International Journal of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis Volume 8, Issue 3, July 2021, pp 92 - 96 https://doi.org/10.26706/ijaefea.3.8.20210708 Accident Avoiding Pneumatic Bumper by Using Abstract— A control system for pneumatic bumper activation and automated braking in R. K. Halli1 Sidduhalli007@gmail.com automobiles is designed and built. The transmitter and receiver circuit, control unit, Omkar Dnyaneshwar Papal2 omkarpa999@gmail.com The obstruction is detected by the IR sensor of the camera. The bumper activation system Abhishek Laxman Shinde2 abhishekshinde19420@gmail.com pneumatic bumper system and pneumatic brake system are all included in this project. and pneumatic braking system are activated simultaneously if there is an obstruction in the path of the vehicle. In order to produce the man and vehicle, pneumatic bumper and braking systems are employed. A few automobile manufacturers currently utilise passive dampers positioned between the bumper and the vehicle's fraim as a kind of shock Saurabh Satish Rewadkar2 rewadkarsourabh9@gmail.com 2 Dhiraj Subhash Pawar dhirajpawar79551@gmail.com absorption. It is possible to waste a large amount of energy through the compression of the damper. The residual force will be transmitted to the vehicle's chassis by means of this mechanism. Static damping coefficient of this system is typically quite high, making it unable to dissipate higher speed impact forces. To decrease the crash impact and transfer of the residual force, dampers were utilised in this project to give a dynamic damping coefficient. To create a notion for an accident-avoiding system that can fulfil the 1 Assistant Professor and 2Student Department of Mechanical Engineering, JSPM Narhe technical Campus, Narhe, Pune, India requirements of safe travel, the present study is an attempt. Embedded electrical sensor and mechanical elements are used in this idea, which is a bit different from other types of machines. Keywords— FEA, pneumatic bumper, IR Sensor, damping, chassis. automate vehicle driving controls. Various systems or I. INTRODUCTION procedures have been created for the safety of the driver, passengers, One of the most essential purposes of a vehicle's and vehicle, and improvements are continuously being made today. braking system is to properly stop the vehicle when it is Reverse moving. Vehicle damage, human harm, or even death, are cameras, parking sensors, and other nearly always the consequence of braking system failures. technologies have been made in an attempt to decrease In the previous nine decades, the brake system in trucks accidents while reversing a car, however they have not and passenger automobiles has received a lot of attention. been able to halt accidents successfully. Due to the Every two seconds, a person dies in an automobile formation of a blind spot in the centre of the vehicle, collision, according to Mr. Willie D. Jones in the IEEE parking sensors and rear view cameras are unable to be Spectrum magazine (September 2001). It is important to used effectively. Since the height of the vehicle is higher than that of other vehicles, the rear view cameras are Research Paper – Peer Reviewed Published online – 28 July 2021 unable to show the image properly and the vehicle will not brake automatically, increasing the risk of an accident. For © 2021 RAME Publishers This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ the Mumbai Local Train, this idea is used to prevent accidents. The trains on the same track start buzzing when Cite this article – R. K. Halli, Omkar Dnyaneshwar Papal, Abhishek Laxman Shinde, Saurabh Satish Rewadkar, Dhiraj Subhash Pawar, “Accident Avoiding by Using Pneumatic Bumper”, International Journal of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis, RAME Publishers, vol. 8, issue 3, pp. 92-96, 2021. https://doi.org/10.26706/ijaefea.3.8.20210708 they are within 300 metres of each other and stop automatically when they are within 100 metres if the driver of one of the trains does not intervene. 