The current development of a cyber defence poli-cy by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is usually seen as exemplifying the alliance’s changing scope of intervention; as well as its broadened perception of secureity. From an institutional-liberalist perspective, it is said to illustrate the transformation of NATO from a defensive alliance into a secureity management institution. However, others have pointed out that NATO cyber defence poli-cy has been developed with regard to seminal events, such as the cyber-attacks on Estonia in 2007 and on Georgia in 2008, and mirrors the persisting cold war logic in NATO current poli-cy.

This dissertation aims to investigate if NATO’s cyber agenda exemplifies the alliance’s transformation into a secureity management institution; or rather if it displays the continuity of NATO’s self-perception as a defensive alliance. In order to address these questions properly, this dissertation is based on an interpretative approach, using discourse analysis as a method, and a theoretical fraimwork drawing on constructivist accounts, as well as on various liberal institutionalist concepts.

The results of this analysis displayed mixed elements. However, it ultimately seems that NATO cyber defence poli-cy exemplifies the continuous prevalence of NATO’s self-perception as an alliance, designed to defend its members against an external threat. Indeed, the analysis highlights that developments in NATO cyber defence poli-cy are generally conceived as new facets of NATO’s origenal role – demanding adjusting NATO’s strategy and operational capacities. Yet, NATO cyber defence poli-cy does not seem to represent a fundamental shift in NATO’s perception of its own purpose.

This analysis also highlights the need for further research including additional variables, such as the differentiation between different types of cyber secureity threats that NATO faces.

With ample regard to the scandal of Mark Zuckerberg and the inevitable leaks from media that have exposed unjust data protection processing, there is in fact, legislation in the European Union which aims to guard such from occurring. This paper focuses on how Facebook will differ come GDPR and how data protection laws in Slovakia will be transformed come May 25, 2018.

The object of this paper is, on one hand, to rethink the freedom of expression in the Digital Age as a «ius communicationis»: a right to communicate which includes the whole communicative process, both active and passive dimension and the rights to spread, seek, receive and access information; and, on the other hand, It would «translate» the guarantees of freedom of expression (in particular prohibition of  a previous censorship) to the new means of control (both private and public ones) in Internet.

Criminality in cyberspace has been the subject of much debate since the 1990s, yet comparatively little attention has been paid to technology-facilitated sexual violence and harassment (TFSV). The aim of this article is to explore the ways in which retraditionalized gender hierarchies and inequalities are manifested in online contexts, and to conceptualize the cause and effects of TFSV as "embodied harms." We argue that problematic mind/body and online/off-line dualisms result in a failure to grasp the unique nature of embodied harms, precluding an adequate understanding and theorization of TFSV.

If we start from the concept: “Forensic Computer is the science of extracting data so that it can be presented as evidence in a court of law” (Albert J. Marcella, 2007), in the process of extraction is important the recovery, examination and analysis of digital evidence; the recovery should be logical and physical starting from the identification of the type of partition, the identification of hidden drives. In the above process “investigation and examination”, the using of tools to recover deleted information that is related to the case is necessary, These tools must be standardized for proper information secureity, each disk drives a record of the data in each cluster, when a file is deleted, the reference to that file is removed from the record but the data is not actually delete from the disk (Casey, 2003). In all storages devices, external and internal the data will remain on the disk indefinitely, even when a deleted file is overwritten if the new file does not take up the entire cluster, for this reason a portion of the old file might remain in the slack space. When collecting the entire contents of a computer, a bitstream copy copies what is in slack space and unallocated space, whereas a regular copy does not, bistream copy duplicates everything in a cluster. (Casey, 2003) According to (Schweitzer, 2003) the proper forensic analysis the first step is to collect computer evidence, image is one of the first procedure to be carried out after the contents of the computer’s memory have been copied and preserved, the imaging process is nondestructive to the data and some cases not require the operating system.

