , p. 231-232). Pe o p le w h o co n sid e r t h e m se lv e s as m o d e r n p u n k s p la ce t h e ir sy st e m o f v a lu e s an d t h e id e as ar o u n d a se t o f co n ce p t s su ch as: a n t i- co n su m e r ism , e co lo gy, h u m an r igh t s, an im al r igh t s, v e ge t a r i a n ism , em p at h y, e q u alit y, r e sp e ct f o r o t h e r n e ss, t o l e r an ce , an t i-f a scism , f r ee d o m o f ch o ice , j u st i c e . In t u r n , i n it iat iv e s t h at ar e co -cr e at e d by p u n k s ar e so cial a ct i o n s cr e a t e d ar o u n d t h e v a lu e s m e n t i o n e d ab o ve . A m o n g t h em , w e can f in d a ct i o n s an d so ­ cia l p h e n o m e n a kn o w n f r o m lar ge u r b an ce n t r e s: Fo o d n o t b o m b , sq u a t t i n g. Cr i t i c a l M ass, Fr ee Sh o p , A n t if a . M o r eo ver , c l u st e r s o f p e o p le w it h su ch v i e w s co n d u c t p u b lish i n g a c t i v i t i e s (cr e a ­ t io n o f zin e s), o r ga n ize c o n c e r t s o f b an d p la y in g so -c a l l e d in d e p e n d e n t m u sic, o r ga n ize le ct u r e s an d sp e e ch e s, a ct i o n s an d p r o t e st s in a m o r e o r le ss co n v e n t i o n a l f o r m (Be r gie r 2011, p. 71-72). In o t h e r w o r d s - p ar t o f co n t e m p o r a r y p u n k s c o - c r e a t e s an in d e p e n d e n t cu lt u r e w it h p eo p le w it h t h e so -c a l l e d f r e e d o m w o r ld v ie w o r u se s co n t e m p o r a r y cu lt u r al p h e n o m e n a t o cr e a t e t h e ir o w n e n cl a v e s - f o r e xam p le , so m e sq u a t s ar e cle a r ly r elat e d t o p u n k m u sic (D o n a gh e y 2017, p. 5 -6 ), w h ich is k n o w n f o r t h e clo se r e lat io n s o f b o t h su b cu l t u r e s in t h e W e st Eu r o p e. So m e r e se a r ch e r s r e f e r t o t h e a b o v e -d e scr ib e d r e -e v alu at e d p h e n o m e n o n in t h e p u n k su b cu lt u r e , c o n si st i n g in t h e d e p ar t u r e f r o m t h e n ih i list sl o g a n s o f d e st r u ct io n In f av o u r o f t h e d e sir e t o ch a n ge t h e w o r l d , as p o st -p u n k (Ję d r ze j e w sk i 2013, p. 311). In ad d it io n t o so c i a l l y e n ga ge d p u n k s, t h e r e ar e st ill g r o u p s o f y o u n g p e o p le w h o sh i f t t h e w e i gh t o f t h e ir a c t i v i t y on r e gu la r m e e t i n gs in sm all g r o u p s in t h e f o r m r e m in isce n t o f b e h av ­ io u r s f r o m t h e 1 98 0 s. An e xam p le o f su ch an a t t it u d e ar e t h e st u d ie s b y So sn o w sk i an d Tan kie lu n , w h ich d e scr i b e a gr o u p o f se v e r al p u n k s p r o f e ssi n g a n ar ch i sm , u n d e r st o o d as co m p le t e in d e ­ p e n d e n ce an d la ck o f h ie r ar ch y - b o t h so ci a l an d gr o u p . Th e y u su a lly co m e f r o m d y sf u n ct io n a l f am il ie s, t h e y ar e co n sid e r e d t o be d a n ge r o u s b y t h e i r su r r o u n d in gs. Ev e r y d ay m e e t i n gs in o n e s o w n gr o u p c o n si st in