Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar a produção de frutos e de estolhos do morangueiro (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv. Campinas IAC-2712, em função de três sistemas de condução em ambiente protegido (solo, hidropônico-NFT e hidroponia em casca de arroz carbonizada em colunas verticais). O experimento foi realizado no período de junho de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001, na Estação Experimental de Agronomia de Jundiaí (latitude: 23 o 06'S, longitude: 46 o 55'W, altitude média: 715 m, clima Cwa), do Instituto Agronômico, seguindo-se o delineamento de parcelas subdivididas com três repetições, em casa de vegetação modelo semi-arco com abertura zenital superior. Nos dois sistemas hidropônicos foram usadas duas composições de soluções nutritivas, respectivamente, para a fase de crescimento vegetativo e para a produção de frutos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que no sistema vertical, embora as produções de frutos e de estolhos por planta tenham sido menores que nos demais sistemas estudados, há possibilidade de melhor aproveitamento interno do ambiente protegido, com reflexos positivos no aumento do rendimento por área e maior facilidade de manejo da cultura, incluindo as operações de transplante, limpeza das plantas e colheitas de frutos e remoção de estolhos. Essas vantagens também se aplicam ao sistema hidropônico-NFT mesmo não tendo apresentado diferenças de produção em relação ao cultivo convencional. Palavras-chave: Fragaria x ananassa Duch., substrato, hidroponia, qualidade de frutos, nutrição mineral. ABSTRACT FRUIT AND RUNNER TIPS PRODUCTION OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS GROWN ON DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION The objective of this work was to compare the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) fruit and runner tips production in function of three types of cropping systems (conventional soil, NFT hydroponics, and vertical bags with carbonized rice straw as substrate) under protected cultivation. The cultivar used was 'Campinas IAC-2712'. The experiment was done in a greenhouse during the period from June 2000 to February 2001, at Agronomy Experimental Station of Jundiai (latitude-23 o 06'S, longitude-46 o 55'W, mean altitude-715 m, and climate Cwa), Agronomic Institute, following the statistical experimental design of split plot model with three replications as blocks. Two compositions of the nutrient solutions were used for the two hydroponics systems according to the plant vegetative and fruiting stages, respectively. The results allowed to conclude that in the vertical system, although the fruit and runner tips productions per plant were lower than the other systems, there is a possibility to increase the internal space of a protected environment. This would promote increase in the production per area and also give better crop management including transplanting, cleaning and harvesting of fruits and runner tips. These advantages also apply to the NFT hydroponics system despite it did presented any difference in production compared to the conventional soil cropping system.

An attempt was taken to select the effective peeling methods of potatoes based on mineral content and to formulate biscuits using potato flour as a partial substitute of wheat flour. The potatoes were collected and washed with water thoroughly to remove adhered dirt and soil. Fresh potatoes (P 1 ), potatoes peeled before boiling (P 2 ) and potatoes peeled after boiling (P 3 ) were analyzed for mineral content. Significant (p<0.05) effect of peeling treatment on mineral content was observed in this study. However, potato with peel was scored with highest mineral content namely Calcium (9.40mg/100g), Magnesium (21.6mg/100g), Potassium (413.91mg/100g), Phosphorus (60.57mg/100g), Iron (0.78µg/100g) and Zinc (0.29µg/100g) among samples. On the basis of mineral content, potato with peel was selected to produce potato flour to replace wheat flour partially in preparing nutritionally enriched biscuit. Potato flour was blended with wheat flour in ratio of 3:17, 1:3 and 7:13 in preparation of biscuits with maintaining all other ingredients constant. The prepared biscuits were evaluated for sensory quality by Hedonic Rating Test. The sensory evaluation revealed that the biscuits prepared using 25 percent potato flour were almost equally acceptable as control biscuits and secured the score for overall acceptability (7.20) and ranked as 'like very much'. Biscuits prepared using 35 percent potato flour secured the lowest score (5.20) in term of overall acceptability and was unacceptable to the panelist. To ensure adequate minerals, the use of potato flour to substitute wheat flour up to 25% level is advocated.