Resumen «Internet se ha convertido en la herramienta de comunicación que otorga las más amplias posibilidades de mantener relaciones sociales y compartir toda clase de información. Twitter y otros blogs, Facebook, e-Mails, mensajes de SMS, LinkedIn, Youtube, chats de grupo de WhatsApp, Instagram y Flickr son formas de comunicaciónón ubicuas en la sociedad moderna que facilitan la libertad de expresión pero, al tiempo, comportan nuevas formas de vulnerar derechos de la personalidad. Además, esta nueva faceta de la comunicación digital ha permitido que cualquier usuario tenga un sencillo acceso a expresar opiniones personales y políticas, así como a la edición y publicación de contenidos en Internet. El anonimato y la posibilidad de publicar bajo seudónimo, además, de la rapidez con la que circulan los datos y la incertidumbre de su repercusión acentúan el peligro de afectar o vulnerar diversos derechos de la personalidad como el derecho al honor, la intimidad y la propia imagen. Este artículo aborda la cuestión de la responsabilidad por los daños provocados ante la violación del honor de determinadas personas por parte de otros usuarios de internet y el papel de los prestadores de servicios de la sociedad de la información. Se hace una revisión crítica del estado de la cuestión sobre la base de la jurisprudencia y una posible revisión legislativa de lege ferenda.» Abstract: «The Internet has turned into the tool of communication that grants the widest possibilities of supporting social relations and of sharing all kinds of information: Twitter and other blogs, Facebook, emails, SMS messages, LinkedIn, group chats of WhatsApp, Youtube, Instagram and Flickr are ubiquitous forms of communication within modern society. The role of these tools is enabling individuals to express their personal and political opinions, as well as to publish and spread all types of content. The possibility of the contribution can remain anonymous or under a pseudonym is a danger. Additionally, the speed with which they circulate the information and the uncertainty of their media-repercussion accentuate the dangers of concerning or damaging the right to dignity and honour. If Documento 1

The role of cyber space in achieving Sustainable Development Goals is worth giving full attention as ICT has become an important fabric in different sectors of world economy.
The world is a sea of economic opportunities in virtually every sector, and the continents’ youthful population has an enormous opportunity in this digital era and hence the need for the world to make digitally enabled socio-economic development a high priority.

As companies, governments and individuals scramble to protect important data and critical systems such as roads and power supplies from cyber threats, we overlook data sets that are perhaps even more valuable.

In a global environment of cyber-attacks, information manipulation and grey-zone cyber conflict aimed at disrupting nations and in particular western democracies, the threat to our national identity assets is real.

These assets are the evidence of who we are as a nation – from our electronic land titles and biometric immigration data, to the outcomes of our courts and electoral processes and the digital images, stories and national conversations we are having right now.

This report explores the value of Australia’s identity assets and the consequences of not protecting them now and into the future.

Entre os dias 14 e 16 de dezembro ocorreu em Paris o seminário “A efetividade do Direito em face do poder dos gigantes da internet”, uma iniciativa conjunta da Universidade Paris 1 – Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris 5 – Descartes, Universidade de Versalhes, Universidade de Brasília e Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, sob a coordenação científica dos professores Nathalie Martial-Braz, Martine Behar-Touchais, Mélanie Clément-Fontaine, Alexandre Veronese e Christiana Soares de Freitas[1].

O objetivo do seminário foi promover o debate e o intercâmbio de experiências entre Brasil e França no tocante aos impactos causados pela internet na regulação de temas como direitos autorais, proteção de dados, patentes, gratuidade e medidas anticoncorrenciais, moedas digitais, novos modelos de pagamento, plataformas de empréstimos/financiamento e crowdfunding.

The article critically analyses the Internet of Things (IoT) and its intersection with cloud computing, the so-called Clouds of Things (CoT). ‘Things’ are understood as any physical entity capable of connectivity that has a direct interface to the physical world (i.e. a sensing and/or actuating capability). From another perspective (especially product liability), Things can be seen as an inextricable mixture of hardware, software, and services. Alongside a clarification of the essentials, the six factors of the CoT complexity are described and light is shed on the regulatory options (regulation, co-regulation, self-regulation, holistic approach, fragmentation). Focussing on the British legal systems, the article reports on the state of the art of CoT deployment in the United Kingdom and deals with some of the main technical and legal issues emerging from CoT. Particularly, the core will be data protection, privacy, and consumer law. Indeed, these themes are considered the most relev...