t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y sp e n d t i m e t o ge t h e r in a f u n w ay, d u r in g w h ich t h e y t ak e i n t o x ica n t s: a lco h o l, p lan t s an d m u sh r o o m s w it h a p sy c h o a ct i v e e f f e ct , sy n t h e t i c d r u gs, glu e an d o t h e r s (2012, p. 207-211). Th e d e sir e t o st a y in t h e ad ap t e d a t t it u d e t h u s f i t s in w it h o n e o f t h e t r ad it i o n al p u n k sl o ga n s: n o f u t u r e. In t u r n , Lu t o st a ń sk i d e scr i b e s a gr o u p o f p u n k s w h o se m e m ­ b e r s e n ga ge in t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e i r su b cu l t u r e b y su p p o r t in g t h e lo cal m u sic sce n e (go i n g t o co n c e r t s, b u y in g r e co r d s), w r i t in g " p u n k s n o t d e at h " on t h e w all s, m ak in g T-sh ir t s, st i c k i n g st i c k e r s w it h a lo go t y p e o f t h e ir gr o u p , p la y in g in a p u n k b an d (2011, p. 169). ^ A l e k sa n d r a Li t o r o w i cz d r a w s at t e n t io n t o t h e u n if o r m i t y o f t h e st y l e o f o ld su b cu l t u r e s: " e le m e n t s o f m o d e r n su b cu lt u r e m em b e r s' at t ir e w er e co d e s, w h ich o n t h e o n e h an d ce m e n t e d gr o u p id en t it y , an d on t h e o t h e r h an d d i st in g u i sh e d a giv e n su b cu l t u r e f r o m o t h e r s an d t h e d o m in an t so c i e t y (2012, p. 138). 315 Punk subculture in Poland - from rebellion to stylization Th e af f il ia t io n t o a su b cu lt u r e t h a t a ct iv a t e s i t se lf in t h e a b o v e -d e scr ib e d w ay u su all y r e q u ir e s su ch a r e co n st r u ct i o n o f it s o w n id e n t it y t h a t it m e e t s t h e r igo r o u s r e q u ir e m e n t s o f t h e gr o u p t h a t cr e a t e s it - b o t h in t e r m s o f t h e v alu e sy st e m an d e v e r y d ay lif e st y le . A s M e lo sik p o in t s o u t , " n o w ad ay s, t h e b e lo n gin g o f an in d iv id u al t o su ch a su b cu l t u r e gr o u p is an even gr e at e r b u r d e n t h an b ef o r e. Th i s is p a r t icu la r ly n o t ice ab le in t h e co n t e x t o f g a in in g t h e p o ssi b il it y o f so ci a l su c ­ ce ss. A p e r so n w h o c o n si st e n t l y Id e n t if ie s w it h r e sist a n ce o r r eb e llio n o r ie n t e d gr o u p , o r a gr o u p cr e at in g an alt er n at ive w o rld is de f act o exclu d ed fr om t h e m ain st r eam o f cu lt u r e and car e er (w h ich , o f co u r se , m ay su it h im / h er ). It is t r u e t h a t co n t e m p o r a r y so c i e t y se e m s t o t o le r at e a l m o st an y o t h e r n e ss, b u t it Is b y no m e an s an " e m p at h ic t o le r an ce " , b u t a " co ld " o n e. A p e r so n w h o e n t e r s t h e r o le o f a " m isf it " Is n o t a u t o m a t i ca ll y r e je ct e d o r r e le gat e d f r o m so ci e t y . Th e m a r gin a li za t io n o f t h is p e r so n t a k e s p la ce t h r o u gh si le n t m e ch a n ism s o f ign o r an ce " (2016, p. 