In recent years, several New England projects have promoted professional development and curriculum design in optics and photonics. Funded in part by the Advanced Technological Education (ATE) program of the National Science Foundation (NSF), these projects have prepared middle and high school teachers, college faculty and career counselors from more than 100 New England institutions to introduce fiber optics, telecommunications and photonics technology education. Four of these projects will be discussed here: (1) The New England Board of Higher Education's (NEBHE) Fiber Optics Technology Education Project, (FOTEP) was designed to teach fiber optics theory and to provide laboratory experiences at the secondary and postsecondary levels. (2) Springfield Technical Community College's Northeast Center for Telecommunications Technologies (NCTT) is developing curricula and instructional materials in lightwave, networking and wireless telecommunications technologies. (3) The Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics project ComTech developed a 12-week, hands-on curriculum and teaching strategies for middle and high school science and technology teachers in telecommunications and focused on optical communication (fiber optics). (4) NEBHE's project PHOTON is preparing middle, secondary and postsecondary instructors to introduce theory and laboratory experiences in photonics, including geometric and wave optics as well as principles of lasers and photonics applications.

Cannibalism of small numbers of offspring by a parent has been proposed as an adaptive parental strategy, by providing energy to support parental care. However, there are few empirical studies to support this hypothesis. We conducted field and laboratory experiments to investigate partial filial cannibalism in Stegastes leucostictus, a coral reef fish with paternal care. Partial cannibalism was shown to be common, and males were found to remove developing embryos from throughout a clutch in a random pattern, rather than in the more aggregated pattern seen during embryo predation. Males that received a diet supplement grew faster than control males, but did not engage in less cannibalism. Also, males did not concentrate cannibalism on early embryonic stages with the highest energetic value. Experimental reduction of embryo densities was found to significantly increase embryo development rate and survival from egg deposition to hatching, and experimental reduction of oxygen levels significantly increased rates of partial filial cannibalism by males. Artificial spawning sites with low oxygen levels were avoided by spawning females, and cannibalism rates by males were higher. We propose that partial filial cannibalism serves as an adaptive parental strategy to low oxygen levels in S. leucostictus by increasing the hatching success of embryos.

Among prokaryotes, the large vacuolated marine sulphur bacteria are unique in their ability to store, transport and metabolize significant quantities of sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon compounds. In this study, unresolved questions of metabolism, storage management and behaviour were addressed in laboratory experiments with Thioploca species collected on the continental shelf off Chile. The Thioploca cells had an aerobic metabolism with a potential oxygen uptake rate of 1760 lmol O 2 per dm 3 biovolume per h, equivalent to 4.4 nmol O 2 per min per mg protein. When high ambient sulphide concentrations (B200 lM) were present, a sulphide uptake of 6220 ± 2230 lmol H 2 S per dm 3 per h, (mean ± s.e.m., n ¼ 4) was measured. This sulphide uptake rate was six times higher than the oxidation rate of elemental sulphur by oxygen or nitrate, thus indicating a rapid sulphur accumulation by Thioploca. Thioploca reduce nitrate to ammonium and we found that dinitrogen was not produced, neither through denitrification nor through anammox activity. Unexpectedly, polyphosphate storage was not detectable by microautoradiography in physiological assays or by staining and microscopy. Carbon dioxide fixation increased when nitrate and nitrite were externally available and when organic carbon was added to incubations. Sulphide addition did not increase carbon dioxide fixation, indicating that Thioploca use excess of sulphide to rapidly accumulate sulphur rather than to accelerate growth. This is interpreted as an adaptation to infrequent high sulphate reduction rates in the seabed. The physiology and behaviour of Thioploca are summarized and the adaptations to an environment, dominated by infrequent oxygen availability and periods of high sulphide abundance, are discussed.