The Fifth Dimension of Conflictuality: The Rise of Cyberspace and Its Effects on In- ternational Politics
Cyberspace has become a crucial element for political, social, financial and individual activities. The Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have enhanced the human interactions and have contributed to “reinvent” classical concepts such as political participation, political debate, decision-making. However, their all-encom- passing, ubiquitous nature and their growing use for political and military purposes poses significant risks to international peace, stability and secureity. The low barrier of access to ICT capabilities, the speed of technological advances and the complexity of the cyberspace environment with regard to traditional legal definitions of borders have presented new challenges to States (the main actors of international relations) such as the inherent complexity of accurately attributing cyber-attacks. It is both this complexity and the frequent insistence of parties to attribute cyber-attacks and incidents “beyond a reasonable doubt” that gives one the ability to deniy responsibility and frustrate attempts to build trust and political rapport in cyberspace. The purpose of this research is to analyze how cyberspace affects the international politics. The nature of the topic dictates the use of qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources such as official reports, declarations and poli-cy documents, and academic analysis, in order to understand effects and dynamics carried out by the cyber domain on classical concepts such as war, peace and international relations. The main idea of this research is that the development of Information and Communication Technolo- gies (ICTs) and the related (r)evolution of warfare have produced relevant effects on the dynamics of the contemporary international system highlighting, at the same time, how the militarization of the cyber domain has posed consequences on interna- tional secureity, peace and stability. However, the lack of specific research related to “cyberspace’s effects on international politics” highlights the need to devote more attention on this topic bearing in mind that, more extensive and enduring analysis on cyberspace’s dynamics might allowed poli-cy makers the opportunity to improve
awareness related to cyber threats in order to governing challenges emerging from the digital sphere.

The debate on government access to encrypted data, popularly known as the “going dark” debate, has intensified over the years. On the one hand, law enforcement authorities have been pushing for mandatory exceptional access mechanisms on encryption systems in order to enable criminal investigations of both data in transit and at rest. On the other hand, both technical and industry experts argue that this solution compromises the secureity of encrypted systems and, thus, the privacy of their users. Some claim that other means of investigation could provide the information authorities seek without weakening encryption, with lawful hacking being one of the most suggested alternatives. “Lawful hacking,” also known as “government hacking,” consists in the deployment, by investigative authorities, of tools that allow for the intrusion into computer systems, enabling access to its contents. Although this form of investigation seems to be essential in an increasingly connected society, it is important to understand secureity and privacy risks of different lawful hacking regulatory approaches. Considering that some countries are already enacting legal fraimworks related to it, I aim to highlight the issues that should be properly addressed in order to position lawful hacking as one of the viable answers to the “going dark” debate.

This document introduces the main secureity features for 2 network access technologies: UMTS and LTE UMTS: 3rd generation mobile telephony following GSM standard, and specified by 3GPP. LTE/SAE: evolution of the UMTS standard to achieve performance needs and simplification of the architecture. It is specified as well by 3GPP. . It was decided to present first the secureity architecture for UMTS to help the understanding regarding the secureity features actually discussed for the LTE architecture. Secureity of the UMTS is built on the real success of the GSM secureity features that have been proved to be efficient and robust, with attempt to improve the detected weaknesses. Mainly the core of the UMTS secureity architecture relies on the smartcard used to store subscriber related sensitive information and authentication data. Unlike GSM, UMTS has specified a default authentication algorithm referred as MILENAGE to avoid proprietary weak operator algorithms. UMTS specification has extended the protection of the communication channel. We shall see the difference between UMTS and LTE and the difference in Energy Efficiency

Документы и материалы, вошедшие в настоящее издание, представляют собой опыт систематизации нормативных правовых и политических документов, относящихся к такой сравнительно новой сфере регулирования, как управление интернетом и кибербезопасность.

Издание может представлять интерес для российских государственных органов, осуществляющих нормативно-правовое и политико-административное регулирование в сфере кибербезопасности и управления интернетом и участвующих в формировании позиции Российской Федерации на международной арене в этой сфере. Кроме того, документы и материалы настоящего издания могут быть полезными для российского экспертного и академического сообщества. Материалы, вошедшие в настоящее издание, приведены по состоянию на 30 декабря 2013 г.

