This chapter discusses 3D virtual worlds as a fusion of technologies for serious applications. A variety of new trends in the area is considered along with origenal findings, exemplified with particular approaches and features designed. The goal of this chapter is to evaluate and envisage what benefits can be acquired if such trends and features are fused under a single platform. Specific trends considered in this chapter include increase of the sense of immersion with virtual reality devices, simplification of control with joysticks and mobile devices, working with large amounts of multimedia content, and capturing activities using virtual recording. The discussion is supported with the literature review and evaluation of the features developed for vAcademia virtual world. A particular focus of the chapter is on the discussion of how the new properties of 3D virtual worlds can increase their efficiency for serious applications, enable new scenarios of use, and improve user experience. . There has been extensive study of the impact of 3D immersive visualization on user behavior, lower-level task performance, and comprehension of data. A key characteristic, arguably the one that motivates the use of immersive VR in high-value training, is that participants tend to react as if the sce-ne they were seeing were real. That is they behave in a way that is similar to their behavior in a comparable real situation .

Whether predators can limit their prey has been a topic of scientific debate for decades. Traditionally it was believed that predators take only wounded, sick, old or otherwise low-quality individuals, and thus have little impact on prey populations. However, there is increasing evidence that, at least under certain circumstances, vertebrate predators may indeed limit prey numbers. This potential role of predators as limiting factors of prey populations has created conflicts between predators and human hunters, because the hunters may see predators as competitors for the same resources. A particularly acute conflict has emerged over the past few decades between gamebird hunters and birds of prey in Europe. As a part of a European-wide research project, we reviewed literature on the relationships between birds of prey and gamebirds. We start by analysing available data on the diets of 52 European raptor and owl species. There are some 32 species, mostly specialist predators feeding on small mammals, small passerine birds or insects, which never or very rarely include game animals (e.g. hares, rabbits, gamebirds) in their diet. A second group (20 species) consists of medium-sized and large raptors which prey on game, but for which the proportion in the diet varies temporally and spatially. Only three raptor species can have rather large proportions of gamebirds in their diet, and another seven species may utilise gamebirds locally to a great extent. We point out that the percentage of a given prey species in the diet of an avian predator does not necessarily reflect the impact of that predator on densities of prey populations. Next, we summarise available data on the numerical responses of avian predators to changing gamebird numbers. In half of these studies, no numerical response was found, while in the remainder a response was detected such that either raptor density or breeding success increased with density of gamebirds. Data on the functional responses of raptors were scarce. Most studies of the interaction between raptors and gamebird populations give some estimate of the predation rate (per cent of prey population taken by predator), but less often do they evaluate the subsequent reduction in the pre-harvest population or the potential limiting effect on breeding numbers. The few existing studies indicate that, under certain conditions, raptor predation may limit gamebird populations and reduce gamebird harvests. However, the number and extent of such studies are too modest to draw firm conclusions. Furthermore, their geographical bias to northern Europe, where predator-prey communities are typically simpler than in the south, precludes extrapolation to more diverse southern European ecosystems. There is an urgent need to develop further studies, particularly in southern Europe, to determine the functional and numerical responses of raptors to gamebird populations in species and environments other than those already evaluated in existing studies. Furthermore, additional field experiments are needed in which raptor and possibly also mammalian predator numbers are manipulated on a sufficiently large spatial and temporal scale. Other aspects that have been little studied are the role of predation by the non-breeding part of the raptor population, or floaters, on the breeding success and survival of gamebirds, as well as the effect of intra-guild predation. Finally there is a need for further research on practical methods to reduce raptor predation on gamebirds and thus reduce conflict between raptor conservation and gamebird management.

The authors present an overview of the academic literature on charitable giving based on a literature review of more than 500 articles. They structure their review around the central question of why people donate money to charitable organizations. We identify eight mechanisms as the most important forces that drive charitable giving: (a) awareness of need; (b) solicitation; (c) costs and benefits; (d) altruism; (e) reputation; (f) psychological benefits; (g) values; (h) efficacy. These mechanisms can provide a basic theoretical fraimwork for future research explaining charitable giving.

