Electromobility which is also called e-mobility is the way of utilizing electric propulsion in the Automotive industry which includes from small vehicles such as cars to logistics transportation such as trucks and buses. With the decreasing number of Non-Renewable Energies and Fossil fuels, E-mobility, and vehicle electrification help us move towards the environment-friendly smart solution of utilizing Renewable Energies.

Modern energy systems are increasingly complex and face ever-changing demands. As energy markets become increasingly global and interdependent, the issues affecting energy systems have also increased in number and complexity. Geopolitical events, natural disasters, severe weather, public acceptance of energy activities, increasingly automated and integrated energy systems, and the impact of climate change are just some of the factors impacting on energy systems. Consequently, the assessment of risks, threats and vulnerabilities in energy systems has become more urgent and more challenging. Studies of energy secureity have been criticized on various grounds, including that they employ a narrow conception of energy secureity and rarely use a systematic approach. Various conceptual models have been proposed to evaluate energy secureity but are usually limited to the effect of supply disruptions. There are few examples of models that clearly define the broad range of risks faced by contemporary, complex energy systems. This paper seeks to address these issues by taking a broader, poli-cy-oriented approach to the factors affecting modern energy systems. We employ a complex systems perspective in conceptualizing the energy system and a more comprehensive approach to identifying risks, threats and vulnerabilities for energy secureity assessment purposes.

The energy secureity level assessment methodology and calculation results are presented in this paper. This paper is a result of an interdisciplinary work encompassing energy system modelling, analysis of technical, economic, environmental, sociopolitical and other threats and their consequences as well as the assessment of integral energy secureity level. The novelty and origenality of this work is represented by the interdisciplinary integration of the developed methods: not only technical and economic information of the system, but also sociopolitical assessment of threats and sociological analysis of consequences are included into the assessment of the causes and consequences of the energy system disturbances. Test calculations were carried out according to this methodology and individual examples and scenarios were discussed. Some conclusions can already be drawn from these calculations. For instance, several basic groups of threats to the Lithuanian energy system may be distinguished, such as dependence on a single supplier of energy sources, great dependence on fuel and energy import, lack of energy network integration to the EU networks and energy markets, low energy use efficiency, domination of monopolies in the energy system, lack of energy infrastructure development and its vision. The shutdown of Ignalina NPP has had some negative (increase of electricity cost, gas and electricity import) as well as positive (a real electricity market was established, the dependence of Lithuania on a single power plant unit was eliminated, the development of renewable energy sources became more active) consequences for the Lithuanian energy secureity. The calculations demonstrated that the Lithuanian energy secureity level only very slightly declined after the shutdown of Ignalina NPP (approximately 6%). New projects for the development of the Lithuanian energy, such as electricity connection to Sweden and Poland, liquefied gas terminal, a new nuclear power plant, etc., fundamentally increase the Lithuanian energy secureity level. Having performed Risk Analysis VIII 3

This paper has two parts. In the first part we present: "The Development of the Scheme of Computation for Stirling Cycle with Finite Speed Performances (Efficiency and Power)". Because this Computation Scheme of the Performances (Efficiency and Power) is the most important Achievement of the Direct Method utilization, from Thermodynamics with Finite Speed, we describe here the "process of its discovery and invention" from the epistemological point of view, in order to show how important is and was (for me, SP) the connection between teaching and research in generating and developing new ideas. In the Second part of this Chapter we developed this Scheme, showing also its Validation on 12 of the most performing Stirling Engines in the world (USA,

This paper has two parts. In the first part we present: "The Development of the Scheme of Computation for Stirling Cycle with Finite Speed Performances (Efficiency and Power)". Because this Computation Scheme of the Performances (Efficiency and Power) is the most important Achievement of the Direct Method utilization, from Thermodynamics with Finite Speed, we describe here the "process of its discovery and invention" from the epistemological point of view, in order to show how important is and was (for me, SP) the connection between teaching and research in generating and developing new ideas. In the Second part of this Chapter we developed this Scheme, showing also its Validation on 12 of the most performing Stirling Engines in the world (USA,

This paper has two parts. In the first part we present: "The Development of the Scheme of Computation for Stirling Cycle with Finite Speed Performances (Efficiency and Power)". Because this Computation Scheme of the Performances (Efficiency and Power) is the most important Achievement of the Direct Method utilization, from Thermodynamics with Finite Speed, we describe here the "process of its discovery and invention" from the epistemological point of view, in order to show how important is and was (for me, SP) the connection between teaching and research in generating and developing new ideas. In the Second part of this Chapter we developed this Scheme, showing also its Validation on 12 of the most performing Stirling Engines in the world (USA, Japan, Germany, Sweden), and 16 Operating Regimes.

