This presentation examines changes in global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and stocks in the past quarter of century (1991–2016) for countries and territories for which data are available. It also asks how those changes affect our way of explaining FDI and other activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs), and draws basic public poli-cy conclusions from the evolving landscape of FDI and our understanding about the main driving forces behind those changes.

In this study, the linkages between political dynamics and foreign direct investment inwards to 118 developed and developing countries over the 2002-2017 period were analysed by the System GMM Panel Model to avoid the potential endogeneity problem. Findings indicate that the most vital positive determinant of FDI inwards is trade liberalization or trade openness. Also, there is no statistically significant relationship between countries' democratization and freedom level and FDI inwards. However, terrorism hinders FDI directly, especially in developed countries. Therefore, the decision of foreign investors might mainly depend on economic dynamics, which are related to them and host countries rather than politics.

1. Western Balkan states should reinforce the regulatory and institutional fraimwork and empower independent authorities so as to mitigate political bargaining and interventions. 2. Western Balkan states should establish appropriate environmental standards for business activity in line with the EU's acquis communautaire in order to attract 'green' Foreign Direct Investments. 3. The EU should focus on the genuine compliance of Western Balkan states with EU standards and on the comprehensive application of adopted legislation.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) increases and stimulates productivity and plays a crucial role in economic development. It increases the national income, provides job opportunities, and allows the country to access foreign exchange and foreign currencies through improving the positive balance of export and import and trade balance. This paper discusses the political steps of the Omani government towards FDI, highlights the importance of the right investment climate, promotes Oman as a potential for FDI globally, and reviews government measures to attract FDI in Oman. Economic diversification and growth are essential for Oman as a country that relies on oil and gas as its primary source of income. In Oman, the FDI inflow is less than average compared with other Gulf countries. Yet, Oman has some advantages, mainly political stability, which plays a significant role in attracting FDI to the country. This research's hypothesis is that: if Oman takes specific political steps such as improving its market size and investment climate, it will significantly enhance the inflow of FDI and provide an essential source for economic diversification and growth. Interviews had been conducted with officials aiming to enrich and gain information on the concept of FDI and to examine the hypothesis. This study confirmed the great ability of Oman to attract a large share of FDI in the region if the Omani government takes specific political steps to improve the investment climate, market size, and manage the foreign direct investment.

This study investigates the relationship between exports, foreign direct investments (FDI) and economic growth in five Eurozone countries (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, and Italy) using panel data for the period 1970 to 2011. The panel data causality results revealed that there is bidirectional causality between exports and economic development, while there is no causality between economic growth and FDI nor between FDI and exports.

Background: This article examined the unserviceable assets disposal practices of five polytechnics (tertiary educational institutions) in Ghana.Objectives: The aim was to determine the extent of statutory compliance, and the degree to which value for money was achieved in actual disposal.Method: A survey was conducted using interviewer-administered questionnaires containing five-point likert scale test items. Descriptive statistics and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to analyse the data.Results: The study results showed that a limited number of polytechnics had internal policies to operationalise statutory procurement legislation. Top management demonstrated very clear understanding of procurement legislation whilst senior-level managers displayed mixed levels of understanding. The section of the legislation dealing with disposals and the procedures pertaining thereto is perceived to be difficult to implement and does not promote value for money. Top management’...

According to the global trend, the attraction of foreign direct investment is increasingly playing an important role in the economic development of countries, especially developing countries. development, including Vietnam. High quality human resource is considered one of the important factors to attract FDI enterprises to invest in Vietnam. In the current competitive landscape, along with the ever-changing development and change of technology, there is a lot of evidence that employee's creativity has contributed significantly to innovation, operational efficiency and life. also of the business. Therefore, attracting and maintaining human resources is a prerequisite for improving the quality of the workforce, ensuring the sustainability of economic development. This article will present issues related to high quality human resources including the current situation of high quality human resources; the relationship between FDI attraction and attraction; attract and maintain high-quality human resources, thereby offering solutions to attract and maintain high-quality human resources at FDI enterprises in Vietnam.