The present work was aimed at determining the limits of tolerance to sodium chloride (NaCl) of a halophyte, Beta macrocarpa Guss (wild Swiss chard). Five week-old plants were cultivated with a nutritive solution to which was added 0, 100, 200, and 300 mM NaCl. Plants were harvested after four weeks of treatment. The growth (fresh and dry weight, leaf surface area, and leaf number), water contents, and the mineral composition (meq · g −1 DW) of roots and leaves (reduced nitrogen (N), K + , Ca 2+ , Na + , Cl − ) were determined on individual plants. Results show that Beta macrocarpa can tolerate up to 200 mM NaCl. A significant decrease in biomass production (to 50% of control) was observed only for 300 mM NaCl. In the latter treatment, leaf mean surface area was 25% of control. The shoot-to-root ratio was not changed. Leaf hydration was not modified by salt treatment. This ability of the plant to maintain the hydric equilibrium of its leaves seemed associated with an efficient intracellular compartmentalization of Na + and Cl − ions. Salt treatment had little effect on N content (80% of control), but decreased significantly K + and Ca 2+ contents. These three essential elements could be limiting for growth of leaves and roots of plants challenged by NaCl.

Lebanon's native flora is threatened by loss of natural habitat to rural and urban development and the increased demand of plant materials for landscaping. Despite Lebanon's floristic richness, most taxa used for landscaping are non-native. This study was done to determine if Cercis siliquastrum (L.) is amenable to container production. Therefore, six open pollinated seeds sources native to Lebanon were grown under two fertilizer rates to study growth, N, P, K uptake efficiency, and partitioning. Two-year-old seedlings were planted in 11 L containers in a 3:1 pine bark:compost substrate. Seedlings within each seed source or mother tree were grown at either 25 or 100 mg N L À1 from 21N-3.1P-5.9K watersoluble fertilizer. Seedlings of all sources grown under 25 mg N L À1 had greater dry weight than those grown at 100 mg. Nutrient loading occurred in plants under the high fertilizer rate, although total plant N, P, and K content were not affected by fertilizer rate. There were significant differences in mineral nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiencies among the seed sources. The results show that C. siliquastrum is amenable to container production. The great variation in growth rate and nutrient use efficiency among the limited number of seed sources studied suggest that significant improvement can be made through mother tree selection and/or clonal propagation of superior individual plants within a source. #

Soybean (Glycine max L.) has been gaining more and more importance in terms of crop production, once yield components are to be directly impinged upon soil water supply and phosphorus in the soil so that such a crop might be able to express its productive potential at a given specific-site and/or cropping region. The main aim of the current study was to assess both crop productivity and yield components for two distinct genotypes of soybean under the influence of different soil water regimes (120%, 100%, 80%, 60% and 40% ETm) and increasing doses of P2O5 (0 Kg ha-1, 240 Kg ha-1, 480 Kg ha-1 and 720 Kg ha-1) throughout two crop growing seasons under protected environment conditions at the municipality of Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil. The statistical design was a randomized block design at a factorial scheme 4 x 2. A suitable soil water supply might trigger the best phosphorus uptake efficiency, since a soil water amount above crop water ideal climatic demand culminates in best agricultural responses at soybean commercial fields. Increasing water amounts are conducive to the highest yields in conjunction with nutritional status more favorable to crop physiology as a function of local atmospheric demand throughout the crop growing season.

The production of vigorous coffee plants at the nursery is the basis of their successful establishment in the field. The replacement of old plantations by the new high-yielding varieties requires a high production of good quality seedlings and good knowledge of the most appropriate size of the nursery bags. The response of seedlings of Coffea arabica L. 'Caturra' grown in bags with three sizes (13×15, 15×19 or 18×23 cm) under three doses of fertilization (2, 4 and 6 g plant −1 of fertilizer with 10% N and 50% P 2 O 5 ) was assessed in Duaca, Lara State, Venezuela. The local soil, characterized by its high organic matter content, good fertility and proper permeability, was utilized as substrate. A factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized complete block design with four replications and 10 bags per plot. The highest root and shoot growth of the seedlings (root length, plant height and biomass dry) was obtained in the largest bags. The different doses of fertilization affected the nutritional status of the plant but not its growth, since the substrate apparently provided the necessary nutrients. It is concluded that the largest bags allow sustained growth of the seedlings during the six months in the nursery and that small doses of fertilizer may be sufficient to bring them to completion before their final establishment in the field.