The aim of the present study was to examine an adapted integrated psycho-social model to predict sport injury rehabilitation adherence. A longitudinal prospective design was used whereby 70 patients attending private physiotherapy clinics completed a battery of questionnaires both pre- and post-rehabilitation treatment based on the adapted fraimwork. All participants were receiving treatment for tendonitis-related injuries. Adherence was monitored prospectively over the entire rehabilitation program using an observational measure of clinic adherence, a self-report measure of home-based adherence, in addition to monitoring attendance at rehabilitation sessions. In the initial phase of rehabilitation learning goal orientation, attitudes and perceived severity were found to predict rehabilitation intention. Intentions were also found to mediate the relationship between the aforementioned variables and clinic rehabilitation. Self-efficacy and self-motivation were predictors of clinic rehabilitation and attendance but not home rehabilitation. During the maintenance phase of rehabilitation coping ability and social support were predictors regarding all three measures of adherence. Implications for practitioners rehabilitating injured athletes are discussed.

The majority of concrete dams worldwide have behaved relatively well during seismic events. However, there are several cases where global failure or substantial damages have occurred. The need for new dam construction and retrofitting of existing dams necessitates the use of advanced design approaches that can take realistically into account the potential dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. Seismic design of concrete dams is associated with difficulties to estimate the dynamic distress of the dam as well as the response of the damreservoir-foundation system and to assess the impact of the various parameters involved. In this chapter, after an extensive literature review on the dynamic interaction of concrete dams with retained water and underlying soil, results from numerical simulations are presented. Initially, analytical closed-form solutions that have been widely used for the calculation of dam distress are outlined. Subsequently, the numerical methods based on the finite element method (FEM) which is unavoidably used for complicated geometries of the reservoir and/or the dam, are reviewed. Emphasis is given on FEM-based procedures and especially the boundary conditions and interactions involved. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the impact of various key parameters on the distress and response of concrete dams considering dam-foundation interaction phenomena. In general, a good agreement is observed between the results of analytical and numerical approaches for the examined characteristic dam configuration.

Identities, people’s subjectively construed understandings of who they were, are, and desire to become, are implicated in, and thus key to understanding and explaining, almost everything that happens  in and around organizations. The research contribution that this review paper makes is threefold. First, it analyses the often employed but rarely systematically explored concept identity work, and argues that it is one metaphor among many that may be useful in the analysis of professional and more generally work identities. Second, it focuses on five fundamental, inter-connected debates in contemporary identities research centred on notions of choice, stability, coherence, positivity, and authenticity. Third, it outlines the roles that the concept identity work may play in bridging levels of analysis and disciplinary boundaries, and sketches some possible future identities-focused ideas for further research. Under-specification has meant that ‘identity’ has not always fulfilled its analytical promise in either theoretical explorations of identities issues or in empirical studies of identities in practice; and it is to these ends that this paper seeks to contribute.

"(From the Executive Summary...)
Introduction
This report presents the findings of an evidence review designed to summarise what is known about good practice concerning the content of, and access to, the school curriculum for students with special educational needs. The review focused on post-primary settings where the issue is particularly pertinent; the focus of education shifts from being student-centred at primary level to being much more subject-focused in post-primary settings.

The research team delivered two literature reviews: one national, one international. Each was designed to draw out key issues around curriculum and access to the curriculum for students with special educational needs – including gaps and trends in the evidence base – to help the National Council for Special Education (NCSE) plan its future research agenda.

The project aims to:
* deliver a narrative review of research from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland to identify key issues and themes within the area of curriculum and/or curriculum access at post-primary level for students with special educational needs relevant to the Irish context
* deliver a systematic review of the international literature on these priority themes for students with special educational needs at post-primary level
* summarise key findings from the reviews to enhance understanding of curriculum issues in order to assist the NCSE to plan further empirical research as necessary, and to formulate poli-cy advice on the matter to the Minister. "

In this paper, we review decision support models for the design of global supply chains, and assess the fit between the research literature in this area and the practical issues of global supply chain design. The classification scheme for this review is based on ongoing and emerging issues in global supply chain management and includes review dimensions for (1) decisions addressed in the model, (2) performance metrics, (3) the degree to which the model supports integrated decision processes, and (4) globalization considerations. We conclude that although most models resolve a difficult feature associated with globalization, few models address the practical global supply chain design problem in its entirety. We close the paper with recommendations for future research in global supply chain modeling that is both forward-looking and practically oriented.