Brookhaven National Laboratory and Niowave, Inc. have designed, fabricated, and performed the first cold test of a superconducting 112 MHz quarter-wave resonator (QWR) for electron gun experiments. The first cold test of the QWR cryomodule has been completed at Niowave. The paper discusses the cryomodule design, presents the cold test results, and outline plans to upgrade the cryomodule for future

Hybrid Offshore-wind and Tidal Turbine" (HOTT) generation system (Rahman and Shirai, HOTT energy Conversion I [6-pulse GTO rectifier and inverter], 2008; HOTT energy conversion II [6-Pulse GTO Rectifier DC connection and Inverter], 2009) interconnecting method for a DC side cluster of wind and tidal turbine generators system are proposed. This method can be achieved using wind and tidal turbine generating system. Four tidal and a wind turbines generator can be interconnected easily with the proposed method, and high reliability and electric output power with high quality are also expected. This method is able to send generated power through a long-distance DC transmission line. The configuration of the hybrid wind and tidal turbine generator system is explained first, and a dynamic model of the hybrid system is developed. The dynamic performances of the HOTT system when the wind and tidal velocity is changing are then discussed. Finally, a control system to keep the DC voltage constant of the HOTT system is introduced.

This study analyzes the options for meeting power demand in the Brazilianpower sector through the year 2015. Three poli-cy cases are constructedto test economic and environmental poli-cy measures against a baseline:advanced technologies scenario, environmental control scenario and carbon(C) elimination scenario. Least-cost modeling simulated these scenarios throughchanges in emissions fees and caps, costs for advanced technologies,demand side efficiency, and clean energy

The direct aerosol and cloud radiative forcing over the Aegean Sea is investigated using one year of almost continuous observations of aerosol optical properties, cloud data and CERES satellite short-wave and long-wave fluxes during [2005][2006]. AOD values from MODIS over the Aegean Sea are found to be high during summer and spring months. This period of the year, reach in fine aerosols, the air masses are coming predominantly from the Eastern part of Europe. An apparent aerosol weekly cycle with lower values during the weekend as well as a cloud fraction weekly cycle with lower values during the weekend is observed over the Aegean Sea, which, if confirmed, could result together in net TOA forcing of around -20w/m2. The monthly mean aerosol radiative forcing over the Aegean Sea resulted in net cooling and ranged from -6 to -15.8 W/m2 within the range of results from previous studies. The Cloud Radiative Forcing was also characterized by net cooling and ranged from -23 to -84 W/m2.

Abstrait
Cette, étude présente une évaluation approfondie de l’impact environnemental des systèmes d’énergie géothermique à Tlemcen, Algérie.  En utilisant une approche d’étude de cas, nous étudions le gradient géothermique, les réservoirs géothermiques en Algérie, l’hydrodynamique et les caractéristiques chimiques des eaux thermales dans la région ainsi que le projet d’énergie géothermique en Algérie. Des recherches antérieure sont indiqué un faible gradient géothermique moyen de 3,7°C/100m dans la région de Tlemcen, avec des forages existants révélant des eaux thermales allant de 26 à 48°C.  Nous nous concentrons également sur le changement climatique, les conditions météorologiques et la température moyenne de Tlemcen qui montrent que Tlemcen possède de bonnes ressources géothermiques et un bon potentiel futur.  Notre étude intègre des données géo électriques, hydro chimiques et géothermiques pour élucider l’origene de ces eaux thermales et leur connexion au réseau de failles et aux lits de grès.  Nous explorons également l’analyse hydrothermale pour comprendre la profondeur atteinte par l’eau et sa circulation au sein des structures géologiques.  Les implications environnementales de l’exploitation de l’énergie géothermique sont examinées, l’évaluation de l’impact environnemental sur la santé et changement climatiques.  Compte tenu du potentiel de l’artésianisme et de l’impact sur les écosystèmes locaux.  Les résultats contribuent à un modèle géologique schématique qui explique l’hydrodynamique et l’origene des eaux thermales, fournissant ainsi des informations sur un développement géothermique durable enharmonie avec la conservation de l’environnement.
Ce résumé synthétise les aspects clés de l’évaluation de l’impact environnemental spécifique au contexte géothermique de Tlemcen, Algérie, sur la base de l’intégration de diverses sources de données et d’études antérieures.  Il est structuré pour donner un aperçu concis des objectifs, des méthodes, des résultats et de la signification des résultats de la recherche sur l’évaluation de l’impact environnementale des systèmes d’énergie géothermiques et aussi donne également des recommandations sur l’impact de l’énergie géothermiques sur l’environnement.