74). On e m o r e a sp e c t o f t h e co n t e m p o r a r y f u n ct i o n i n g o f p u n k is t h e p o ssi b i l i t y o f st y li za t i o n , i.e. w e ar in g an o u t f it t h a t Is cle a r ly a sso ci a t e d w it h t h is su b cu lt u r e . N e e d le ss t o say, t h is is o n ly a b o u t t h e f ash io n -r e l at e d a cce n t , w it h o u t Id e n t i f y in g w it h o t h e r e le m e n t s o f t h is su b cu l t u r e . A t t h is p o in t , it is w o r t h m e n t io n in g t h e n o t e b y Fa t y ga t h a t p o p cu lt u r e m ak e s f a ci l i t i e s o u t o f t h e yo u t h cu lt u r e, t h e r eser vo ir co n t e n t s an d f o r m s, an d a h u ge m ar ket (2005, p. 269-270). A su p e r f icial a n a ly si s o f t h e m ar k e t o f f e r o f lar ge ch ain st o r e s w it h clo t h i n g sh o w s a r e gu la r r an ge o f p r o d u ct s r elat e d t o p u n k. So m e t i m e s e n t ir e co l l e ct i o n s ar e cr e at e d in r e f e r e n ce t o t h i s su b cu l t u r e - f o r e xam p le , t h e Za r a co ll e ct io n f r o m N o v e m b e r 2016®. Th e o u t f it s o f f er e d b y t h i s m a n u f a ct u r e r ar e k e p t in t h e b la ck co n v e n t io n , t h e p r o p o se d sh o e s ar e h e av y an d h igh , t h e o r n a m e n t s co n t ain a lar ge n u m b er o f m et al e le m e n t s. Th e st y li za t i o n f a sh io n d e scr i b e d ab o v e is p ar t o f o n e o f t h e co m m e n t s w r it t e n b y W r ze sie ń in t h e co n t e x t o f t h e f u n ct i o n i n g o f p o st -su b cu lt u r e s: " t h e se ar e m ed ia p r o d u ct s - ar e p o r t r a y e d in t h e m e d ia an d t h a n k s t o t h e m t h e y gain n e xt su p p o r t e r s (...). Th e m ed ia, p r o v id i n g k n o w le d ge ab o u t p o st -su b cu lt u r e s, m ain ly f o r m t h e i r im age , an d it " a t t r a ct s" p o t e n t ial su p p o r t e r s, w h o t h e m se l v e s ch o o se t h e ir p o st -su b cu lt u r a l st y l e s. Th e r e f o r e , p o st -su b cu lt u r e (...) is a co m m o d ­ it y so ld in a su b cu l t u r a l su p e r m a r k e t . If I like it , I w an t it an d I b u y it . (...) In f a ct . In t h i s ap p r o ach , (p o st )su b cu l t u r e s o n ly b e co m e f a sh io n an d ar e e x h ib it in g t h e e xt e r n al a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e p r e ­ f e r r e d st y le o f e x p r e ssi o n m u ch m o r e t h an t h e b e h av io u r al p a t t e r n s im p le m e n t e d in t h e e v e ­ r y d ay l i f e st y l e s. Th e m e m b e r s o f p o st -su b cu l t u r e s d o n o t sh o w an y id e o l o gi ca l in t e r e st s, t h e y d o n o t f o r m an y o p p o si t io n s (...), w h a t is m o re, t h e y d o n o t se e cle a r in t e r -cu l t u r a l b o u n d a r ie s - t h e lin e s o f d i v i si o n s d isap p e ar , an d t h e p o st -m o d e r n su b cu l t u r a l id e n t i t y is f lu id an d v a r i o u s (W r ze sie ń 2012, p. 70-71). ® Pr e t t y in p u n k, N e w TRF e d it o r