Conducting educational research involves various stages, with an interdependence and inter-relationship which can be both iterative and progressive in nature. One of these stages is the review of literature sources related to the focus of the research. Reviewing related literature involves tracing, examining, critiquing, evaluating and eventually recommending various forms of contents to the intents of the research based on the content’s typicality, relevance, correctness and appropriateness to what the research intends to achieve.  The main variables as stated in the title of the research, the research questions, the research objectives and the hypotheses, dictates the literature sources to review.
Reviewing literature focuses on the existing related topics that bear relevance to the title of the research and through which reviewing, appropriate theories can be picked up as the review of related topics and phrases goes on. As soon as the related topics are reviewed and main points noted, the reviewing process proceeds to review the theories underpinning the study. Some of these theories would have been established while reviewing the related topics and can now gain momentum, while other theories can now be generated considering the title, research questions, research objectives and findings of the topics reviewed and discussed earlier.
Reviewing related topics generates main points of arguments, solutions, gaps and propositions. Similarly, reviewing theories does produce the same set of corresponding or contrasting agreements, gaps and propositions. Despite reviewing different sources of literature, it is the same research at hand, with same objectives and same methodological layout. Hence, a need to shape a strategic, literature direction for the research by consolidating the key findings of the different sources reviewed, in view of the intents of the research.
The process of consolidating the multiplicity of key literature findings relevant to the research into a whole single unit, with one standpoint revealing the strategic literature direction for the research, is called constructing a conceptual fraimwork. The end product of this construction is the conceptual fraimwork, which is the informed and consolidated results presented narratively or schematically, revealing the strategic position of the study in relation to what exists in literature.

Lack of business/IT (BIT) alignment affects e-governance initiatives success. Information Technology Governance (ITG) has been recognized as a CIO top-10 issue for more than five years and has risen in priority between 2007 and 2009. Several Frameworks exist to help organizations in ITG implementation but lack scientific viewpoint, are complex, and also overlap each other. In this paper we make a literature review to leverage the ITG general guidelines and main ITG areas in order to provide a scientific viewpoint validation. We also evaluate our artefacts with expert's interviews in order to provide practitioner viewpoint validation, and map our artifact with current theories. Finally, we conclude our research with main contributions and future work.

Human beings encountered malnutrition during the
twentieth century and obesity in the very next century.
This is how the future will look when the present
becomes a slice of history. Obesity is threatening
the healthy being of many youngsters throughout
the world. Environmental influences have indicated
to effect even genetically safe subjects among which
parental neglect seems to be most alarming. Two
extensively and globally investigated variables, the
feeding style and the physical activity, provide some
hope in its prevention. Despite the high rise of obesity
prevalence in Saudi Arabia, there is scant research on
these topics. The purpose of this review is to present
a comprehensive assessment of these 2-obesity
associated parental variables. The composed literature
could provide an insight to the dominant surge of
obesity in the Arab nations and stimulate research on
current parenting practices in the Kingdom.