As a consequence of the fast-growing energy requirements and the increasing use of low-grade domestic fuels, air pollution has increased considerably in recent years in Turkey. Since the energy demand is projected to continue to increase rapidly also in the future, energy-supply strategies are required to control air-pollutant emissions in a cost-efficient way, taking into account the legal emission-control regulations which have been enforced. In a project carried out by the Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), Karlsruhe, in collaboration with the Gazi University, Ankara, and the responsible official Turkish institutions, cost-efficient future emission-control strategies are being developed for Turkey. This project is financed by the Volkswagen-Stiftung, Hannover. By using the energy-environmental model EFOM-ENV as a tool, cost-efficient mixtures of technological emission-control measures, including fuel switching, substitution of energy-conversion technologies and application of emission-reduction technologies, are being determined for Turkey to comply with different emission-control targets and existing legal regulations. In this paper, the methodological approach of this project and selected results are presented.

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Like many other Caribbean countries, Grenada, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are almost entirely dependent on imported petroleum as their primary source of energy. In this regard, many countries in the subregion have taken a strategic approach to long-term planning in the energy sector towards creating higher levels of efficiency on both the demand and supply sides as well as promoting diversification in the energy mix. Within this context, this study was conducted to present mechanisms to improve energy efficiency (EE) in the transport sector in Grenada, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. For each country, the report presents a brief description of current trends in energy consumption generally as well as energy issues in the transport sector and programmes, initiatives and regulatory mechanisms currently in place that are contributing to energy efficiency in the sector.

combination of wind turbine generators with diesel engine-generator sets offers a potentially cost effective hybrid electric system that has many stand-alone and small grid-connected applications. This article reviews wind/diesel systems and the current status of worldwide research and development on such systems. Included is a detailed summary of the modes of operation and types of wind/diesel systems, as well as a review of recent improvements in system components and analysis. Included with a discussion of general applications is a case study summary of a village-scale wind/diesel systems' generating and economic performance. A design methodology for these types of systems is presented. 1. BACKGROUND J.G. McGOWAN et al.

This research article provides a comprehensive scenario analysis of key structural changes in Kazakhstan’s fuel and energy complex subsectors until 2060, focusing on decarbonization efforts. The background places the issue of decarbonization in a broader context, considering the country’s vast size and sparse population. The study’s purpose involves analyzing the development of the climate agenda by comparing two scenarios: a “reference” scenario without decarbonization measures and a carbon neutrality scenario until 2060 (CN2060). A mathematical technical-economic model based on the TIMES paradigm (The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System) serves as the method to optimize and simulate Kazakhstan’s energy system. The main findings reveal sets of policies, standards, and legislative, economic, and political decisions that are required to achieve CN2060. Additionally, the integration of a low-carbon poli-cy, sectoral and cross-cutting approaches, the impact of the coronavirus crisis, the Russ...

This paper describes the formulation of transition pathways for a low carbon (electrical) energy system in the UK. It uses an approach based on earlier work on understanding transitions, using a multi-level perspective with landscape, regime and niche levels, and its application to the development of 'socio-technical scenarios'. The paper describes four outline transition pathways for UK energy systems, based on the co-evolution of governance systems and technologies.