ial, Lo n d o n , N o ve m b e r 2016. h t t p :/ / w w w .zar a.co m / u s/ e n / e d i t o r ia ls/ p r e t t y -in -p u n k -%7 Ct r f -c8 8 3 1 0 5 .h t m l 316 Zagrożenia jednostki we współczesnym społeczeństwie / Ohrozeni jedince v soućasne spolećnosti i Thr eat - i ndi vi dsi al In the contemoorarv societva Mikołaj Brenk Summary Co n t e m p o r a r y p u n k in Po la n d ca n be ch a r a ct e r i ze d a s a h e t e r o ge n o u s p h e n o m e n o n , u n d e r go ­ in g ch a n g e s, w h i ch o c c u r on se v e r a l le v e ls. Th i s t e x t h as b r ie f ly ch a r a ct e r i ze d t h e f iv e le v e ls on w h i ch t h e p o ssi b l e a c t i v i t y o f p e o p le w h o u n d e r st a n d an d id e n t i f y w it h t h e p u n k su b cu l t u r e in a d if f e r e n t w ay ca n b e co n si d e r e d . Fi r st o f all: co n t e m p o r a r y Po li sh p u n k t a k e s p ar t In c o n ­ c e r t s, o f t e n o r ga n i ze d in t h e f o r m o f lar ge m u sic e v e n t s, w h e r e t h r o u gh t h e o u t f it he e x p r e sse s h is p a ssio n f o r t h e su b cu l t u r e . Th e se co n d p o ssi b i l i t y is t o r e f e r t o t h e sp le n d o u r o f t h e Po li sh p u n k t h r o u gh se n t im e n t a l j o u r n e y s in t im e in t h e f o r m o f e v e n t s, b o o k s, f il m s, i n t e r v ie w s w it h m u si c i a n s p la y in g o n t h e p u n k st a g e s in t h e 8 0 s o r t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s o f t h e se e v e n t s. Th e t h ir d o p t io n is t h e so c i a l a ct i v i t y , u n d e r t a k e n in t h e sp i r i t o f a n a r ch i sm an d f r e e d o m , o p p o si t io n t o c a p i t a l i st r u le s, w h e r e t h e o u t f i t an d t h e p u n k -st y le d e x t e r n a l lo o k so m e t i m e s m o ve t o t h e b a ck gr o u n d . Th e f o u r t h o p t io n o f a c t i v i t y o f co n t e m p o r a r y p u n k s ar e In f o r m al g r o u p s, w h i ch sp e n d t h e i r f r e e t im e t h r o u gh t h e i r n i h i l i st an d a n a r c h i st li f e st y l e an d t h e u se o f st i m u l a n t s. Fin ally , t h e f i f t h e le m e n t o f e x p r e ssi n g t h e p u n k su b c u l t u r e is p u ll in g It in t o t h e f a sh io n t r e n d s In ch ain st o r e s w it h cl o t h i n g , t h a n k s t o w h i ch it b e co m e s o n e o f t h e p r o d u c t s t o c h o o se f r o m an d at t h e sa m e t im e is d e v o id o f an id e o l o g i ca l layer . In t h e en d It sh o u l d b e ad d e d t h a t t h e m o d e ls d e scr i b e d ab o v e ar e v a r i ab l e , d iv e r se an d o n l y se e m i n g l y t r y t o o r ga n i ze t h e p h e n o m ­ e n o n , w h i ch b y d e f in it io n e sc a p e s t h e a t t e m p t s o f it s o r ga n i za t i o n - j u st a s t h e " no r u le s" sl o ­ gan r e lat e d t o t h i s su b cu l t u r e . BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. BERGIER U ., Zja w isk o p u n k w św iet le p r zep r o w a d zo n ych b a d a ń i ana/ / z, „ Ro zp r aw y Sp o łe czn e " . V. 1,2011. 