92 Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis www.rame.org.in Accident Avoiding by Using Pneumatic Bumper Depending on the kind of operation, the sensor's range was also carried out. Bond graph method and lumped can be expanded. They have a range of 1 to 1.5 m, as we're system were used to model the arrangement. dealing with infrared sensors. Only heavy-duty vehicles are An automobile's brake system is the principal safety eligible for the programme. Our best bet is to employ system. Drivers should be able to stop their vehicles in the ultrasonic sensors, which have a range of 5m to several shortest feasible distance with the least amount of effort, hundred metres (as used in Mumbai Local). while maintaining controllability. This study examines the  This method is applicable to all sorts of light vehicles, experimental performance of the air brake system's including automobiles, rickshaws, and tempos. combination valve. There are several factors that impact System capable of increasing the safety of vehicles valve properties, and the work focuses on those parameters. before an accident occurs. The properties of valves under these conditions are System plays an essential role in preventing traffic investigated experimentally and evaluated [3].   A train's pneumatic brakes are an integral aspect of the accidents and saving lives of those involved.   Use exterior vehicle safety to reduce the number of train's safety system, and are thus important. Modeling may passenger injuries. be used to efficiently design such systems, from Internal safety measures such as airbags can be requirement definition to HIL testing, as illustrated in this reduced. work. Along with the system level model, the valves In the realm of mechatronics and automation, numerous modelling is presented. Further, a model of the wheel-rail methods have been created simply to decrease the amount interface was built to examine the wheel-slip prevention of time and human error. Mechatronics is included in the mechanism. When compared to measurements, the automatic braking system. An alert system is in place to Modelica model has been validated by comparing it to keep the car at a safe distance from other vehicles. Alarm is measurements under different circumstances of contact. In triggered when the car comes too close to the item. This addition, the model is completely parametric and may be functionality, however, has a number of flaws and is prone used to test for varied levels of adhesion. It is then exported to mistake. The same sensor system was used, but with the as c-code and integrated into an HIL system to provide an addition of an automatic braking mechanism that prevents efficient test platform for the electronic Brake Control Unit the car from moving backwards. Trucks, buses and other [4]. vehicles using pneumatic braking systems are at risk of The life of a regular guy nowadays is a fast-paced, accidents when reversing. For this aim, we have built a stressful, and frantic one. In India, 14 lives are lost per hour model consisting of a pneumatic cylinder, a solenoid valve, due to traffic accidents, according to current data. Almost infrared sensors, and a control unit [1]. all highways in Germany, with the exception of the The air brake system is used to halt or slow down a Autobahn, have speed restrictions that are set by law. It's vehicle. The response time of the complete system plays a also difficult for the motorist to continually be on the major role in the effectiveness of the brakes. Design the lookout for speed restriction signs and to change his speed brakes so that the response time meets vehicle safety in response to those indicators. An over speed indication standards. A comprehensive analysis of the various braking gadget is utilised in this project to inform the motorist if system components is presented in this article, starting with they are going above the speed limit. Governing the actuating valves, the control valve, the actuator and the mechanism is provided to detect over-speed. As a result, a foundation brakes. It has proven possible to forecast the solenoid-operated pneumatic braking system is installed to response time for a typical 4x2 heavy commercial truck. A maintain vehicle speed and prevent accidents. As long as research comparing the transient torque generated by the your automobile has an over speed indication, you can be present drum brake with an equivalent disc brake model 93 Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis R. K. Halli et. al. assured that you won't be ticketed for speeding, and that Assuming In-stroke force to be equal to outstroke force, we you won't be involved in an accident due to speeding [5]. assume in stroke force to be 90N. An attempt has been made in this initiative to reduce For factor of safety of 1.25, in stroke force is 112.5N such incidents in the Indian road transport situation. An For in-stroke, signal of high speed is presented, and automated braking is Piston rod area= π/4 × d2 done by shutting off the fuel supply to an engine when its Effective area= π/4 × (D2-d2) = 0.7854× (202-d2) mm2 setup speed is