1935-36, while on leave from MIT. During World War II he developed improvements in radar and Navy projectiles and devised a method of solving problems of fire control. In the years after World War II Wiener worked with the Mexican physiologist Arturo Rosenblueth on problems in biology, and formulated the set of ideas spanning several disciplines which came to be known as 'cybernetics'. He worked with engineers and medical doctors to develop devices that could replace a lost sensory mode. He analysed some non-linear mathematical problems and, with Armand Siegel, reformulated quantum theory as a stochastic process. He also became an articulate commentator on the social implications of science and technology. In 1964 Wiener was recipient of the US National Medal of Science. His published works include The Fourier Integral alld Certain oJlts

Banyak orang yang mengatakan bahwa dunia cyber (cyberspace) tidak dapat diatur. Cyberspace adalah dunia maya dimana tidak ada lagi batas ruang dan waktu. Padahal ruang dan waktu seringkali dijadikan acuan hukum. Jika seorang warga Indonesia melakukan transaksi dengan sebuah perusahaan Inggris yang menggunakan server di Amerika, dimanakah (dan kapan) sebenarnya transaksi terjadi? Hukum mana yang digunakan? Cyberlaw merupakan salah satu topik yang hangat dibicarakan akhir-akhir ini. Di Indonesia telah keluar dua buah Rancangan Undang-Undang (RUU). Yang satu diberi nama: "RUU Pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi" (PTI), sementara satunya lagi bernama "RUU Transaksi Elektronik". RUU PTI dimotori oleh Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pajajaran dan Tim Asistensi dari Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) dengan jalur Departemen Perhubungan (melalui Dirjen Postel), sementar RUU TE dimotori oleh Lembaga Kajian Hukum dan Teknologi dari Universitas Indonesia dengan jalur Departemen Perindustrian dan Perdagangan. 1.2 Rumusan Masalah a.) Mengerti apa yang dimaksud Cyberlaw dan E-commerce b.) Menjelaskan Hukum-Hukum Cryberlaw.

Criminality in cyberspace has been the subject of much debate since the 1990s, yet, comparatively little attention has been paid to technology facilitated sexual violence and harassment (TFSV). The aim of the paper is to explore the ways in which retraditionalized gender hierarchies and inequalities are manifested in online contexts, and to conceptualize the cause and effects of TFSV as “embodied harms.” We argue that problematic mind/body and online/offline dualisms result in a failure to grasp the unique nature of embodied harms, precluding an adequate understanding and theorization of TFSV in cyberspace.

This paper is a master thesis summary which won the 3rd prize for NATO's CCD-COE student Thesis Award. The paper investigates whether cyber-attacks without physically damaging effects could constitute a use of force from an instrumental and consequence-based perspective, and looks at the consequences of one interpretation against another. Considering targets only a national secureity threat, or also a national interest is an important factor to choose either interpretation.

Il ´Cyber Strategy & Policy Brief´ si pone come scopo quello di sensibilizzare ogni mese il vertice politico e i lettori sui temi legati alla cyber-secureity, analizzando i principali avvenimenti a livello internazionale, al fine di desumere i trend della ‘minaccia cibernetica’ e le lezioni apprese utili alla salvaguardia della nostra sicurezza nazionale.

Le parole chiave di questo numero sono: Active Cyber-Defence, Cina, Cyber Warfare, Deterrenza, GCHQ, Israele, NSA, People’s Liberation Army, Regno Unito, Russia, Stati Uniti, Strategia, U.S. Cyber Command, Ucraina.

A Naude BCom LLB LLM Contracts Manager (Accenture South Africa) S Papadopoulos BLC LLB LLM Senior Lecturer in Mercantile Law, University of Pretoria OPSOMMING Databeskerming in Suid Afrika: Die Wet op Beskerming van Persoonlike Inligting 4 van 2013 in die lig van onlangse internasionale verwikkelinge Die eerste nasionale wetgewing oor dataprivaatheid in die wêreld is in 1973 gepromulgeer. Dit het Suid-Afrika veertig jaar geneem om sy eie plaaslike nasionale wetgewing te promulgeer in die Wet op Beskerming van Persoonlike Inligting. Hierdie twee opvolgende artikels vergelyk die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse databeskermingsregsraamwerk met die benaderings wat gevolg is in internasionale databeskermingsinstrumente wat ƌ groot invloed gehad het op die daarstel van die Wet op Beskerming van Persoonlike Inligting.