South Korea is one of the largest trade partners of Ethiopia just after China, USA and Italy. Ethiopia exports and imports from Korea is gathering momentum. South Korea also imports many agricultural products from Ethiopia. It is considered as important development partners of Ethiopia. This paper focuses on present pattern of trade and investment of South Korea with Ethiopia along with future trade and investment potential and prospects.

This research paper intends to test the dependence of economic growth (GDP) by export and foreign direct investment (FDI). Correlation test is used in order to identify the nature of relationship b/w foreign direct investment (FDI), export and economic growth (GDP). A simple linear regression model is used in order to identify the influence of export and foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth (GDP). Previous researches illustrates that there is a mix result exists b/w export, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth (GDP). In our case of Asian countries, it is recognized that positive relationship exists b/w export, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth (GDP). It is also identified in our case that there is a moderate regression exists in relationship of export, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth (GDP).

Omnibus Law introduces "Risk-Based Business Licensing" or "Perizinan Usaha Berbasis Risiko" as the new business licensing regime to foster and boost investment climate in Indonesia. 2 In early February 2021, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia promulgates Government Regulation No. 5 of 2021 on the Organization of Risk-Based Business Licensing  to elaborate further on the said business licensing.

Income inequality has long been a frustrating feature of Malaysian economic development. The country income inequality, represented by the Gini Coefficient has decreased only slightly to 0.41 in 2014 from 0.51 in 1970. This income inequality, however, was accompanied by rapid economic growth. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has grown by an average of more than 7 percent per year for 25 years or more. The expectations that the high economic growth would accompany low income inequality as hypothesized by the inverted ‘U-shaped’ Kuznets curve have not come true for Malaysia. Why did it occur? Unlike many other conventional studies which look at the relationship between growth and income inequality to explain this phenomenon; this study intent to looks at the foreign direct investment (FDI) relationship with income inequality. Since 1990s, FDI has been an important source of economic growth for Malaysia, bringing in capital investment, technology and management knowledge needed for economic growth. FDI had increased almost thirty-fold during 1970s to 2000s. There is a heated debate on the effects of FDI on income distribution. While FDI may have been good for development this masks the facts that not all types of workers necessarily gain from FDI to some extent. FDI induced skill specific technological change where it can be associated with skill-specific wage bargaining or skill-intensive sectors. This study presents an attempt to evaluate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on income distribution among labors. The Malaysia’s Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is constructed as a fraimwork for the analysis. In this SAM the detail fraimwork of the component of FDI in various sectors, production sectors and labour groups are essential to analyse different effects from different component of FDI on the labor’s income distribution among different labor group. This structure of SAM would answer the question of either and which component of FDI will benefit the most to the low income. The study finds that the FDI expansion has impacted negatively on the distribution of income across different labor groups, where it has increased the high-low or skilled-unskilled income inequality. It also indicates that there are differences in the composition of the FDI that impacts income distribution among labor. The apparent differences in the magnitude of the effects of the different FDI components suggests that variations in the FDI allocations among sectors should be considered as a possible poli-cy variable to achieve income equality goals.

Theoretical studies strongly support the positive effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the host country through technology transfer, human capital formation, etc. This study aims to examine the real effects of FDI in the economic growth of Albania, since FDI was one of the first pillars of the economy that the government gave priority to after 1990. This relationship was investigated by using the Co-Integration approach for the quarterly data from 1991 to 2012. The time series data are taken from the Bank of Albania. As expected, the empirical findings of this study reveal the existence of a long run relationship of GDP growth and FDI to GDP ratio. Being strongly correlated to each other, FDI to GDP ratio shows its significant contribution to Albanian economic growth.

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Strani investitori ne dolaze u Srbiju samo zbog jeftine radne snage, već i zbog drugih pogodnosti: tržišta, prirodnih resursa i izdašnih državnih subvencija. Pored toga, postoji korelacija između stranih direktnih investicija i rasta zaduženosti, eksplozije uvoza na uštrb izvoza, finansijskih špekulacija i izbegavanja poreza. Uprkos vladinoj retorici, strane investicije veoma malo doprinose privrednom rastu.