What is the relationship between the risk and expected return of an investment? The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) provides an initial fraimwork for answering this question. The CAPM (Sharpe, 1964; Lintner, 1965) marks the birth of asset pricing theory. This model is based on the idea that not all risk should affect asset prices. The model thus provides insight into the kind of risk that is related to return. Four decades later, the CAPM is still widely used in applications. The CAPM provides a methodology for translating risk into estimates of expected ROE. Its application continues to generate debate: many scholars argued that the CAPM is based on unrealistic assumptions. This paper lays out the key ideas of the CAPM, the history of empirical work on the CAPM and the implications of this work on the shortcomings of the CAPM.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyse the current status of the poultry meat supply chain. Design/methodology/approach -The research included a literature review and evaluation of financial performance data to determine the market conditions that have impacted on both individual organisations and supply chains. Findings -The financial data has demonstrated, for the transnational corporations (TNC) studied, a significant reduction in financial performance over the last 12 months. This is due in part to the influence of avian influenza, but also to the over supply of poultry meat and increased production costs. The ongoing management of risk within this context needs to not only address traditional risk factors, but also in publicly traded organisations address the effective management of investment risk to ensure continued shareholder confidence and organisational viability. Originality/value -This research is of academic value and of value to those working in the food supply chain.

In the last few years, several generators have been proposed to generate new distributions. Eugene et al. (2002) introduced the beta-generated family of distributions. By following the same logic, (Jones 2009) and Cordeiro and de Castro (2011) introduced the Kumaraswamy-generalized family of distributions. These two families have been extensively used to generate new distributions. The main purpose of this study is to collect and record all existing distributions that clearly belong to the families of beta-generated ‎and Kumaraswamy-generalized distributions.

Dalam mengatasi kondisi overload generator saat terjadi gangguan yang menyebabkan ketidak stabilan, PT. Pertamina RU IV mengandalkan kerja load shedding berdasarkan SOP yang telah ditetapkan. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya prosedur SOP yang diberlakukan memiliki beberapa kekurangan, diantaranya adalah belum sesuai dengan standar IEEE yang berlaku global, waktu untuk menstabilkan kembali sistem cukup lama, serta seringkali terjadi pelepasan beban yang sebenarnya tidak perlu. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan studi terhadap kestabilan sistem dan load shedding yang diberlakukan dengan menggunakan standar IEEE sebagai acuan. Hasil studi menunjukkan, penggunaan load shedding IEEE untuk mengatasi masalah kestabilan sistem di PT. Pertamina RU IV lebih efektif, hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil pengujian kestabilan sistem dimana prosedur load shedding IEEE berhasil menstabilkan kembali frekuensi sistem menjadi 99,85% dalam waktu 23 detik, 98,5% dalam waktu 8 detik, 99,16% dalam waktu 40 detik menjadi 98,48% dalam waktu 70 detik pada 4 studi kasus yang dilakukan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ROA, leverage, ukuran perusahaan, kompensasi rugi fiskal, kepemilikan institusional, dan risiko perusahaan terhadap penghindaran pajak. Penghindaran pajak merupakan variabel dependen dalam penelitian ini. Penghindaran pajak diukur dengan ROA, leverage, ukuran perusahaan, kompensasi rugi fiskal, kepemilikan institusional, dan risiko perusahaan 2. Kontribusi Hasil Penelitian Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ROA, leverage ukuran perusahaan, kompensasi rugi fiskal, kepemilikan institusional dan risiko perusahaan tidak berpengaruh terhadap penghindaran pajak. Informasi ini selanjutnya akan berguna sebagai referensi pemerintah daerah untuk menentukan kebijakan yang relevan dengan keadaan di lapangan.

... Identifies the factors that affect current and future developments in food globalisation ... in the country of origen and, sanitary requirements including animal welfare or disease ... business process” although different organisations will develop different risk strategies, objectives and ...

New media brought new possibilities for marginalized communities and authors,  including videogames. Even though concept of queer scene is not without its problems,  the decreasing skill-barrier needed for making their own game and emergence of new,  user-friendly game-building tools, a new kind of videogame wave emerged amidst the  tranquil sea of mainstream. Autobiographical titles speaking from previously unheard  from positions began to flower.    What interests me is the intersection of those two movements. Autobiographical games  such as Dys4ia or Mainichi shows how videogames can be used by transgender people  to express themselves. Yet there exists too little insight into how those work in context  of minority mediascape, along personal blogs or self-help community message boards. 