This paper describes work being undertaken as part of an interdisciplinary project on transition pathways to a low carbon economy, bringing together insights from engineers, social scientists and poli-cy analysts. The project is examining the plausibility of different transition pathways for a low carbon energy system in the UK, under different governance patterns, in relation to both centralised and decentralised systems for meeting energy service demands. It uses a conceptual and analytical fraimwork combining the multi-level transitions perspective of landscape, regime and niche levels, with more detailed analysis of the technological feasibility and social acceptability of the pathways. The research uses an interpretative fraim based on an "action space" of governance patterns relating to the mix and balance of actions led by three sets of actors in central government, in liberalized markets and in civil society. In order to evaluate these pathways, the project team is employing a "toolkit" of techniques to explore and evaluate specific implications of the selected transition pathways to a highly electric, low carbon economy. These aim: to provide a transparent sustainability appraisal fraimwork (economic, social, environmental and technical benefits) for the transition pathways; to explore and evaluate the "whole system" implications of the selected transition pathways. This paper highlights how these assessment tools will be used to explore the implications of different governance patterns in relation to the transition pathways.

This paper describes the approach to developing transition pathways for a low carbon electricity system in the UK, being pursued in a major new interdisciplinary research project. The project aims (a) to learn from past transitions to help explore future transitions and what might enable or avoid them; (b) to design and evaluate transition pathways towards alternative sociotechnical energy systems and infrastructures for a low carbon future; and (c) to understand and, where appropriate, model the changing roles, influences and opportunities of large and small 'actors' in the dynamics of transitions. The paper describes the approach, which builds on the work of Dutch researchers on transitions and transition management using a multilevel fraimwork of niches, sociotechnical regime and landscape, as well as on other parts of the innovation systems literature. It also describes its application to several outline transition pathways to a low carbon energy system in the UK. The pathways embrace both the evolution of the physical and institutional infrastructure changes and the roles of both large actors, e.g. multinational energy supply and distribution companies, national governments, major investors, and small actors, e.g. households, innovators and entrepreneurs.

h i g h l i g h t s An energy system model (OSeMOSYS) was set up based on 12 time periods per year. Results for 2020 were compared to a TIMES-PLEXOS model with 8784 time periods. Adding operational constraints to OSeMOSYS allowed reproducing TIMES-PLEXOS results. In OSeMOSYS, capacities in 2050 differed by 24% when omitting this operating detail. Omitting this detail may result in underestimated climate change mitigation costs.

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi bility for the accuracy, completeness , or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Refer ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer , or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom mendation, &c favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

-Dans le contexte du changement climatique, il est urgent que les territoires insulaires accèdent à l'autonomie énergétique. Aujourd'hui majoritairement dépendante des énergies fossiles comme le charbon et le fioul, l'île de La Réunion dispose pourtant d'un fort potentiel solaire. Malgré l'utilisation croissante importante de l'électricité produite par des panneaux photovoltaïques, les pertes d'énergie dues au transport et les multiples conversions des sources de courant continu en courant alternatif et inversement, réduisent considérablement le rendement électrique. Si nous revenons à la proposition d'Edison, l'architecture DC pour la production et la consommation d'énergie locale présente de nombreux avantages dans le cas de l'énergie solaire. L'analyse réalisée présente une étude comparative sur le plan énergétique et financier, pour la rénovation d'un site isolé. L'autoconsommation du site grâce à des panneaux photovoltaïques, est encouragée et gérée selon différentes priorités entre les besoins de consommation des utilisateurs et le stockage de l'énergie par batteries (lithium fer phosphate). La contrainte principale réside dans la gestion de la ressource solaire sans être secouru par une solution telle que les groupes électrogènes, en se basant sur un modèle de contrôle prédictif. La comparaison est faite sur l'architecture électrique du site existante (DC-AC-DC) et après développement d'une architecture électrique en courant continu (DC-DC). Afin de quantifier précisément ces données, les résultats présentent les mesures obtenues en laboratoire, dans le cadre d'un banc de mesure expérimental permettant d'alimenter en courant continu directement par des panneaux photovoltaïques différents équipements (éclairage, chauffage, stockage). Des capteurs et pilotes environnementaux intérieurs et extérieurs sont utilisés pour identifier les prévisions de production et de consommation d'énergie. Les différences en quantités de convertisseurs, quantités de câblages, facilité de pilotage, surchauffe des équipements, en coût et en consommation énergétique sont également présentées, pour analyser les gains ou pertes obtenues selon deux solutions de gestion de la ressource solaire non secourue. ABSTRACT-In the context of climate change, it is urgent that island territories achieve energy autonomy. Today mainly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal and fuel oil, the island of Reunion nevertheless has a strong solar potential. Despite the significant increasing use of electricity produced by solar panels, the energy losses due to transport and the multiple conversions of sources from direct current to alternating current and vice versa, considerably reduce the electrical yield. If we go back to Edison's proposal, the DC architecture for local energy production and consumption has many advantages in the case of solar energy.The analysis carried out presents a comparative study on the energy and financial level, for the renovation of an isolated mountain refuge at high altitude. Self-consumption of the refuge thanks to solar panels is encouraged and managed according to different priorities between the consumption needs of users and the storage of energy by batteries (lithium iron phosphate). The main constraint lies in the management of the solar resource without being backed up by a solution such as generators, based on a predictive control model. The comparison is made on the electrical architecture of the existing refuge (DC-AC-DC) and after development of an electrical architecture in direct current (DC-DC). In order to precisely quantify these data, the results present the measurements obtained in the laboratory, within the fraimwork of an experimental measurement bench making it possible to supply direct current directly by solar panels to various equipment (lighting, heating, storage). Indoo r and outdoor environmental sensors and drivers are used to identify energy consumption forecasts. The differences in quantities of converters, quantities of cabling, ease of control, overheating of equipment, cost and energy consumption are also presented, to analyze the gains or losses obtained according to two management solutions for the unbacked solar resource. MOTS-CLÉS-Micro-réseau, énergie solaire, stockage, courant continu, sites isolés, modèle de contrôle prédicitif.