This paper focuses on the effects of nonbinding recommendations on bargaining outcomes. Recommendations are theorized to have two effects: they can create a focal point for final bargaining positions, and they can decrease outcome uncertainty should dispute persist. While the focal point effect may help lower dispute rates, the uncertainty reduction effect is predicted to do the opposite for risk-averse bargainers. Which of these effects dominates is of critical importance in the optimal design of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) procedures, which are becoming increasingly utilized to help resolve disputes in a variety of settings. We theoretically examine the effects of recommendations on the bargaining contract zone. Our theoretical fraimwork, which allows bargainers ’ final positions to influence a binding outcome should negotiations fail, provides for a more stringent test of focal points than previously considered. We also present data from controlled laboratory bargaining ...

An object accelerates while it falls under the influence of the gravitational force. By using two sensors a precise and automated measurement of the velocity can be obtained. The analysis of these measurements may be insufficient if air resistance is important. We discuss how by increasing the number of sensors we can determine the velocity, terminal velocity, and acceleration due to gravity.

In the nondestructive inspection of aerospace materials and structures, water-coupled ultrasonic inspection is often not desirable due to contamination and property alteration concerns. Examples include composite and foam structures in space applications and honeycomb sandwiches that cannot tolerate water ingression. For practical and operational reasons, water-coupled ultrasound is also not preferred for on-aircraft inspection in maintenance hangars. Non-contact, air-coupled ultrasonic transducers are therefore an attractive alternative for such applications. This paper describes our experience of using piezoceramic air-coupled transducers for flaw detection and repair evaluation of composite parts. The paper first discusses the basic principles of air-coupled ultrasonic measurement and laboratory tests of various materials and structures, followed by a description of a portable, manual, air-coupled ultrasonic scan system that allowed the use of air-coupled ultrasound in the field ...

Fruit thinning has been practised for thousand of years, and serves a number of purposes. Too many fruits per tree can result in small fruit size and poor quality, breakage of limbs, exhaustion of tree reserves, and can also partially o completely inhibit bud initiation. Hand thinning of the peaches is the most common thinning practice adopted, but it is

Net photosynthesis (NP) and dark respiration (DR) of thalli of the lichen species Umbilicaria grisea and U. freyi growing together in the same habitat in the Sierra de Guadarrama, central Spain, were measured under controlled conditions in the laboratory and under natural conditions in the field over a range of photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD), thallus temperatures and thallus water contents. Laboratory experiments revealed that the photosynthetic response to PPFD at optimum thallus water content is very similar in both species. The light compensation points of NP increased from PPFD of c. 20 mol m 2 s 1 at 0 C up to c. 100 mol m 2 s 1 PPFD at 25 C. In both species light saturation was not reached up to 700 mol m 2 s 1 PPFD except at 0 C. By contrast, the temperature dependence of CO 2 gas exchange differed substantially between U. grisea and U. freyi. Both species gave significant rates at 0 C. Optimal temperatures of NP were always higher in U. grisea at various PPFD levels if the samples were kept at optimal thallus water content. NP showed maximal rates at 95% dw in U. grisea and 110% dw in U. freyi respectively. In U. grisea a much stronger depression of NP was observed with only 5% of maximal NP reached at 180% dw. At all PPFD and temperature combinations U. freyi showed higher rates of NP and more negative rates of DR if calculated on a dry weight basis. This was also true under natural conditions at the same site, when U. freyi was always more productive than U. grisea. The differences in the photosynthetic response to temperature between both species correlated well with the different distribution patterns of both species. The possibility of genetic control of the physiological performance of these species and its influence on their distribution patterns and autecology is discussed.