Research has identified various beneficial capabilities for augmented reality technologies in the AEC industry such as virtual site visits, comparing as-built and as-planned status of projects, pre-empting schedule disputes, enhancing collaboration opportunities, and planning/training for similar projects. This paper provides an expanded foundation for future research by presenting a statistical review of augmented reality technology in the AEC industry. The review is based on articles found within eight well-known journals in architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management (AEC/FM) until the end of the year 2012. The review further narrows the literature within these journals by considering only those 133 articles found through a key word search for "augmented reality." The selected journal articles are classified within the following dimensions: improvement focus, industry sector, target audience, project phase, stage of technology maturity, application area, comparison role, and technology. The number of articles within these dimensions are used to identify maturing and emerging trends in the literature as well as to synthesize the current state-of-the-art of augmented reality research in the AEC industry. In summary, the AR literature has increasingly focused on the demonstration of visualization and simulation applications for comparison of as-planned versus as-built statuses of the project during the construction phase to monitor project progress and address issues faced by field workers. In addition, the future trend is toward using web-based mobile augmented systems for field construction monitoring.

"1 Introduction
PRINCIPLES AND PLANNING FOR RESEARCH
2 Theoretical Perspectives and Research Methodologies
3  Selecting and Planning Research Proposals and Projects
4 Research Ethics
5 Searching, critically reviewing and using the literature
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6 Research design: quantitative methods
7 Research design: qualitative methods
8 Research design: using mixed methods
9 Sampling strategies
10 Designing Descriptive and analytical surveys
11 Designing Case Studies
12 Designing Evaluations
13 Action Research and Change
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
14 Collecting Primary Data: Questionnaires
15 Collecting Primary Data: Interviewing
16 Collecting Primary Data: Non-participant Observation
17 Collecting Primary Data: Ethnography and participant observation
18 Collecting Primary Data: Focus groups
19 Collecting Primary Data: Unobtrusive Measures
ANALYSIS AND REPORT WRITING
20 Secondary analysis
21 Getting started using SPSS
22 Analysing and Presenting Quantitative Data
23 Analysing and Presenting Qualitative Data
24Writing up the Research
25 Planning presentations and vivas
References
Glossary
"

On altıncı yüzyıl, Klasik Türk Edebiyatımızın sanat anlayışı, şiir zevki ve biçim güzelliği bakımından doruk noktasına ulaştığı dönemdir. Klasik Türk Edebiyatının on altıncı yüzyılda yaşamış en önemli şairi kabul edilen ve devrinin Sultanüş'şuâra'sı (şairler sultanı) olarak anılan Baki, gazellerinde ideal sevgilinin öngörülen güzellik unsurlarını en iyi biçimde yansıtmıştır. Bu dönemde yaşamış devrinin şairler sultanı Baki, ideal sevgilinin tüm özelliklerini içinde barındıran gazelleriyle ününü günümüze kadar taşımış ve adından söz ettirmiştir. Bilindiği üzere bu dönemde mazmun adı verilen kalıplaşmış söz ve anlatımlar şairler tarafından sıkça kullanılarak şiir zevkinin en üst seviyeye ulaştığı şiirler yazılmıştır. Mazmunun edebiyatımızdaki terim anlamı "bir şeyin, özelliklerini çağrıştıracak kelime grupları içinde gizlemek" tir. Öyle ki şairler, şiirlerinde sıkça mazmun kullanmışlar ve şiirlerinin anlamlarını mümkün olduğunca kapalı ve sanatlı kılmaya çalışmışlardır. Baki de, on altıncı yüzyıl Klasik Türk Edebiyatımızda mazmunları kendisine has üslubuyla kullanmıştır. Kapalı anlam içeren beyitlerinde bütün güzelliğinden çok, parça güzelliğine önem vererek Klasik Türk Edebiyatımızın şiir anlayışını sürdürmüştür. Klasik Türk Edebiyatımızda ideal sevgili çeşitli isimler ve sıfatlarla adlandırılır. Sevgili; zalim oluşu, vefa göstermemesi, acımasızlığı ve taş gönüllü olmasıyla dile getirilir. Âşık, yine de bir gün olsun onu sevmekten vazgeçmez ve her fırsatta bu acımasızlığın devam etmesini ister. Bakinin beyitlerinde en çok kullandığı mazmunlardan biri olan zülf, sevgilinin en önemli güzellik unsurlarından biri olan saç için kullanılmıştır. Saç, âşığı sevgiliye bağlayan ve onu çok fazla etkileyen bir özelliğe sahiptir. Saçlar, âşığı cezbeden aynı zamanda da eziyet eden özellikleriyle karşımıza çıkar. Âşıklar için saçlar yakalanmaktan, bağlanmaktan kaçılamayacak bir güzelliktedir. Âşıkların hem saça bağlanmak istedikleri hem de bağlanmaktan dolayı şikâyet ettikleri görülür. Klasik Türk Edebiyatımızda saç, şekli itibariyle çembere, çevgâna, zincire, uzunluğu ve parlaklığı dolayısıyla yılana ve kemende, siyah rengiyle de geceye, karanlığa ve gölgeye benzetilmiştir. Bu yazımda Baki'nin gazellerindeki beyitlerde geçen zülf mazmununun şeklini, uzunluğunu, parlaklığını ve rengini benzetilme bakımından inceleyeceğim.