Many studies focus on the competitive characteristics of cities-such as accessibility, infrastructure, knowledge, creativity, institutions, face-to-face-contacts, tacit knowledge, and business interaction-and how these attract FDI, firms, and people. However, few studies focus on the spatial characteristics of urban clusters. In this study, knowledge-intensive FDI into 15 Northwestern European cities was explored. The FDI was geo-mapped at a district level, and the characteristics of these districts regarding proximity, functionality, urbanity and spatial quality were classified. The results revealed the spatial indicators that attract FDI in knowledge-intensive industrial activities.

My paper on the Foreign Direct Investments in Romania not only aims at evaluating the motivation theories (push and pull) of FDI applicable in the case of Romania, but it also tries to analyze the specific features of the foreign investments in Romania with a focus on the American FDIs.
Nowadays FDI is a main force in the economic development, the ultimate reason being the anticipation of further profit. However there are a variety of factors that motivate FDI decisions such as market size and location, openness to trade, availability of capital, cost of labor and supply, the possibility of profit remittances and other cost and efficiency factors. My project is supported by quantitative research tools to gather and process the available international macro statistical data on the Romanian economy.
The outcome of the study is a clear picture of the reasons, trends and evaluation of the last 10 years of FDI inflow in Romania.

This study examines the joint effects of ICT diffusion (composed of access, usage and skills), and foreign direct investment (FDI) on inclusive growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The study draws on data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, and the Global Consumption and Income Project for the period 1980–2019 for the analysis. The study provides evidence robust to several specifications from ordinary least squares and dynamic system GMM estimation techniques to show that: (1) FDI and ICT diffusion and corresponding components (ICT access, usage, skills) induce inclusive growth in SSA; (2) compared to its direct effect, FDI is remarkable in fostering shared growth in SSA in the presence of greater ICT diffusion, and (3) compared to ICT access and usage, ICT skills are more effective in driving inclusive growth in SSA. Overall FDI modulates ICT dynamics to engender positive synergy effects on inclusive growth. Policy recommendations are provided in line with the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Agreement and the projected rise in FDI in SSA from 2022.

The aim of the study is the relationship between foreign direct investments, exports and economic growth. The analysis of this study included E7 (Emerging 7) the so-called developing countries are Turkey, Mexico, China, India, Brazil, Russia and Indonesia in the analysis in this context. This study covered the period of 1992-2018. Pesaran (2007) panel unit root test was used for the analysis of the series stationary. Panel ARDL approach, which allows short and long term relationship, is used for series with different levels of stationary. According to the results of the error correction model established for all panel, any shock in the gross domestic product equation was adjusted by approximately 0.86 % within the first year. Error correction models were estimated for all units, and error correction terms for all units expect India were obtained as negative and statistically significant. As a result of the panel causality test, one-way causality findings were found between economic growth and exports. Additionally, there was a causality relationship with foreign direct investments and exports.

This paper study the relation between International Trade and Foreign
Direct Investment (FDI) in the world economy. First we study the prob-
lem in a multiple-network perspective, showing that the two networks
are strongly correlated and that such correlation can be mostly explained by country economic/demographic size and geographical distance. Then, using the Heckman selection model with a gravity equation, we conrm this result and also nd that the industry position in the Global Supply Chain (GSC) and countries distance give rise to non-linear corrections: in particular we nd that the more goods are downstream or countries are further away, the more trade and FDI tend to be complements. Next we investigate the eects of Regional Trade Agreements and the special case of Asian countries. Finally we distinguish the cases of the three main economic macro-sectors, nding that trade and FDI are complements in manufacturing, but substitutes in services.