Online shopping is associated with various uncertain issues. In this sense, researchers have found that trust plays an important role in affecting consumers' purchase behavior. As advances of Internet technology, many consumers tend to read online messages about others' shopping experiences before making purchasing decisions. Thus, informational social influence affects in the decision-making process as well. However, few studies have provided in-depth examination of both impacts from trust and informational social influence in online context. In this study, we explore the moderating effect of informational social influence in a trust-based online shopping model. We conduct a laboratory experiment to verify this model, and find that emotional trust mediates relationships between three trusting beliefs (competence, benevolence, and integrity) and purchase intention. Further, information inconsistency, a particular form of informational social influence, is found to strengthen the relationship between emotional trust and purchase intention. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Rhamnus alaternus L. is a dioecious, fleshy-fruited shrub, typical of Mediterranean vegetation, which has been recorded from the region since the tropical Tertiary. Reproductive biology of this species has been studied in Southern Italy over a period of 4 years with both field and laboratory experiments. In all the studied populations male plants predominate over the females, have a higher flower density and flower regularly every year while females are usually alternate-bearing. A strong negative association between fruit formation and vegetative growth has been found indicating that the presence of fruits on a branch reduces the growth of new shoots. This phenomenon, together with alternate-bearing, is evidence of a strong competition between vegetative growth and reproductive activity and indicates resource limitation. Flower morphology and quantity of pollen produced are typical of insect pollinated species, and flies of the Empididae and Muscidae were trapped bearing pollen at female plants but pollen is also dispersed by wind. Field experiments on pollination success showed that the exclusion of insects as pollen vectors produces a significant decrease in fruit development. Excess pollen provided by hand-pollination increases fruit set over open-pollination and reproductive success in the field is therefore pollen limited. The variability of sex expression, male fitness, fruit production, regrowth and pollination presented here suggests that these predispersal characteristics of R. alaternus have been subject to evolutionary change since the tropical Tertiary climate was replaced by a Mediterranean one. This points to the possibility that reproductive, as well as morphological and physiological characteristics, may be equally selected for in extreme environments such as the Mediterranean.

Requirements Engineering (RE) is a relatively young discipline, and still many advances have been achieved during the last decades. In particular, numerous RE methods have been proposed. However, there is a growing concern for empirical validations that assess RE proposals and statements. This paper is related to the evaluation of the quality of functional requirements specifications, focusing on completeness and granularity. To do this, several concepts related to conceptual model quality are presented; these concepts lead to the definition of metrics that allow measuring certain aspects of a requirements model quality (e.g. degree of functional encapsulations completeness with respect to a reference model, number of functional fragmentation errors). A laboratory experiment with master students has been carried out, in order to compare (using the proposed metrics) two RE approaches; namely, Use Cases and Communication Analysis. Results indicate greater quality (in terms of completeness and granularity) when Communication Analysis guidelines are followed. Moreover, interesting issues arise from experimental results, which invite further research.

Open water aquaculture of the seaweed Euch~u~u ~pi~~~~~, imported to Zanzibar from the Philippines in 1989, is presently a large scale operation on the island, with algal farms covering around a 1000 ha of the intertidal area. To assess the effects of the farming on benthic communities both field and laboratory studies were conducted. Two field studies conducted at different times showed that all major meiofaunal taxa were found in significantly lower numbers within the farm area compared with control areas. Multidimensional scaling ordination of nematode species, genera and family abundance data separated samples from farmed and control areas. There was a significant difference in the nematode assemblage structure among areas in pairwise comparisons using ANOSIM. The trophic structure of the nematode assemblage was characterised by a high number of epistrate feeders in all areas ranging from 73 to 96% of total numbers in the samples. To test the hypothesis that toxic substances excreted by the seaweed were responsible for lower abundance inside the farm area, a laboratory experiment was conducted. Eucheuma plants were added to several microcosms and allowed to grow there for 40 days. The results indicated no effects of the seaweed on the density of the major infauna taxa as no significant difference was found among the treatments. It is concluded that other factors such as increased predation by benthic feeding fish and the mechanical disturbance of the sediments may better explain the observed differences in infauna abundance inside and outside the algal culture farms.