2. CIA RK A R., Pu n k -Ro ck , „ Po l sk a Szt u k a Lu d o w a" . V.1 -2 ,1988. 3. Cl a r k D., Th e D ea t h a n d Lif e o f Pu n k , Th e La st Su b cu lt u r e in M u ggie t o n D. an d W e in zie r l R. (ed s.), Th e Po st -Su b cu lt u r e s Rea d er . O xf o r d : Ber g. 2 0 0 3 . 4. D O N A G FIEY J., Pu n k a n d A n a r ch i st Sq u a t s in Po la n d , " Tr e sp a ss Jo u r n al" . V. 1,2017. 5. FA TYGA B., D zicy z n a sze j u licy. A n t r o p o lo g ia k u l t u r y m ł o d zieżo w ej, W ar szaw a 2 00 5 . 6. G O G O LKIEW ICZ A., Ka źm ie r cza k R., St a r t do f e st / w a/ u ?„ Gaze t a Ja r o ciń sk a" . V. 31 ,1 8 .0 8 .2 0 00 . 7. ID ZIKO W SKA - CZU B A J A., Fu n k cj e k u lt u r o w e i h ist o r y czn e zn a cze n ie p o lsk ieg o r o ck a , Po zn ań 2006. 317 Punk subculture in Poland - from rebellion to stylization 8. JA N KO W SKI P., Du ża sce n a - d u ży za w ó d , „ Gaze t a Ja r o ci ń sk a " . V. 3 2,1 2 .08 .19 9 4. 9. JĘD R ZEJEW SK I M ., Su b k u l t u r y a sa m o r e a liza cj a w p e r sp e k t y w ie e d u k a cj i i so c j a l i za c j i m ło d zieży , To r u ń 2013. 10. LESIA KO W SKI K., PERZYN A P., TO B O REK T., Ja r o c i n w o b iek t y w ie b ezp iek i. W ar szaw a 2 0 0 4 . 11. LISO W SKI P., PIO TRO W ICZ P., Cza r n a w io sn a . W o kó ł w r o cła w sk iej n ieza leżn ej sce n y m u zy czn ej la t 80. B la ck sp r in g . On W r o cł a w s in d ep en d en t m u sie sce n e o f t h e 1980s. W r o cła w 2017. 12. LITO RO W ICZ A., Su b k u lt u r a h ip st er ó w , G d a ń sk 2012. 13. LO JD O V A K., H o d n o t y v p r o st f e d i p u n k o v e su b k u lt u r y , „ St u d ia Pae d ago gica" . V. 2 , 2011. 14. M ELO SIK Z., Po st -su b k u lt u r y i t o żsa m o ść m ł o d zieży w sp ó ł cze sn e j : t y r a n ia t y m cza so w o ści? „ St u d ia Ed u k acy jn e " . V. 39, 2016. 15. M U GGLETO N D., W ew n ą t r z su b k u lt u r y , Kr ak ó w 2 0 0 4 . 16. O W SIA K J., SKA RA D ZI Ń SKI J., Pr zy st a n e k W o o d st o ck . H ist o r io n a j p ię k n ie j sze g o f est iw a lu św ia t a . W ar szaw a 2010. 17. PIO TRO W ICZ P., Św i e czk i d la f e st iw alu , „ Gaze t a Ja r o ci ń sk a " . V. 31,4 .0 8.1 99 5 . 18. SO SN O W SKI A .,Ta n k ielu n W., So cj o l o g i czn y o b r a z su b k u lt u r sk in h e a d ó w i p u n k ó w - j e d n o ść w ew n ęt r zn a i ście r a n ie się p r ze ci w ie ń st w ( czę ść d r u g a ), „ W a r m iń sk o -M azu r sk i Kw a r t a ln ik N au ko w y , N au k i Sp o ł e czn e " . V. 2,2 0 12 . 19. W Ó JCIK J.W ., O d h / p / só w d o sa t an / st ó w , Kr ak ó w 1992. 20. W RZESIEŃ W., Kr ó t k a h ist o r ia m ł o d zie żo w e j su b k u lt u r o w o ści. W ar szaw a 2013. 21. W RZESIEŃ W., Su b k u lt u r o w e i p o st su b k u lt u r o w e p o w r o t y a r e la cj e m i ę d zy p o k o le n io w e w r o d zin ie, „ Ru ch Pr aw n iczy , Ek o n o m iczn y I So cj o lo giczn y " . V. 3 .2 01 2 .








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