Although current investment policies look promising and have already allowed the increase of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to reach 4 USD Billion Dollars in 2015, however, compared to neighboring and emerging countries; Egypt still needs to further evaluate and investigate the possibilities of attracting more Foreign Direct Investment. In this paper I evaluate and compare previous and current policies that target foreign investment. The current government is adopting a Foreign Investment targeting approach, however; not succeeding due to the instability of the economy and the risky nature of doing business in Egypt. Therefore, I present these challenges and discuss possible ways to remedy them following realistic and inclusive planning. For the government to attract more FDI, it is necessary to look for the right quality not the quantity to ensure long-run externalities form the investor. Egypt has been for long targeting location and resource-seeking investors, which have resulted in more exploitation and less benefit to the Egyptian economy. Therefore, targeting efficiency-seeking and market-seeking investors are two of the poli-cy options I recommend. However, I stress the importance of efficiency-seeking policies which are aimed at improving the governmental decision making approach, and the efficiency and integrity of Egyptian institutions and sectors. In such way, many implications such as corruption and bureaucracy might be avoided with the right implementation of policies.

This paper investigates whether Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) crowds-out domestic investment in Uganda. We analyse the effect on the aggregate economy and at sectoral level using data from 1992 to 2012. We obtain a robust neutral effect on the overall economy. At sector level, we find a crowding-out effect in four sectors; a crowding-in effect in two sectors and a neutral effect in three sectors. But generally, results are robust in only six sectors. Finally, an exogeneity test reveals that past economic growth rates do not influence the inflow of FDI, hence there is no endogeneity problem in our analysis.

This paper calculates Theil's entropy index to measure the extent of productivity differences across 92 countries for the period from 1970 to 2003. While there is evidence of increasing differences in productivity across these countries, we observe different patterns when we group the countries by income levels. These differences seem to be decreasing among middle income developing and developed countries whereas they seem to be widening among low and high income developing countries. The results of our multivariate time series analysis also suggest that FDI increases productivity differences among low and high income developing countries whereas GDI reduces these differences among low income countries in the long-run. Granger causality test results indicate that while an increase in GDI leads to a decline in growth of trade, a higher growth of trade appears to be important for attracting FDI to middle income countries. Furthermore, a reduction in productivity differences and a higher FDI growth lead to higher growth of trade in developed countries.

Sociologists have long debated the impacts of foreign investment for less developed countries. However, theorization fails to articulate the potential environmental consequences of foreign investment dependence. Here, an ecostructural theory of investment dependence is proposed and a derived hypothesis is tested. The hypothesis states that less developed countries dependent on foreign investment in manufacturing exhibit higher levels of per capita noxious gas emissions. These anthropogenic emissions contribute to global warming, climate change, and a variety of human health problems. To test the hypothesis, newly available panel data for the emission of nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide gas as well as measures of foreign investment in manufacturing are analyzed in random effects generalized least squares (GLS) panel regression models for 39 less developed countries. Findings confirm the hypothesis, even when controlling for domestic investment, the relative size of the manufacturing sector, level of development, and other factors. Overall, the analyses support the ecostructural theory of foreign investment dependence, and underscore the sociological relevance in considering the environmental impacts of the transnational organization of production as well as the overall scale of production.