Effect of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate salinities on growth and mineral nutrition of peanut (A. hypooea L.) variety TMV-10 has been studied. Both salts suppressed growth of the plants. The inorganic analysis revealed that NaC1 and Na 2 SO 4 caused accumulation of Na, P, Fe and Mn in root, stem, leaf and gynophore. NaCI treatment caused accumulation of CI in these parts. The uptake of K was hampered by both salts whereas Ca uptake was retarded mainly by Na2SO 4. The results are discussed in relation to the salt tolerance capacity of the plant.

This study aims to improve fertilization management of artichoke in organic farming. Four fertilization program treatments based on compost and compost tea have been experienced: Control Treatment (T0): 100% compost needs are made in solid form before planting (BP);Treatment 1 (T1 ): 50% compost needs are made in solid form BP , 25% are made in solid form at 22 weeks after planting (WAP) and 25% are applied as compost tea sprayed on the leaves weekly for 26 weeks from 12 WAP, Treatment 2 (T2): 50% compost needs are made in solid form BP and 50% in the form of compost tea applied by fertigation weekly for 26 weeks from 12 WAP and Treatment 3 (T3 ): 50% compost needs are made in solid form BP , 25% in the form of compost tea applied as a foliar spray and 25% in the form of compost tea applied by fertigation. T3 provides better plants supplied with nitrogen, higher dry matter content and higher phosphorus potassium and calcium levels that reached 8.8%, 11% and 16% respectively for P, K...

Ancient landscapes, which have not been glaciated in recent times or disturbed by other major catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions, are dominated by nutrient-impoverished soils. If these parts of the world have had a relatively stable climate, due to buffering by oceans, their floras tend to be very biodiverse. This review compares the functional ecophysiological plant traits that dominate in old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILS) with those commonly found in young, frequently disturbed, fertile landscapes (YODFELs). We show that, within the OCBILs of Western Australia, nonmycorrhizal species with specialised root clusters predominantly occur on the most phosphateimpoverished soils, where they co-occur with mycor-rhizal species without such specialised root clusters. In global comparisons, we show that plants in OCBILs, especially in Western Australia, are characterised by very low leaf phosphorus (P) concentrations, very high N:P ratios, and very high LMA values (LMA = leaf mass per unit leaf area). In addition, we show that species in OCBILs are far more likely to show P-toxicity symptoms when exposed to slightly elevated soil P levels when compared with plants in YODFELs. In addition, some species in OCBILs exhibit a remarkable P-resorption proficiency, with some plants in Western Australia achieving leaf P concentrations in recently shed leaves that are lower than ever reported before. We discuss how this knowledge on functional traits can guide us towards sustainable management of ancient landscapes.

The performance of six lettuce cultivars of the American group, under hydroponic system "NFT" was evaluated in Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná State, Brazil. The experiment was performed from June to August 2001, in randomized blocks designed, with four replication and six treatments, constituted by cultivars Lorca, Tainá, Havem, Empire 2000, Lucy Brown and Kaesar. Yield of fresh mass and dry matter of the shoot, concentration and accumulation of macro and micronutrients were evaluated. 'Lorca' and 'Havem' presented larger production of fresh matter. These cultivars presented smaller concentration of Ca and Cu in relation to the others cultivars. The concentration of nutrients in the shoot was not different among cultivars for N, P, K and Mn. For Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn, bigger variation in the concentration was observed. No statistical difference was observed among cultivars for the extraction of N and P, while for the other evaluated nutrients, the cultivars Lorca, Havem and Empire 2000 were superior, being also the ones which produced more fresh and dry matter.