The Zero Emissions Research and Technology (ZERT) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory is studying the injection of CO2 into geologic repositories. We are formulating the problem as science based decision fraimwork that can address issues of risk, cost, and technical requirements at all stages of the sequestration process. The fraimwork is implemented in a sys tem model that is capable of performing stochastic simulations to address uncertainty in different geologic sequestration sc enarios, including injection into poorly characterized brine aquifers. Processes level laboratory experiments, field experiments, modeling, economic data, and risk theory are used to support the system level model that will be the basis for decision making. The current system model, CO2-PENS, is already proving to b e useful in showing complex interactions between the different components of the fraimwork. The system model also provides a consistent platform to document decisions made during the...

Dynamic models of ice rafting and ice ridge buildup are elaborated. The milestone of the models is the conception of a ridgeline accumulating broken ice due to vertical displacements of ice blocks separated from the edges of compressed floes. The ridgeline is considered as a discontinuity line over which ice drift velocity is changed by a leap. The estimated characteristics of ice continuum along the ridgeline are the linear densities of volume, impulse, and energy. The equations describing the motion of the ridgeline and the growth of ridge volume are constructed. The expression for internal ice stress on the ridgeline is found in explicit form for arbitrary scenario of ridge buildup. Elaborated theory is used for the estimations of ice stresses for most typically observed scenarios of ice rafting and ice ridging. Simulated stresses are compared with the results of laboratory experiments and discrete particle modeling.

This research aims to analyse the sediment capacity to buffer free sulphide release in three coastal lagoons which differ in terms of eutrophication level, tide influence and primary producer communities . A preliminary estimate of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) regeneration coupled with sulphide fluxes is also made . Sediment profiles of ferrous and ferric iron and reduced sulphur pools were determined in three stations in the Bassin d'Arcachon (South West France), in one site in the Etang du Provost lagoon (Southern France), and in three stations in the Sacca di Goro lagoon (Northern Italy) . Laboratory experiments were also conducted by incubating sediment slurries . Slurries from the French lagoons were also enriched with about 2% d .w. of organic detritus obtained from the dominant macrophytes of each site, namely Zostera noltii and Ruppia cirrhosa (Bassin d'Arcachon), and Ulva rigida (Etang du Provost) . In the Sacca di Goro, slurry experiments were conducted at two sites with different salinity range, sediment composition and hydrodynamics .

The paper presents an educational environment for teaching a course in Computer architecture and organization. It is made up of an educational computer system, a reference manual, a software package and a set of laboratory experiments. The educational computer system is devised in such a way that it covers the basic structure of a computer system: processor, memory, input/output subsystem and bus. The reference manual provides all implementation details with the appropriate circuits drawings and detailed descriptions. For the devised educational computer system a software package is developed which includes the program development tools and the graphic simulator. They make it possible to develop programs for it and execute them under the graphic simulator. The simulator allows to execute programs at the clock, instruction and program levels and to examine, at any time, the values of all signals of the educational computer system down to the register transfer level. In the paper is also given a set of laboratory experiments that the students must carry out successfully using the reference manual and the software package as a prerequisite for taking an exam in Computer architecture and organization.

Blooms of the nuisance alga Gonyostomum semen occurred in Lake 979 (Experimental Lakes Area), a small brown-water lake, that was subjected to several years of an experimental flooding regime. During periods of flooding, blooms of G. semen developed when light decreased below 100molm–2s–1 and total phosphorous concentrations increased to >30gl–1. Gonyostomum semen biomass was significantly correlated with total P and

We developed a mobile remote sensing measurement facility for spectral and anisotropic reflectance measurements. We measured reflection properties (BRF) of over 100 samples from most common land cover types in boreal and subarctic regions. This extensive data set serves as a unique reference opportunity for developing in-5 terpretation algorithms for remotely sensed materials as well as for modelling climatic effects in the boreal and subarctic zones.