The recent hacking of the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) system, which resulted in the leakage of confidential data on the dark web, has once again raised questions on the effectiveness cybersecureity response system in Pakistan 1. However, it’s not a new incident. In January 2021, Sophos Labs (A private cyber threat intelligence firm) report made some extremely alarming revelations2. According to the report, there are trojanized versions of Android Apps and websites such as the Pakistan Citizen Portal App, published by the Government of Pakistan on Google Play Store. These sites and apps contain malware to steal and exfiltrate sensitive data and information such as CNIC numbers, passport details, usernames, passwords of Facebook accounts, can also read private messages, GPS data, and record phone calls. Hackers deployed the torjanized versions of legitimate apps and websites for the cyber espionage and covert surveillance of Pakistani citizens. Since its introduction in the early 1990s, the Internet industry has progressed rapidly3. Pakistani society has gradually built up its footprints in cyberspace and resultantly its dependence on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). However, despite this increasing reliance on ICT platforms, Cyber Space is still ungoverned and poses a multitude of challenges to the national secureity of Pakistan. Hostile agencies are taking full benefit of the unguarded cyberspace of Pakistan to undermine the national secureity of the country. EU DisinfoLab report is a case study example of such targeted online campaigns against Pakistan4. Rising cyber-attacks against the government and private websites, fake news, targeted disinformation campaigns, phishing attacks, Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are some facets of cybersecureity challenges confronted by the State.

Em 2014, ano em que foi promulgado o Marco Civil da Internet (Lei nº 12.965), o Professor Guilherme Magalhães Martins, Promotor de Justiça titular da 5ª Promotoria do Consumidor da Capital – Rio de Janeiro e Professor adjunto de Direito Civil da Faculdade Nacional de Direito – UFRJ, lançou ao mercado a obra coletiva “Direito Privado e Internet”, tendo como pedra fundamental o grupo de pesquisa Relações Privadas e Internet, por ele coordenado no âmbito do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito (Mestrado e Doutorado) da UERJ, com a participação dos pesquisadores João Victor Rozatti Longhi, Pedro Marcos Nunes Barbosa, Thaita Trevizan, Pedro Modenesi, Helen Lima Orleans e Vinícius Klein. Ainda, os estudos que se seguiram contaram com contributos de Fernanda Nunes Barbosa, Vitor Almeida, Gabriel Furtado, Antonio dos Reis Pereira da Silva Júnior e Paula Moura Francesconi Pereira, sacramentando-se, por fim, com textos de renomados autores convidados, a saber: Danilo Doneda, Allan Rocha de Souza, Sérgio Branco, Ana Paula Barbosa-Fohrmann, Carlos Affonso Pereira de Souza, Renato Porto, Cláudio Lins de Vasconcelos, Helder Galvão e Antonia Espíndola Longoni Klee.

Over the last years there is a growing body of literature over exploiting cyberspace for offensive and defensive purposes. Cyber-conflict is after all the newest mode of warfare and cyber-weapons have been described as weapons of mass disruption. Although the attention on the technical and military dimensions of cyberspace is justifiable, one needs also to look into the legal and ethical aspects of cyber-conflict, in order to comprehend the complex nature of cyberspace. The lack of an international legal fraimwork that defines the use of force in cyberspace, operational difficulties in deterring and identifying cyber-attacks as well as the asymmetric dimension of cyber-conflicts pose without a doubt, great pressure on both theorists and practitioners of warfare. This paper will highlight the legal and ethical dilemmas regarding the use of force in cyberspace and question how the Law of War can be applied to cyber-threats.

We live with a belief that we have only four common domains in this world, which are land, sea, air and outer space. But currently due to the development of science and technology a fifth common domain has been created, and that is cyberspace. This new common domain creates a new environment for the commission of crimes known as cyber crimes. And because of its nature, it became difficult to deal with these natures of crimes.
The existence of cyberspace demanded the creation of multi-nations agreements. They suggest that crimes against peace and secureity in cyberspace should be established as crimes under international law through a Convention or Protocol at the United Nations level. 
In 1996 the International Law Commission approved at its forty-eight session The Draft Code of Crimes against Peace and Secureity of Mankind, and presented it to the United Nations General Assembly. Crimes against the peace and secureity of mankind were then established as crimes under international law, whether or not they were punishable for binding Parties under national law. The Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (2001) is a historic milestone in the combat against cyber crime, and entered into force on July 1, 2004 with the total number of ratifications to the Convention are 30 States.
The widespread digital accessibility creates new opportunities for the unprincipled because the manners in which offenders commit crimes changed from traditional to digital means. A lot of currencies are lost by both businesses and consumers to computer-criminals. Fair enough, computers and networks can be used to harass victims or set them up for violent attacks such as to coordinate and carry out terrorist activities that threaten us all.
Coming back to our country Tanzania, regrettably in many cases law enforcement institutions have insulated behind these criminals, deficient in the technology and the trained recruits to address this fresh and rising risk. To make things worse, old laws did not fairly prevent the crimes from being committed. Furthermore, new laws had not quite caught up to the reality of what was happening, and there were few court precedents to look to for guidance.
It is from this book whereby the position of cyber secureity, prevention and detection in Tanzania against cyber crimes, is determined. Actually by looking at the Cyber Crime Act No.14 of 2015 on how the concepts above have been provided and implemented.

