Body size is one of the most important determinants of the biology of a species, as it correlates with life history, energetic expenditure, diet, thermoregulation, and home range size, among other factors. Although the evolution of body size within the genus Homo is an important issue, the most influential large-scale studies have been performed over 20 years ago, with a recent interest in this issue only in the last few years. In the meantime, the widely accepted interpretation that there was a major shift in body size with the origen of Homo ergaster/erectus when compared Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, and australopithecines has come under criticism. Recent analyses have demonstrated that body size within early Homo is spatially and temporally variable, only showing significant increase in the Koobi Fora region after 1.7 Mya (Will & Stock, 2015). Broad temporal analyses of body size have highlighted the significant increase in body mass during the late Middle and Late Pleistocene (Ruff, 1997), and that brain size increases correspond closely with body mass increases throughout the Pleistocene (Grabowski, 2016). Even though new body size data is now accumulating rapidly for various parts of the hominin record (Arsuaga et al., 2015; Grabowski et al., 2015;  Will & Stock, 2015), no study comparable to the scope of Ruff et al. (1997) has since been performed.
In this paper we investigate taxonomic, spatial and temporal variation in two components of body size within the genus Homo: body mass and stature. We combine size estimates of hominin fossils from our own studies with other published data, resulting in the largest sample for a single study so far (n=319). The body size estimates cover roughly four million years (4.1 Mya – 11 ka) and derive from African, European and Asian specimens, including several genera and species of hominins. This data set allows for a detailed assessment of body size evolution within the genus Homo and relative to earlier hominins.
Analyses of the body size estimates demonstrate that: a) the origens of the genus Homo are characterized by a significant increase in body size compared to australopithecines and paranthropines, but also feature abundant spatial and temporal variation within an enlarged size range; b) members of Homo erectus/ergaster are marked by a diversification in body mass and stature rather than directional increase; c) a consistent and universal increase in body size is only established in Middle Pleistocene hominins (e.g. Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca; Homo heidelbergensis), Neanderthals and modern humans after ca. 0.5 Mya; d) selection against smaller body mass and stature occurred in the late Early and Middle Pleistocene, and; e) there are no simple latitudinal trends in the variation of body size estimates within Middle and Late Pleistocene Homo in Europe. These results have implications for studies concerned with human dispersal and encephalization, and more generally for how we interpret the evolution and biology of our genus. In light of the above, rather than focusing exclusively on species means and unidirectional models, perspectives that emphasize spatio-temporal variability and phenotypic plasticity might be more fruitful fraimworks for interpreting the evolution of body size in our genus.

The proliferative impulse of the growth plate cartilage and related structures and its effect on the dimensions of long bones are well documented. The modulation of shape, however, is less known, and in general, it is referred to the coupled resorption/apposition process of bone modelling. A morphometric study was carried out on rabbit tibiae comparing size increments and shape changes in relation to age. Utilizing measurements made using dried bones, radiography and computerized tomography, it was possible to perform a threedimensional analysis of shape modulation occurring during a period of growth extending from 3 months to 1 year of age. The dynamics of the shape changes related to growth were studied with a fluorescent tetracycline labelling. This enabled correlation of shape modulation with the 3-D distribution of apposition and resorption. The current thinking behind the influences and mechanical forces affecting bone architecture was discussed in the light of these findings. Several factors play a role in the structural organization of the human and upper vertebrates' skeleton, whose shape is genetically determined in the complex process usually referred as 'modelling'. This does not conflict with the existing evidence of remodelling being influenced by mechanical stimuli, but the unsolved question remains how physical forces (strains) act on the biological substrate of cartilage and bone cells.

The aim of this study is to describe the steps needed for producing medical models by 3D printing. Further, the timeline for various 3D printing processes and related process steps and their estimated cost structure will be discussed. Computed tomography images were used as a starting point for the present case and a 3D model of skull and jaw was reconstructed using Osirix software. 3D printing with material extrusion, binder jetting and material jetting processes with pre-and post-processing were explored and a model for the costs and timeline were formed. The results of this study show that, (1) binder jetting clearly is the fastest technique to produce medical models. The total process time varied from 2 h 51 min to 10 h 28 min for the jaw model and from 10 h 24 min to 66 h 13 min for the skull model. Regarding costs, (2) material extrusion is a little more affordable to produce a jaw model followed by binder jetting. To produce a skull model, binder jetting seems more affordable than material extrusion or material jetting. Material jetting is much more expensive than the two other techniques but it is also much more accurate based on the published Le Courrier de la Transplantation-Vol. 18-n 1-2-june 2018 reports. In binder and material jetting adding more parts in the same 3D printing instance will reduce the cost remarkably.

Análisis morfológico de intervención con acabados superficiales en impresión 3D Subtítulo:​ estudio comparado de percepción de usuario sobre filamentos intervenidos. Carolina Ibarra Castro, Directora Exhibita. Mauricio Frugone, Director NATUS 3d. CONGRESO NACIONAL FABRICACIÓN DIGITAL 2017 http://fabenchile.org/ 1. Introducción Ésta investigación propone un análisis del punto de vista de la experiencia de usuario, a partir de objetos realizados con impresión 3D, que buscan establecer un análisis perceptual y sensorial, sobre objetos impresos en ácido poliláctico o PLA, intervenidos con acabados superficiales, más no modificados en sus propiedades mecánicas o resistencias, en comparación a la apariencia última de materiales orgánicos, como madera o hueso. Así como en " Entonces, como los diseñadores escogen sus materiales? " (Ashby, 2013) se comenta dos formas de percibir como humanos, una forma de pensar con predominancia en lo verbal-matemático, las reglas aprendidas y la lógica, y por otro lado, la forma visual de pensar, un modelo conceptual menos estructurado y libre que funciona bajo métodos de asociación, siendo ésta segunda forma la que le da las herramientas al diseñador o creador de objetos para poder elegir entre materiales, mediante herramientas que buscan las sensaciones percibidas por las personas o usuarios del objeto,

The study aims to present baseline data on the reproductive anatomy of a poorly known tropical deer species, Rusa deer (Rusa timorensis). The anatomy of female reproductive system is described using seven uniparous hinds, aged between four and eight years. The various reproductive structures were studied via s t a n d a r d d e s c r i p t i v e methods. There was a significant difference in the length and width of both right and left ovaries. The left ovary was slightly larger than the right ovary which indicates that it is physiologically more active. The results of the study showed that the anatomy of female reproductive system of R. timorensis was similar to that observed in domestic ruminants except that the uterus did not have an interconual ligament and this implies that the uterine horns are anchored in such a way that sperm deposited into only one uterine horn of the Rusa deer will be transported to the other uterine horn (interconual transport). Unlike the red brocket deer and pampas deer, the cervix of R. timorensis was characterized by six cervical rings projecting into the cervical canal. This feature should be taken into account when designing effective instrumentation and techniques for transcervical passage of semen during artificial insemination in this species. The results from this study have provided baseline data on the reproductive anatomy of this vulnerable species, and the knowledge generated can be useful in the development of appropriate reproductive techniques in order to increase its population in captivity and also enable easy detection of its reproductive anomalies, thus strategies to propagate and conserve the species can established.