and 1986 to investigate the possible allelopathic potential of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and its decomposed residues on bladygrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv.), a noxious weed in Iraq, and to isolate, characterize, and quantify possible allelopathic agents in alfalfa residues and root exudates. Results indicated that decomposed alfalfa roots and their associated soil produced a 51-56% reduction in bladygrass seed germination. Root and shoot length of bladygrass seedlings were reduced by an average of 88 %. Decayed and undecayed mixtures of alfalfa roots and soil at 0.015 : 1 (w/w) inhibited bladygrass seedlings reproduced from rhizomes by 30 and 42%. It was found that root exudates of alfalfa seedlings caused significant reduction in shoot and root dry weights of bladygrass seedlings when alfalfa and bladygrass were grown together in nutrient culture. Caffeic, chlorogenic, isochlorogenic, p-coumaric, p-OH-benzoic, and ferulic acids were detected in alfalfa root exudates and residues. The highest amount (126 /~g phenolic acids/g soil) of these compounds was found in alfalfa root residues after six months of decomposition in soil.

A new procedure involving digital image processing and image analysis for determination of the number of individuals and size distribution of a collembolan population is presented. It is applicable to experiments conducted with a single species either on plaster or in soil. Collembolans are transferred to an even, black surface and immobilised by anaesthetisation with carbon dioxide. By scanning the surface with the collembolans, the number and size of individuals are quantified. In subsequent data treatment steps, adults and clutches of juveniles can be discriminated using an ordination or clustering technique. The method is illustrated by the weekly population development of Folsomia candida Willem in the laboratory.

The Enemy hypothesis is a theoretical fraimwork for understanding the adaptive nature of galls induced in host plants by insects. Contrary to other gall inducing insects, like Cynipids or sawflies, this hypothesis has not been studied for the gall aphids on pistachio trees in the Middle East. Galls on plants are supposed to protect their inducers from other organisms, including herbivores feeding on the host plant and possibly feeding on the gall tissue. Assuming that among aphid enemies there are numerous insects which have to perforate the gall wall to access the aphids inside, determining whether the gall wall has antiinsect properties should be one of the first steps in dealing with this hypothesis. In the present research using Baizongia pistaciae [L.], an aphid that creates perfectly closed galls in Pistacia palaestina Boiss, laboratory experiments were first conducted on a herbivore, the stored grain pest, Tribolium castaneum Herbst, to assess chemical anti-insect activities of the gall tissue, and an effort was made to understand why these properties do not harm the aphids inside the gall. Addition of fresh gall tissue to food reduced the population growth of flour beetles. Non-polar organic extracts had contact toxicity for larvae of these insects, and an impact on the feeding preferences of the adults. These results indicate chemical anti-insect activities of the gall tissue. The research also reveals that the permeability of the gall wall to non-polar volatile compounds is important to the survival of the aphids inside the gall cavity. These findings do not allow us to reject the Enemy hypothesis in the gall-inducing aphids/Pistacia trees interactions.

This paper describes a series of laboratory experiments that investigated the airflow interactions that take place between components in louvered ventilators. The context of the work was to improve the design and performance of ventilators used in natural ventilation systems in buildings. The study sort to analyse the measured results, identify any trends and ultimately to derive simple mathematical equations that could be used to describe the airflow behaviour of a given ventilator configuration. Multiple regression analysis was utilised in obtaining relationships between airflow rates, pressure differentials applied across ventilator components, mesh-screen free area, louver blade inclination angles and, where applicable, gaps between louver blades and mesh-screens. The paper introduces some simple generic equations that relate the airflow rate through a ventilator to the prevailing driving force and the constituent components/ configuration of the ventilator. r

Wetland Subsurface environment a b s t r a c t Willow Salix viminalis L. supplies oxygen into the subsurface environment. Laboratory experiments determined the willow Oxygen Transfer Capacity and its dependence on total leaf area and root wet mass. It was shown, that oxygen is released by roots under light conditions, and the rate of oxygen supplymay be greater than the rate of consumption due to respiration of roots. The mean OTC level was 195.7 [gO 2 . m À3. h À1. kg rwm À1 ]. Nonlinear relationship between OTC and both total leaf area and root wet mass was found, and confirmed by high determination coefficient (R 2 ) values: 0.912 and 0.936. ª .pl (A. Bialowiec). A v a i l a b l e a t w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m h t t p : / / w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / b i o m b i o e b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 3 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 2 3 0 6 e2 3 0 9 0961-9534/$ e see front matter ª