RESUMO -O trabalho objetivou avaliar o estado nutricional, a produção e a composição do mosto de uvas em videiras submetidas a diferentes modos de distribuição de composto orgânico no solo. O experimento foi conduzido em um vinhedo da cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, com plantas enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto 'Paulsen 1103' em um solo Neossolo Litólico, em Bento Gonçalves (RS). Em agosto de 2006, foram implantados os tratamentos (T1) testemunha; (T2) aplicação de composto orgânico na superfície do solo sempre no mesmo lado da linha de plantio; (T3) aplicação de composto em lados alternados da linha de plantio ao longo dos anos; (T4) aplicação de composto em covas sempre do mesmo lado da linha de plantio, e (T5) aplicação de composto em covas em lados alternados na linha de plantio ao longo dos anos. Nas safras os ramos da poda de inverno e o tecido da poda de verão foram secos e determinada a produção de matéria seca. Folhas completas foram coletadas, secas, moídas e submetidas à análise do teor total de N, P, K, Ca e Mg. Na maturação, foi contado o número de cachos e pesados, e, em seguida, bagas foram coletadas e determinados os valores de sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável, ácido tartárico e málico. A distribuição de composto em covas sempre do mesmo lado da linha de plantio ou em lados alternados ao longo dos anos aumentou a quantidade de matéria seca dos ramos podados no inverno, especialmente, nas primeiras safras depois de sua aplicação. A aplicação e o modo de distribuição do composto na superfície do solo ou incorporado, anualmente no mesmo lado da linha de plantio ou alternado entre os lados ao longo dos anos, não afetaram a produção de uva, o estado nutricional e a composição do mosto, e, quando necessário, o composto orgânico deve ser aplicado na superfície do solo sem incorporação, em um mesmo lado da linha de plantio ou alternado entre os lados ao longo dos anos. Termos para indexação: Adubação orgânica, nutrição mineral, qualidade da uva, Vitis vinifera.

The research focused on the benefits of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and their associated deficiency diseases and health complications. Micronutrients are essential elements required by human and other organisms in varying quantities throughout life to coordinate a range of physiological functions for health maintenance. For human nutrition, micronutrients are required in amounts generally below 100 milligrams per day, while macronutrients are required in gram amounts daily. Vitamins and minerals are essential micronutrients. Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in humans, either at all or may be in insufficient amounts, and therefore must be obtained by the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some organisms but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C) and 4 fat soluble (A, D, E, and K). Vitamins A and D can amass in the body, which may result in dange...

Aim: To obtain specific references for the nutritional diagnosis of ten essential nutrients for leaf blade and petiole of ‘red Grenache’ (Vitis vinifera L.).
Methods and results : Leaf blades and petioles from 36 vineyards of ‘red Grenache’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grafted on Richter 110 were collected and analyzed at flowering and veraison between 1992 and 2008. Using the compiled data bank, nutritional references for ten elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B were calculated. Optimal values were those around the central data (μ ± 0.25σ), while excessive and deficient values were those beyond the tails of the distribution (μ ± 0.84σ). Percentile calculation was performed when transformations to normal distributions became unlikely.
Conclusion : References for Sufficiency Ranges (SR) and Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) methods were obtained for those ten nutrients studied. Significance and impact of the study : The proposed ‘red Grenache’ references for leaf blade and petiole contribute to the improvement of the accuracy of ‘red Grenache’ grapevine nutrient diagnosis based on tissue analysis. These references are a guide to assess the nutritional status of ‘red Grenache’ grapevine around the world in general and, with higher accuracy, for the Rioja region and areas with similar vineyard conditions.