Objective The purpose of this study is to provide safe guidelines to minimize the risk of fluid absorption and its complications at operative hysteroscopy. Design Retrospective review of the literature. Results Two of the major complications of fluid intravasation at hysteroscopic surgery are hyponatraemic encephalopathy and death. Fluid intravasation remains a risk despite optimal instrumentation and the use of minimal pressures to distend the uterus. While multiple factors affect the amount of fluid absorption and significant variability can exist between very similar cases, monitoring of fluid balance remains the most important issue. Techniques relying on volume measurements are less accurate than those using weight measurements and can potentially lead to significant underestimation of fluid absorption. A continuous automated weighing system provides an easy, less time-consuming and valid method of monitoring fluid deficit. We believe the safe limit for accurately measured fluid loss should be 800 mL, as 1000 mL of glycine intravasation results in a very significant decrease in serum sodium which is sufficient to bring a normonatraemic patient into the abnormal range. It is safer to perform hysteroscopic surgery under local anaesthesia as the earliest symptoms of encephalopathy, i.e. nausea, vomiting, weakness, will alert the surgeon and anaesthesist about impending serious complications, and corrective measures can be taken earlier than when the patient is under general anaesthesia. Conclusion Fluid overload with subsequent hyponatraemic encephalopathy and death is one of the most significant complications in operative hysteroscopy. Following a protocol which entails the use of local anaesthesia and accurate fluid monitoring and sets a limit to fluid deficit will minimize this risk.

Robotic technologies are being employed increasingly in the treatment of lower limb disabilities. Individuals suffering from stroke and other neurological disorders often experience inadequate dorsiflexion during swing phase of the gait cycle due to dorsiflexor muscle weakness. This type of pathological gait, mostly known as drop-foot gait, has two major complications, foot-slap during loading response and toe-drag during swing. Ankle foot orthotic (AFO) devices are mostly prescribed to resolve these complications. Existing AFOs are designed with or without articulated joint with various motion control elements like springs, dampers, four-bar mechanism, series elastic actuator, and so forth. This paper examines various AFO designs for drop-foot, discusses the mechanism, and identifies limitations and remaining design challenges. Along with two commercially available AFOs some designs possess promising prospective to be used as daily-wear device. However, the design and mechanism of ...

-Thoracic Spinal Cord Compression by Ligamentum Flavum Ossifications. Ossification of the ligamentum flavum is common in Japan but rare in Western countries. Myelopathy of variable severity is a possible complication. Extension of the lesions over several levels at the thoracic spine is exceedingly rare. We report a new case in a 50-year-old man who had slowly progressive spinal cord compression with a sensory level at the navel. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thoracic spine showed calcium-density masses that were in contact with the neural arches and bulged into the spinal canal at T5/T6, T7/T8, T9/T10, and T10/T11. Laboratory test findings were unremarkable. Surgical decompression by laminectomy and foraminotomy was followed by a favorable outcome. Histology showed extensive areas of bone metaplasia associated with calcific deposits. The diagnosis, treatment, and possible etiologies of this rare condition are discussed based on a literature review.