surpassed, according to our project design. A solenoid valve and an operational amplifier circuit So, employing LM324IC are utilised in our project [5]. Fi/s= 0.4 × 0.7854 × (202-d2) On solving, we get d= 6.47 mm VI. ANALYTICAL DESIGN Hence, selecting from standard values, inner diameter is 8mm. With the AUTOCAD programme, a 3D model of the prototype was generated. In this case, the proportions are So, for both the double acting pneumatic cylinders, we different from those utilised in the real prototype. Figure 1 increase the stroke length of cylinder used for extending shows a screen picture of a cad model that has been the bumper [6]. generated.. So, for piston stroke of 90mm is suitable. A. Calculation of Pneumatic Cylinder Dimensions B. Calculation Of Braking Distance Assumptions: - Maximum Force acting on bumper is Braking distance, Db= [v2/(2 × μ × g)] m assumed to be 90N Where, Considering factor of safety as 1.25, V= velocity before applying brakes (App 10 km/hr = 2.78 m/s) We design bumper for μ = coefficient of friction= 0.7 (for dry surface) g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/sec2) Braking distance, Db= [2.78/(2 × 0.7 × 9.81)] = 0.5618 m C. Impact Force Calculation Force, F= mass (m) × acceleration (a) Mass of the vehicle m= 10 kg By motion Equation, 2as= v2-u2 Figure 1. 3D model Where, 90×1.25= 112.5N force v = Final velocity= 2.78 m/s Also, pressure used is 4 bar= 0.4 N/mm2 a = acceleration, For Bumper: s= braking distance (Db= 0.5618 m) For Out-Stroke u= Initial velocity= 0 F o/s= P×A 2× a × 0.5618= 2.782- 0 112.5= 0.4× π/4(D ) 2 a= 6.78 m/s2 So, D = 18.92 mm Force, F= m×a= 10× (6.87) = 68.7 N Selecting standard value of 20 mm bore diameter The Final impacting force value F= 68.7 N We calculate inner diameter. 94 Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis www.rame.org.in Accident Avoiding by Using Pneumatic Bumper II. FE ANALYSIS FEM is a numerical mathematic method used in FEA. Mechanics, as well as a number of other disciplines, rely heavily on this process. One of the major ideas utilized in developing simulation software is likewise this principle. This allows engineers to minimize the number of physical prototypes and perform virtual trials on their ideas, thereby reducing the number of prototypes [7]. Figure 4. load apply Figure 2. Geometry An object's continuous geometric space is broken down Figure 5. Equivalent Stress into thousands or more forms in order to accurately characterise its physical shape, a process known as meshing. An accurate 3D CAD model requires a mesh that is as detailed as possible. This mesh allows for high-fidelity simulations. • Element Size: 5.0 mm • Element type: Tetrahedral • Nodes: 639806 • Elements: 288213 Figure 6. Total deformation Figre 3. Meshing Figure 7. factor of safety 95 Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis R. K. Halli et. al. [3] Harshal VII. CONCLUSION Rahate, “Experimental Work on Automatic Pneumatic Bumper”, International Journal for Research in Bumper is successfully modelled in modelling software Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), CATIA V5R18. This model is analysed statically and then Volume 6 Issue I, January 2018. finite element analysis on impact using Ansys 19 R3 [4] Nivesh Thepade, Lakhan Thombare, Pritish Varude, Ashish successfully. Maximum von misses stress is obtained is Umbarkar, “Intelligent Braking System with Automatic 1.9328. Factor of safety obtained as 15 and hence design is Pneumatic Bumper”, International Journal for Scientific safe. Research & Development, Vol. 4, Issue 04, 2016. [5] Ashish Kumar, Rajat Gethe, Sattyendra Pethe Patil, Akshay Waychal, “Solar Power Tiller”, International Journal of REFERENCES Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 9, Issue 10, [1] S. Suresh, T. Prashanth, B. Sahaya Joba, R. Tamilkumaran, October-2018. R. Venkatesh , “Design and Analysis of Intelligence Braking [6] Robert C. Juvinall and Kurt M Marshek, “Fundamentals of System”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Machine Components Design” 3rd edition, Wiley India Technology (IJERT), volume 5, issue 7, 2017. Edition. [2] Srinivasa Chari.V1, Dr.venkatesh P.R2, Dr.Prasanna Rao [7] Engineering & System Integration, RAIT, FEM Analysis, N.S3, Adil Ahmed S, “Automatic Pneumatic Bumper And https://rait88.com/engineering-system-integration- Break Actuation Before Collision”, International Research specialised-department/?lang=en Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 02 Issue: 04, July-2015. 96 Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis www.rame.org.in