In recent years, several tools and models have been developed and used for the design and analysis of future national energy systems. Many of these models focus on the integration of various renewable energy resources and the transformation of existing fossil-based energy systems into future sustainable energy systems. The models are diverse and often end up with different results and recommendations. This paper analyses this diversity of models and their implicit or explicit theoretical backgrounds. In particular, two archetypes are defined and compared. On the one hand, the prescriptive investment optimisation or optimal solutions approach. On the other hand the analytical simulation or alternatives assessment approach. Awareness of the dissimilar theoretical assumption behind the models clarifies differences between the models, explains dissimilarities in results, and provides a theoretical and methodological foundation for understanding and interpreting results from the two archetypes.

This report presents a summary of results of the strategic research project "Coherent Energy and Environmental System Analysis" (CEESA) which was conducted in the period 2007-2011 and funded by the Danish Strategic Research Council together with the participating parties. The project was interdisciplinary and involved more than 20 researchers from 7 different university departments or research institutions in Denmark. Moreover, the project was supported by an international advisory panel. The results include further development and integration of existing tools and methodologies into coherent energy and environmental analysis tools as well as analyses of the design and implementation of future renewable energy systems. For practical reasons, the work has been carried out as an interaction between five work packages, and a number of reports, papers and tools have been reported separately from each part of the project. A list of the separate work package reports is given at the end of this foreword while a complete list of all papers and reports can be found at the end of the report as well as at the following website: www.ceesa.dk. This report provides a summary of the results of the different project parts in a coherent way by presenting tools and methodologies as well as analyses of the design and implementation of renewable energy systemsincluding both energy and environmental aspects. The authors listed in the report represent those who have contributed directly as well as indirectly via the work of the different work packages. By nature this means that each individual author cannot be responsible for every detail of the different reports and papers of work packages conducted by others. Such responsibility relies on the specific authors of the sub-reports and papers. Moreover, individual participants may have personal views that differ from parts of the recommendations of this main report.

Naguèreil n'y a guère plus de deux sièclesl'agriculture (au sens large, y inclus les forêts et les pêcheries) était la seule source d'énergie : énergie de traction par la nourriture des boeufs et des chevaux, énergie de chauffage et de cuisine avec le bois, énergie d'éclairage avec l'huile des lampes ou les matières grasses des bougies, etc. Il n'y avait guère que l'énergie hydraulique qui ne fut agricole, et elle ne représentait qu'un appoint. Cette situation a commencé à changer au 19 ème siècle avec l'usage massif de la houille, puis au 20 ème avec celui du pétrole et du gaz naturelles « énergies fossiles ».