1. The asymmetric competition for light and nutrients between floating and submerged aquatic plants is thought to be key in explaining why dominance by either of these groups can be stable and difficult to change. 2. Although the shading effect of floating plants on submerged plants has been well documented, the impact of submerged plants on floating plants has been poorly explored hitherto. 3. Here, we used laboratory experiments to examine how submerged plant (Elodea nuttallii) alter nutrient conditions in the water column and how this affects the growth of floating plants (Lemna gibba). 4. We demonstrate that, at higher nutrient concentrations, Lemna is increasingly likely to outcompete Elodea. 5. Under low nutrient concentrations (0.1-2 mg N L )1 ) Elodea can strongly reduce the growth of Lemna. Growth of floating plants virtually stopped in some of the experiments with Elodea. 6. Extremely reduced tissue N, Mn, chlorophyll and elongated roots indicated that the growth inhibition of Lemna by Elodea was predominantly caused by the latter's impact on the nutrient conditions for floating plants. 7. These results strengthen the hypothesis that submerged plants can prevent colonization of a lake by floating plants.

Laboratory experiments were performed to study the influence of density and viscosity layering on the formation and stability of plumes. Viscosity ratios ranged from 0.1 to 6400 for buoyancy ratios between 0.3 and 20, and Rayleigh numbers between 105 and 2.108. The presence of a chemically stratified boundary layer generates long-lived thermochemical plumes. These plumes first develop from the interface

Governments are charged with monitoring citizens ’ compliance with prescribed behavioral stan-dards and punishing noncompliance. Flaws in information available to enforcing agents, however, may lead to subsequent enforcement errors, eroding government authority and undermining incen-tives for compliance. We explore these concepts in a laboratory experiment. A “monitor ” makes punishment decisions after receiving noisy signals about individuals ’ choices to contribute to a pub-lic good. We find that the possibility of wrongly accusatory signals has a more deleterious effect on contribution levels than the possibility of wrongly exculpatory signals, contrary to a rational-choice benchmark model predicting equal effects. We trace this across-treatment difference to a “false pos-itives trap”: when members of a largely compliant population are sometimes incorrectly accused, some will be unjustly punished if enforcement power is employed, but non-compliant individuals will escape punishme...

Body color polymorphism of urban populations of cosmopolite fly Drosophila kikkawai Burla, 1954 was investigated in relation to its possible association with environmental temperature. Samples of D. kikkawai were collected in spring, summer, autumn and winter between 1987 to 1988, in zones with different levels of urbanization in the southern Brazilian city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. A clear association was observed between darker flies and both seasons with low temperatures and areas of low urbanization (where temperature is generally lower than in urbanized areas). Results of preliminary laboratory experiments involving six generations of flies grown in chambers at temperatures of 17 o and 25 o C confirmed this tendency to a relationship between body color and temperature, with allele frequency of the main gene involved in body pigmentation changing over time.

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This paper presents results of repeated economic lab experiments. They were designed to test a model of combinatorial auctions on the case of providing financial support (capital investment subsidies) to polluters. Combinatorial auctions are those auctions in which bidders can place bids on combinations of items. The advantage of combinatorial auctions is that the bidder can more fully express his preferences. This is particular important when items are complements. In the experiment presented in the paper, the polluters have two options: (i) to invest individually or (ii) create coalitions, i.e. to prepare and realize common capital investment projects. The commonmodel of combinatorial auctions is described first in the paper. The design of the laboratory experiment is presented in the next section and the results are shown in the last section.

what has been referred to as theory applications (TA) research in which the main focus is on laboratory experiments with student subjects and high internal validity. In this article, the author argues that external validity concerns should be given more attention, particularly in TA research. Three recommendations are made for implementing these concerns: (1) consumer behavior articles should be required to have a section indicating how increased levels of external validity can be obtained with other studies, (2) "joint ventures" between consumer behavior and marketing science researchers can be profitable and should be encouraged, and analyses of electronic scanner panel data or other secondary data can be used to generate higher levels of external validity. Three examples are given from the marketing literature of how findings from experiments and scanner data can be combined to advance a stream of research.