A field experiment wasconducted during the rabi season of 2014-15 in GBPU&T, Pantnagar to study the effect of different tillage and precision nutrient management on nutrient content, Nitrogen uptake, energy, economics and yield of wheat. The result revealed that among the tillage practices, there was no significant difference in grain yield but the reduced tillage produced slightly higher grain yield than conventional and zero tillage. Since it incurred a low cost of cultivation besides resulting in a marginal increase in yield attributes and grain yield, it could be preferred over the conventional tillage. The recommended dose of fertilizers recorded the highest grain and straw yield, energy use efficiency, benefit cost ratio and total N uptake more than that of the SSNM and SSNM+ Green seeker based nutrient management, but SSNM saved 37 % nitrogen as compared to the recommended NPK, which shall be helpful in to protect environment. Thus, application of the recommended dose of NPK could be made for realization of the yield potential, but SSNM could be taken as a step to make the present day agriculture eco-friendly. As the results were based on one year data, one more year of experimentation shall be made for further confirmation. Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the important cereal crop in the World and stands next to rice in India. Wheat cover an area of about 31.2 million hectare with total production of 95.9 million tonnes in India. The average national productivity is about 3.08 tonnes per hectare as against the theoretical yield potential of 6.0 tonns per hectare (USDA, 2013-14). Modern agriculture uses substantial amounts of fossil energy in the form of fertilizers, pesticides, and fuel for field operations. The environmental consequences of these agricultural practices include increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) to the atmosphere, from sources both direct (e.g., fuel use during tillage and other field operations) and indirect (e.g., fuel used off-site to produce seeds and agricultural chemicals). Recently, the prospect of biofuel production on a large scale has focused attention on energy efficiencies associated with different agricultural systems and production goals. Generally more and more tillage practices and fertilizer application are required in rice-wheat system, which increases the cost of cultivation and affect the soil health.

Permanent tree crop agriculture and multi-strata agroforestry are among the most promising options for the agricultural use of the mostly nutrient-poor and physically fragile soils of central Amazonia. In general, though, information on the optimum management of local tree crops under these conditions is inadequate. Annatto (Bixa orellana) is a small tree of tropical American origen whose seeds contain a non-toxic, carotenoid dye that is used widely in food and cosmetic products. The authors studied seed yields at ages four to seven years, biomass at seven years, nutrient accumulation and mineral nutrition of annatto trees growing in multi-strata agroforestry with different inputs of fertilizer and lime on a xanthic Ferralsol in central Amazonia. Leaf samples of three age classes were collected four times during one year, and nutrient concentrations were related to soil nutrient status, growth and yield of the trees in order to develop an optimum sampling scheme for foliar analysis. Growth and yields of the trees showed a pronounced response to increased fertilizer and lime input, which seemed to be due mainly to improved availability of phosphorus. Nitrogen fertilizer had no effect and may not be necessary for well-established trees on this soil. High litter quality and substantial nutrient recycling with annual pruning make annatto a valuable component for agroforestry systems. In this experiment, however, yields were low and decreased after the ®fth year, presumably as an effect of infertile soil, shading by larger trees and, possibly, a negative effect of the drastic annual pruning with removal of the entire leaf and small-branch biomass on the vitality of the trees. Annatto is probably best suited for associations with small tree crops. Less drastic pruning treatments than those practiced in this experiment may be preferable.

Sri Lankan iron industry dates far back to the history and it was the origen of the iron metal which used in the production of famous "Damascas Swards". This report reviews on the iron ore deposits of Sri Lanka and proposes a suitable method for the extraction.

In race towards high production and profit from agriculture, the farmers are adopting abnormal production technologies like heavy and injudicious use of chemical fertilizers that have reduced the factor productivity due to negative effect on soil fertility status. Therefore, it's an urgent need to optimize the integrated nutrient management in different crops including baby corn. The present study was thus carried out during Kharif season 2015 at the Instructional Dairy Farm (IDF), Nagla, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand to study soil nutrient status under the effect of integrated nutrient management. The experimental design was Randomized Block Design with 11 treatments consisting of sole application of NPK fertilizer, sole application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum, and application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum along with NPK fertilizer. The different integrated nutrient management practices had significantly equal organic carbon, however the highest value was recorded at application of 100% NPK and 100% NPK+Azot+Azos. Significantly highest available N and K content was recorded at 100% NPK+Azot+Azos whereas available P was recorded significantly highest at 75% NPK+Azot+Azos in soil after crop harvest. Higher apparent nitrogen and potassium balance was recorded at 100% NPK+Azot+Azos while apparent phosphorus balance was found highest at application of 75% NPK+Azot+Azos. Application of biofertilizers also had better apparent nutrient balance than alone application of chemical fertilizers. The bacterial population differed significantly by different integrated nutrient management practices. The highest bacterial population was recorded at 100% NPK+Azot+Azos followed by 75% NPK+Azot+Azos but both remained non-significant with each other. INM thus showed positive effect on soil chemical and biological properties, and so maintained positive nutrient balance in soil.