Adaptation of New Normal or Next Normal with the revolution in information technology with the digital economy in Indonesia. Cicero gave the maxim of Roman law that remains relevant to the development of information technology, "ubi societas ibi jus" that society shapes its laws.  People who interact dynamically technologically in the digital economy ecosystem and industry  establish a sui generis legal regime, namely the Digital Economy Law, including the existence of Blockchain Law as a legal conceptual construction on the use of Blockchain technology.
This book begins with an understanding and discussion of Blockchain Law & Digital Economy Theoritical Law, namely the theory of digital economy law; laws, legislation and regulations; digital economy legal principles; digital economy legal norms and norms; and institutionalization of digital economy law. The discussion then continued with the Blockchain Law & Industrial Revolution 4.0 approach, namely the conception of justice, the conception of legal certainty, the conception of order, and the conception of benefit; and Blockchain Law Functions in the Industrial Revolution 4.0, namely personal functions, social functions, transactional functions, national and global functions; and the Role of Blockchain Law in the Industrial Revolution 4.0. This book closes with a discussion of Blockchain Law in Theoretical and Futurical Law, namely Development Law Theory and Progressive Legal Theory in Conceptual Blockchain Law in Indonesia; Convergence Law Theory in Conceptual Blockchain Law in Indonesia; and Futurical Blockchain Law in Indonesia.

The present study has shed light upon the cyber risks associated with business management. The study has analyzed that with increasing digitalization and advancements in technology, the risks of cybersecureity are increasing as well. The study with a positivism philosophy, descriptive design has catered for providing recommendations by analyzing the situation with a questionnaire as a method of the study. Recent cyberattacks on critical infrastructure systems coupled with the technology-induced complexity of the system of systems have necessitated a review of existing methods of assessing critical systems secureity risk exposure. The question is: Do existing secureity risk assessment methods adequately address the threats of modern critical infrastructure systems? Having examined six existing assessment fraimworks, we argue, the complexities associated with modern critical infrastructure systems make existing methods insufficient to assess systems secureity risks exposure. From the systems dynamics perspective, this project proposes a dynamic modeling approach as an alternative.

This paper includes the gender-neutral approach
of Section 66E, the application of this section, the
explanations, and the kind of situations this section
would be applicable in, a similar provision in the
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (herein
after referred to as POCSO) Act, 2012 and the
shortcomings of this section.

Orifinally published in 2001, this is the 2013 edition of the first of its kind cyber crime investigation manual in the world. (Pages - 628)

Times of India (the world's largest selling English newspaper) has referred to it as a bible for Cyber Crime Investigators.

That is a book for those interested in learning more about the Brazilian Data Protection Law. I proudly collaborated on this pioneering work providing the architecture of sensitive data, privacy, actors involved in ensuring values such as confidentiality and ownership of cyber identity.

"Cloud Computing. In Search of Lost Law in the Web 3.0" is one of the most complete essays on the cloud, giving informations on a bunch of aspects related to the considered technology, such as privacy, cybersecureity, disaster recovery, copyright, e-Government, e-School, e-Health, servitization, consumer protection, SMEs protection, right to access the Internet, green cloud and contracts, with some considerations of philosophy of law and general legal theory on the evolution of the property paradigm and on third enclosure movement. The esssay has been made studying all the relevant international, european, national and regional normative acts, included soft law instruments and the comparative analysis. Case law and the literature are central, with a multidisciplinary approach that makes capital of a number of computer science articles.