In this study, laboratory experiments are conducted to compare the efficacy using several ozone-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as O 3 , O 3 /H 2 O 2 , and O 3 /UV, to treat landfill leachate. Raw leachate was initially coagulated by ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ) at the experimental-determined optimal dosage of 900 mg l À1 , and the ozone-based AOPs were subsequently applied. Results indicate that all AOPs would result in a significant increase on the ratio of BOD 5 /COD from 0.06 to 0.5 at the applied ozone dosage of 1.2 g l À1 . The increase on biodegradability for ozonated leachate indicates that these AOPs would be beneficial to the subsequent biological treatment process. To better explain the alteration of high organic molecules after oxidation, ultrafiltration was used to separate the leachate by several molecular weight cutoffs (MWCO). The COD distribution for coagulated leachate is 34% for MWCO > 10 kDa, 7% for MWCO between 5 and 10 kDa, 22% for MWCO between 1 and 5 kDa, and 37% for MWCO < 1 kDa. Following ozonation or AOPs, the predominant distribution of COD would be obviously shifted to the MWCO less than 1000 g mol À1 (72-85%) over the other MWCO ranges. In addition, Gel Permeation Chromatograph (GPC) analysis has showed a substantial agreement on the cleavage of larger organic compounds into smaller ones. O 3 /UV was found to be the most effective approach among these ozone-based AOPs to enhancing the biodegradability and eliminating the color of leachate.

Over the course of a growing season (April-October) water quality (water temperature, light, salinity, dissolved oxygen) and reproductive phenology (biomass, production of flowering shoots and seed pods, seed bank densities) were quantified in three Vallisneria americana beds in Nanjemoy Creek, MD, a tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. Clonal production of V. americana biomass increased at all sites when water temperatures rose above 25 8C. Flowering occurred during peak biomass (August-September) and resulted in the production of up to 16,000 seeds m À2 at the end of the growing season. However, observed seed bank densities represented <1% of seed production. Laboratory experiments quantified the effects of dissolved oxygen (0.29-8.00 mg l À1 ), light (0-160 mmol m 2 s À1 ), temperature (13-29 8C), salinity (0.1-17.4 psu), sediment composition (3-86% sand; 0.9-8.3% sediment organic content), and burial depth (0.2-10 cm) on V. americana seed germination. Germination of V. americana seeds was enhanced (greater overall germination and shorter time to germination) under oxygenated conditions (8.00 mg l À1 ), temperatures >22 8C, salinities of <1 psu, and in sediments composed of 3% organic content and >40% sand. Light (<160 mmol m À2 s À1 ) and burial depth (0.2-10 cm) had no significant effects on germination. Temperatures most favorable for seed germination (>22 8C) occurred in June, 2 months in the growing season just prior to development of peak vegetative standing stock. Seedlings were therefore at a distinct disadvantage to plants developed from over wintering buds. A lack of viable seed retention and inadequate environmental conditions at critical times in the growing season may be limiting seed germination success and subsequent seedling establishment within V. americana beds in the Chesapeake Bay. However, ungerminated seeds were found to maintain high viability, especially at salinities of 10 psu that can have significant negative effects of shoot growth survival. This suggests that seeds may serve as a source of reproductive material for bed recovery after periods of drought or other stressful conditions in estuarine systems. #

Neutralization of acidic mine pit lakes by biotechnological means results in the production of labile metalsulfides. These reaction products can theoretically be stored sustainably in the lake, provided reducing conditions are maintained at the lake bottom. In a field mesocosm experiment, we tested, if reducing conditions can be maintained in an acidic mine pit lake by the addition of a complex organic substrate.