Although silicon is not considered an essential element; plant development, growth and yield has been increased in many graminaceous and some nongraminaceous crop species. Silicon also is known to reduce plant diseases especially in rice. Silicon fertilization has become a routine practice in Florida rice production. The information within provides an overview on the history of silicon in Florida, application of silicon and disease suppression by silicon and its interaction with fungicides and rice genotypes. Although the focus is on rice and organic soils, this information should be of interest to those working on other grass crops on organic soils as well as rice production on weathered, low-silicon mineral soils. An outlook and future research needs also arc presented. 0

The analysis of some phytochemicals and minerals were performed using aqueous stem bark extract of Albizia lebbeck obtained from Gano town of Wudil Local Government Area, Kano-Nigeria. The research work was undertaken to identify and quantify phytochemicals such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, alkaloids; and minerals such as magnesium, iron, calcium, zinc and potassium found in the aqueous stem bark extract of the plant. The result of the phytochemical screening indicated that the stem bark extract contains tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and alkaloids with concentrations 71.00±0.02, 24.30±0.11 36.60±0.14, 19.20±0.10 and 00.00±0.00mg/g respectively. The quantitative mineral analysis revealed that the stem bark extract contains magnesium (160.00mg/kg), iron (20.37mg/kg), calcium (300.00mg/kg), zinc (14.58mg/kg) and potassium (304.35mg/kg). Therefore, these findings are indicative of the phytochemical abundance of Albizia lebbeck extract as well as a rich source of essential mineral elements which could be exploited for both pharmacological and health benefits.

Cacao, one of the world's most important perennial crops, is almost exclusively explored for chocolate manufacturing. Most cacao varieties belong to three groups: Criollo, Forastero and Trinitario that vary according to morphology, genetic and geographical origens. It is cropped under the shade of forest trees or as a monocrop without shade. Seedlings initially show an orthotropic growth with leaf emission relatively independent of climate. The maturity phase begins with the emission of plagiotropic branches that form the tree crown. At this stage environmental factors exert a large influence on plant development. Growth and development of cacao are highly dependent on temperature, which mainly affects vegetative growth, flowering and fruit development. Soil flooding decreases leaf area, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates in addition to inducing formation of lenticels and adventitious roots. For most genotypes drought resistance is associated with osmotic adjustment. Cacao produces caulescent flowers, which begin dehiscing in late afternoon and are completely open at the beginning of the following morning releasing pollen to a receptive stigma. Non pollinated flowers abscise 24-36 h after anthesis. The percentage of flowers setting pods is in the range 0.5 -5%. The most important parameters determinants of yield are related to: (i) light interception, photosynthesis and capacity of photoassimilate distribution, (ii) maintenance respiration and (iii) pod morphology and seed fermentation, events that can be modified by abiotic factors. Cacao is a shade tolerant species, in which appropriate shading leads to relatively high photosynthetic rates, growth and seed yield. However, heavy shade reduces seed yield and increases incidence of diseases; in fact, cacao yields and light interception are tightly related when nutrient availability is not limiting. High production of non-shaded cacao requires high inputs in protection and nutrition of the crop. Annual radiation and rainfall during the dry season explains 70% of the variations in annual seed yields.