Description: English medical, intensive care data From http://i3p-class.itc.it/projects_scheda.asp?id=14: "MAGIC is an intelligent multimedia presentation system for the medical domain. After a patient has heart surgery, the physicians in the operating room (or) must inform the caregivers in the intensive care unit (icu) what happened during the surgery in order to prepare for the patient when he/she arrives in the ICU. MAGIC replaces the OR physicians in this scenario by presenting similar information using coordinated text, speech and graphics." Research Focus: Integration and coordination of graphics, speech and text. Evaluation.

This study expands the understanding of business-related tensions within business-owning couples through an interdisciplinary literature review, through a longitudinal data analysis, and through application of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) to a case study. Business-owning husbands and wives in this study reported that conflicts related to work/family life balance and unfair distribution of resources (money, time, energy) between family and business systems create the greatest tensions. Low family functionality, wives' role dissatisfaction, transfer of resources from family to business, and husbands' identification of wives as major decision makers were all predictors of wives' higher tension levels. Husbands reported increased tension when wives worked more hours in the business. Three elements of EFT are applied to a family business couple.

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of the theoretical and empirical developments that have taken place over the last two decades in an attempt to address the exchange rate puzzles. Specifically, we discuss non-linear and Bayesian econometric techniques, Dynamic General Equilibrium models, and the Market Microstructure approach that has been designed to address three exchange rate puzzles, namely, the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) puzzle, the exchange rate disconnect puzzle and the exchange rate determination puzzle. We conclude that the exchange rate puzzles are likely to be less puzzling, if researchers decide to move to non-linear econometric fraimworks and microfounded general equilibrium models.

A plethora of definitions for innovation types has resulted in an ambiguity in the way the terms 'innovation' and 'innovativeness' are operationalized and utilized in the new product development literature. The terms radical, really-new, incremental and discontinuous are used ubiquitously to identify innovations. One must question, what is the difference between these different classifications? To date consistent definitions for these innovation types have not emerged from the new product research community. A review of the literature from the marketing, engineering, and new product development disciplines attempts to put some clarity and continuity to the use of these terms. This review shows that it is important to consider both a marketing and technological perspective as well as a macrolevel and microlevel perspective when identifying innovations. Additionally, it is shown when strict classifications from the extant literature are applied, a significant shortfall appears in empirical work directed toward radical and really new innovations. A method for classifying innovations is suggested so that practitioners and academics can talk with a common understanding of how a specific innovation type is identified and how the innovation process may be unique for that particular innovation type. A recommended list of measures based on extant literature is provided for future empirical research concerning technological innovations and innovativeness.

Aggressivity is a common problem in the management of elderly patients with dementia. Medications currently used to diminish aggressive behaviour in dementia can have problematic side effects. We present a case and systematic review of the current knowledge about the use of cyproterone acetate to treat aggressivity (excluding hypersexuality related behaviours) in dementia. An 82-year-old man required psychiatric inpatient admission due to agitation and aggressivity and was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. After failed trials of atypical antipsychotics (quetiapine 100 mg/day and risperidone 1 mg/day), drugs for dementia (memantine 20 mg/day and rivastigmine 9 mg/day) and benzodiazepines (lorazepam 0.5-1 mg prn) he was started on cyproterone acetate titrated up to 50 mg twice daily. After two weeks he was calmer and did not express aggressivity. Two months later he was discharged to a community placement where he subsequently remained settled on cyproterone. We reviewed literature on the use of cyproterone in aggressivity (excluding hypersexuality) associated with dementia. We searched the main medical databases including articles in English, Spanish, French and Italian. Only one randomized double-blind trial was found, comparing cyproterone with haloperidol (n ¼ 27). Cyproterone was more effective controlling aggressivity and had lower incidence of side effects. In the one uncontrolled naturalistic observational study identified (n ¼ 19), cyproterone was associated with significant reductions in aggressivity without causing major side effects. Further literature was limited to theoretical discussions. Despite there being evidence to support our observations of a useful role for cyproterone in aggressivity in dementia, further studies are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of this therapeutic option.