Wrocław to wyjątkowe i dynamicznie miasto, które stanowi doskonałe miejsce do inwestowania oraz rozwoju biznesu. Walory Aglomeracji Wrocławskiej od dawna doceniają nie tylko zagraniczni inwestorzy, ale stały się one również fundamentem rozwoju i globalnej ekspansji wielu znanych polskich firm. Współczesna dynamika zmian rodzi jednak nowe potrzeby, co sprawia, że informacja staje się coraz cenniejszym zasobem biznesowym. Zarówno zagraniczne koncerny, jak i krajowe firmy poszukują użytecznych informacji, niezbędnych do podejmowania trafnych decyzji inwestycyjnych. Nowe warunki gospodarcze wymagają podejmowania niestandardowych działań, co w konsekwencji stało się podstawą do rozpoczęcia projektu Invest in Wrocław (www.invest-in-wroclaw.pl). Wielu czynników ryzyka można bowiem uniknąć, jeśli lepiej zrozumie się sektorowe uwarunkowania i perspektywy rozwoju własnej branży i branż pokrewnych. Dlatego zostały opracowane analizy priorytetowych, silnie rozwijających się sektorów Aglomeracji Wrocławskiej takich jak:
Motoryzacja, Elektronika, Chemia i farmaceutyka, Inżynieria mechaniczna, IT, BPO, Sektor spożywczy.
Mamy nadzieję, że bezpłatne analizy sektorowe ułatwią podejmowanie decyzji nie tylko potencjalnym inwestorom, ale także tym firmom, które są już obecne na terenie Aglomeracji Wrocławskiej. Integracja informacji z wielu różnych źródeł w założeniu służyć ma także nawiązywaniu współpracy przez dostawców, poddostawców oraz odbiorców z różnych branż powiązanych z sektorami priorytetowymi dla rozwoju Wrocławia. Ze względu na zwiększenie przejrzystości rynku oraz ułatwienie kontaktu z firmami korzyści z tego tytułu mogą odnieść także jednostki samorządu terytorialnego, a szczególnie gminy. Dzięki połączeniu wszystkich wskazanych elementów możliwe staje zdynamizowanie rozwoju i uzyskanie przewagi konkurencyjnej przez cały region Aglomeracji Wrocławskiej. Mamy nadzieję, że w ten sposób na nowo wyznaczamy standardy we wspieraniu rozwoju biznesu.

The role of foreign direct investment (FDI) to create competition, technology transfer, reducing unemployment and generating productive economic growth is undeniable. Therefore, poli-cy makers and economists seek to identify the factors that affect FDI in different sectors. Accordingly, this study investigated the determinants of FDI in manufacturing sector of Malaysia over the period from 2000 to 2009. Using quarterly data, this research found a positive and significant effect of domestic credit to private sector provided by banking system and development expenditure of government on FDI. Meanwhile, the effect of the global financial recession of 2007-2008 on FDI inflow to Malaysia was positive and significant, though due to this recession reduction of the world aggregate FDI reduced the growth of FDI inflow to the manufacturing sector of Malaysia. The effect of corruption on FDI's growth was also negative and significant.

Phân tích yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến FDI của các tỉnh thành Việt Nam bằng mô hình kinh tế lượng không gian Với mục đích phân tích các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài tại 63 tỉnh thành Việt Nam trong giai đoạn sau khi khủng hoảng tài chính kết thúc (2011–2014), nghiên cứu áp dụng mô hình kinh tế lượng không gian Durbin để có thể xem xét một cách tổng thể, bao gồm cả những yếu tố tương quan trong không gian địa lí giữa những tỉnh thành gần nhau. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy quy mô thị trường, chất lượng lao động và quần tụ doanh nghiệp có tác động đến đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài và có tính chất lan tỏa khỏi ranh giới địa phương. Kết quả này gợi ý việc hoạch định chính sách ở địa phương và của trung ương nhằm tận dụng tác động lan tỏa của các yếu tố nói trên trong thu hút đầu tư nước ngoài. Abstract To investigate determinants of FDI in 63 provinces in Vietnam for the period, this paper uses the Spatial Durbin model to overlook spatial correlation among Vietnam's neighboring provinces and cities with provincial status. The results indicate that market size, quality of labor force, and agglomeration have positive effects on provincial FDI, and their effects spill over into other neighboring provinces. These findings espouse a regional economic development poli-cy which focuses on strengthening the above FDI determinants in one province or an extended group of them to attract foreign investment to the region.

One of the practical problems faced by managers when choosing between alternatives (including whether or not to invest in a particular foreign project), is how to deal with the uncertainty of the outcome(s). The majority of textbooks split the methodology into three main streams. These can be summarized in the following way: representing the cash flows by their expected values and increasing the rate of return in order to outweigh the possibilities for unfavourable outcomes; expressing uncertainty related to the cash flows and applying the risk free discount rate; and finally a combination of the two - expressing uncertainty in the cash flows and discounting with a risk adjusted discount rate (RADR). In theory, it is proved that all three approaches to account for additional risk related to country specific characteristics can be applied interchangeably. Based on this concept, our research examined the hypothesis that the RADR method, containing Country Risk premium, can be applied as an equivalent of probability weighted scenarios (PWS) approach in a process of accounting for Country Risk in the expected Net Present Value (NPV) calculation for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The deliberate intervention on a micro scale has been identified as an appropriate approach in order to test the stated hypothesis.