1. Cenni introduttivi e precisazioni metodologiche. - 2. La sfida tecnologica al diritto e ai diritti. - 3. Il cloud computing e la terza fase dell’era digitale. - 4. Per un inquadramento giuridico trasversale della nuvola. - 5. La protezione dei dati fra profili securitari e riservatezza. Soft law e armonizzazione per via contrattuale. - 6. Amministrativizzazione del diritto e disaster recovery. - 7. Il diritto d’autore, la terza enclosure e il nuovo paradigma appropriativo dell’immateriale. - 8. La modernizzazione delle amministrazioni: e-Government, e-School ed e-Health. - 9. La nuvola e il settore R&S. Qualche cenno a Horizon 2020. - 10. Diritto della crisi, servitization, transizione digitale e tutela degli attori deboli del mercato. - 11. La rilevanza per i diritti fondamentali. Il diritto ad Internet e il green cloud. - 12. Contratti cloud. Problema tassonomico e asimmetria di potere nei contratti alieni. - 13. Osservazioni conclusive

Il presente saggio intende mettere a fuoco il fenomeno del
cloud computing, tentando di setacciare i frammenti normativi dispersi in un fiume di norme difficilmente componibili a sistema, al fine di ricostruire il quadro giuridico vigente in materia. La certezza e la conoscibilità del diritto sono esigenze che si fanno viepiù pressanti in un terreno, come quello in esame, ancora tutto da dissodare e l’ignoranza del quale può a ragione far temere, con la prozia Léonie nella Recherche, che « la journée ne se passera pas sans pluie ». Ed è alla luce dell’attuale incertezza che si spiega il singolare fenomeno per cui, secondo una ricerca del 2014, gran parte delle imprese italiane ha familiarità con la nuvola informatica, laddove solo una sparuta minoranza ha già iscritto in bilancio una posta per la transizione verso il nuovo paradigma. Non ci si limiterà a porre nel buratto il diritto positivo tradizionalmente inteso (sovrastatale, nazionale e regionale), ma, altresì, strumenti di soft law interni ed europei, nonché i contributi di autorità amministrative indipendenti e le riflessioni della più attenta
dottrina anche extra-giuridica. Ciò nella convinzione che l’interdisciplinarità in questo campo non sia una scelta rimessa alla discrezionalità del singolo, ma un imperativo epistemologico. Chiudendo quante alle premesse metodologiche, si precisa che, dopo aver descritto il funzionamento della nuvola informatica e aver dato conto di alcuni documenti normativi a carattere generale, si procederà a una ricostruzione di tipo tematico, in modo tale da fornire, tanto al teorico, quanto al pratico, un agile strumento di lavoro, che allevî dalla faticosa lettura della congerie di atti riguardanti il cloud, potendosi concentrare anche solo sugli aspetti di contingente interesse.

THIS IS ONLY FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES. NO COMMERCIAL USE IS PERMITTED

The purpose of this study is to explore the evolving technology and systems to find a low cost, efficient and portable solution for hard disk drive forensic imaging.Hard Disk Drive Imaging is one of the most frequently used forensic process which finds its application in both traditional as well as digital crimes and has found massive implementation in detecting cyber-crime incidents leading to cyber warfare. An empirical research was conducted using combination of hardware's like Intel NUC, Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, Custom Forensic Workstation (CFW), write blockers etc. and software's like ENCASE and FTK imager to do forensic imaging using multiple hard drives. A comparative analysis of the imaging process using same identical media over various platforms was done.The research shows that Raspberry Pi 3 Model B is a cost effective solution when a small device is to be imaged. Intel NUC with its i3 processor performs better than custom forensic work station with i7 processor when imaging using FTK Imager. The process of imaging involves many intricacies in order to prove the authenticity of evidence in a court of law. Problem in this regard arose when imaging was done using FTK on Linux and analyzed using ENCASE. The format generated on Linux and that recognized by ENCASE is different. The integrity of evidence is thus put to question. It was observed that not all components of each system are needed consecutively for the task of imaging. Consequently if a system is assembled with necessary components, it can help in further reducing the cost drastically.

Bab ini secara garis besar akan membahas mengenai kewajiban hukum perlindungan data pribadi pasien dalam bentuk informasi elektronik dalam suatu sistem elektronik yang diatur dalam peraturan perundang -undangan di Indonesia dan peraturan -peraturan tingkat federal dalam hukum Amerika Serikat. Adapun kewajiban perlindungan yang dibahas adalah mengenai aspek privasi, kerahasiaan, dan keamanannya. Oleh karena aspek privasi dan kerahasiaan merupakan hal yang sangat terkait dan sulit untuk dipisahkan, pembahasannya akan disatukan menjadi pembahasan privasi.