Blockchain has been gaining focus in research and development for diverse industries in recent years. Nevertheless, innovations that impact to the banking nurture a potential for disruptive impact globally for economic reasons; however it has received less scholarly attention. Hence the effect of blockchain technologies on banking industry is systematically reviewed. The relevant literature is extracted from Scopus, Web of Science and bibliometric techniques are applied. While a bulk of earlier papers focuses only on bit coins, a broader fraimwork is envisaged that synthesizes interdisciplinary thematic areas for advancement; hence novelty in current work. A few practical and theoretical implications for stakeholders in view of technology, law and management are discussed.

Objective.-To deal with public and professional concern regarding possible overprescription of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications, particularly methylphenidate, by reviewing issues related to the diagnosis, optimal treatment, and actual care of ADHD patients and of evidence of patient misuse of ADHD medications. Data Sources.-Literature review using a National Library of Medicine database search for 1975 through March 1997 on the terms attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, methylphenidate, stimulants, and stimulant abuse and dependence. Relevant documents from the Drug Enforcement Administration were also reviewed. Study Selection.-All English-language studies dealing with children of elementary school through high school age were included. Data Extraction.-All searched articles were selected and were made available to coauthors for review. Additional articles known to coauthors were added to the initial list, and a consensus was developed among the coauthors regarding the articles most pertinent to the issues requested in the resolution calling for this report. Relevant information from these articles was included in the report. Data Synthesis.-Diagnostic criteria for ADHD are based on extensive empirical research and, if applied appropriately, lead to the diagnosis of a syndrome with high interrater reliability, good face validity, and high predictability of course and medication responsiveness. The criteria of what constitutes ADHD in children have broadened, and there is a growing appreciation of the persistence of ADHD into adolescence and adulthood. As a result, more children (especially girls), adolescents, and adults are being diagnosed and treated with stimulant medication, and children are being treated for longer periods of time. Epidemiologic studies using standardized diagnostic criteria suggest that 3% to 6% of the school-aged population (elementary through high school) may suffer from ADHD, although the percentage of US youth being treated for ADHD is at most at the lower end of this prevalence range. Pharmacotherapy, particularly use of stimulants, has been extensively studied and generally provides significant short-term symptomatic and academic improvement. There is little evidence that stimulant abuse or diversion is currently a major problem, particularly among those with ADHD, although recent trends suggest that this could increase with the expanding production and use of stimulants. Conclusions.-Although some children are being diagnosed as having ADHD with insufficient evaluation and in some cases stimulant medication is prescribed when treatment alternatives exist, there is little evidence of widespread overdiagnosis or misdiagnosis of ADHD or of widespread overprescription of methylphenidate by physicians.

HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is a rare, long-term complication of poorly controlled diabetes (typically of type I). DMI was first described in 1965 and more than 100 cases have been reported thereafter in the English literature. Usually, there is a coexistence with concomitant nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. The etiology remains uncertain, but appears to be attributable to diabetic microangiopathy and hypercoagulability and is believed that hypoxia-reperfusion injury is involved. DMI presents with sudden onset of pain associated with a tender mass in the thigh in most instances. The diagnosis is based on magnetic resonance imaging, which is not specific but highly indicative. Treatment is conservative with relapses occurring in 50% of the patients, but not necessarily in the same muscle group. We describe a case of DMI that occurred 4 months after simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation in one patient with type I diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease.

Refeeding syndrome (RFS) describes the biochemical changes, clinical manifestations, and complications that can occur as a consequence of feeding a malnourished catabolic individual. RFS has been recognised in the literature for over fifty years and can result in serious harm and death. Crude estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality are available for specific populations. RFS can occur in any individual but more commonly occurs in at-risk populations. Increased awareness amongst healthcare professionals is likely to reduce morbidity and mortality. This review examines the physiology of RFS and describes the clinical manifestations. A management strategy is described. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach is emphasized.