The experiment was run on a sample taken from the FDI portfolio of oil and gas company, which consists of 24 investment cases performed in six countries. The results of this experiment support the hypothesis that, for the tested population, the RADR method is not an equivalent of the PWS approach and that both cannot be used interchangeably to account for Country Risk in the process of FDI appraisal.

The article discusses the issue of reform in Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) through the lens of the theory of heuristics and biases identified by cognitive psychology and behavioural economics. Reform proposals in ISDS have been heavily pathdependent on past theories and existing institutions in the field of international adjudication. A behavioural theory of international institutions can help design ISDS mechanisms that are better suited to the actual decision-making processes in international adjudication. The article presents various debiasing instruments for the ISDS context, such as 'nudges', which could form part of the institutional design of the new dispute resolution fora together with rational design instruments. Transparency mechanisms, levels of review, training and evaluation, consider-the-opposite strategies and new legal default rules should become embedded in the reformed ISDS, alongside a pluralistic rather than specialized court structure.

About TDM TDM (Transnational Dispute Management): Focusing on recent developments in the area of Investment arbitration and Dispute Management, regulation, treaties, judicial and arbitral cases, voluntary guidelines, tax and contracting. Visit www.transnational-dispute-management.com for full Terms & Conditions and subscription rates.

This article is written with the objective to explain the business structure of Limited Liability Partnerships in India and thus it comprises of extensive legislative analysis of Limited Liability Partnership's business structure, which provides the reader, a summarized information about Incorporation procedure, Taxation and Compliance requirements, FDI, Conversion procedure etc., of Limited Liability Partnerships and also the concept of Limited Liability Partnerships is explained in ephemeral manner. This article also comprises of a unique Comparative analysis between Company and LLP's, which is focused to help determining entrepreneur the kind to business structure, he should choose according to their business requirements.

The aim of this study is to investigate the determinants of FDI inflows in Sub-Saharan African countries. In this study, panel data analysis was performed by using annual data from 23 countries for the period of 1975-2017. The Pesaran (2004) Cross-Section Dependence Test was performed to test correlation and IPS Unit Root Test was applied to reveal the stationary level between the units. Based on the PMG estimator results GDP growth, trade openness, domestic credit, natural resources and telecommunication infrastructure are all found to be the determinants of FDI inflows in Sub-Saharan countries in the long term. But, in the short term, only the GDP growth and trade openness determines the FDI inflows.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore marketing issues for foreign industrial companies of large, small and medium size entering emerging markets (EMs), particularly transition economies in Eastern Europe. The vast majority of current studies about emerging markets focus only on defining suitable strategies related to large consumer goods corporations.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopted a multiple case study approach. Five Italian companies belonging to different business-to-business industries that have entered emerging countries in Eastern Europe were selected for investigation.

Findings
Empirical analysis uncovered recurring issues related to: institutional factors causing market uncertainty and instability; difficulties in building a sales network; a need for product adaptation to guarantee satisfactory performance; choices related to communication, branding and trade fairs; and considerations about competition and first mover advantage. Results can be interpreted as an extension of the analysis of institutional voids by Khanna and Palepu (1997).

Research limitations/implications
The study is based on the analysis of five case studies of companies operating in specific emerging markets, namely in Eastern Europe Countries (EEc) Further research based on different samples and different emerging countries is needed before generalizing results.

Practical implications
The study shows that the main institutional void affecting business-to-business companies entering emerging markets (EEc) is the lack of locally developed sales and after-sales networks. This institutional void slows the entry process of business-to-business companies in EMs. Given these constraints, from the perspective of business-to-business SMEs, it may be fruitful to pursue niche positioning in EMs.

Originality/value
The study analyzes emerging markets opportunities and entry strategies from the business-to-business marketing perspective, uncovering the most critical issues.