Geese for slaughter and wild geese as a source of selected mineral elements in a diet. AbstrAct To source geese for slaughter and commercial sale, domesticated geese (Anser anser domesticus) of various breeds and varieties are used all over the world. Moreover, the meat of wild geese, for instance, Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) or Canada goose (Branta canadensis), is also consumed in some parts of the globe. So far, the research conducted on geese for slaughter has focused on their slaughter efficiency, carcass composition, histochemical composition of muscle fibres, and its chemical composition or sensory characteristics. Research concerning wild geese is concentrated on the content of pollutants in their meat, and not on its mineral elements. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to make an analysis of the existing local and international literature from 1986 until 2017 concerning the content of mineral elements in raw and culinarily and thermally processed meat of geese for slaughter and wild geese. On the basis of the existing literature, it has been calculated that for people aged 10 and over an occasional consumption of 100 g of cooked or roasted goose meet (skinless) significantly covers the Recommended Dietary Allowances or Adequate Intake of Se, P, Zn, Cu and Fe, and to a smaller extent , of K, Na Mg, Ca and Mn. Culinarily and thermally processed breast muscle fibres (100 g) are a better choice to provide P, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe and Cu, while K, Zn and Mn are found in the leg muscle fibres. The meat of wild geese, culinarily and thermally processed, will provide more Fe, Zn, Cu and Ca than meat of geese for slaughter. The findings reported in the literature were not methodologically complete. Considering the changes that have taken in the last thirty years in the intensity of agricultural production, progress in stock raising, breeding and feeding geese, feed supplementation, and an increased interest in goose meat, it is evident that conducting new research concerning mineral content and/or updating the previous research findings is necessary .

The present study was designed to study the effect of light intensity, mineral fertilizer rates of NPK (19:19:19) at 0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g / pot and their combined effect on growth, flowering and chemical composition of leaves and rhizomes of Cyperus papyrus, L. plants. The experiment was carried out during 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at Antoniades Research Branch Hort. Res., Instit. Alex., Egypt. The results indicated that planting Cyperus papyrus,L. under shading condition with light intensity of 450-500 lux significantly reduced vegetative growth and inhibited flowering with little effect for fertilizer rates on vegetative growth and chemical composition of leaves and rhizomes. On the other hand, planting Cyperus papyrus, L. under full sun light condition (open field) with applying 2 g/ pot mineral NPK monthly during the growing season, improved vegetative growth and flowering parameters ( plant height, number of stems per rhizome, stem length, total stem fresh weight, leaf length and width, total leaf fresh weight/ rhizome , number of days to flowering , number of spiklets per inflorescence, inflorescence fresh weight and leaf and rhizome chemical composition parameters ( total chlorophylls content, total carbohydrates content, N, P and K contents). In general, full sun light condition and fertilizing the plants with 2 g / pot mineral N,P and K

An assessment of the urban forestry status in the mining town of Bindura was carried out to determine the diversity, composition and distribution of plant species. The town was stratified into residential, town centre and industrial areas. The residential area was sub-zoned into low, medium and high-density suburbs; the town centre into the Central Business District (CBD) and town fringes and the industrial area into light and heavy industrial sites. In each stratum, 3 sample plots of size 100x100 m quadrants were established randomly on a base map prior to ground truthing. In all strata, each sub-stratum was allocated a single quadrant except for the town fringes and the heavy industry, which had two each. Plants in each quadrant were totally enumerated. Data were analysed using SPSS 10, for Windows 1996 by subjecting plant population and vegetation diversity to one-way ANOVA. Results indicated preference for exotic fruit trees in the residential areas and exotic ornamentals in the town centre and industrial sites. The study concluded that there is a bias towards exotic species even though they are suitably planted in each stratum.

The genus Vitex includes many species from tropical and also from temperate areas. Among these species, Vitex negundo possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antihistamine and anti-asthmatic properties. In the present study, analysis of crude fiber and estimation of certain minerals like calcium, iron, vitamin C and phosphorous were carried out on tender, mature and dry leaves of Vitex negundo (Karunochi). The results of the nutrient estimation indicates that dry leaves of Vitex negundo is an excellent source of calcium (15.214g), phosphorous (1.870 g), iron (16.48 mg), vitamin C (21.4 mg) and fiber (14.6 gm) when compared to tender and mature leaves.

European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream(Sparus aurata) are amongst the most important finfish speciescultured in the Mediterranean region. Production of these species isnowadays a well-controlled process, but knowledge of their nutritionalrequirements is still very limited. Nevertheless, a considerable amountof data has been accumulated in recent years, and the purpose of thispaper is to review the recent advances on the nutritional requirementsof sea bass and sea bream. The optimum protein to energy ratio of thediets of sea bass and sea bream seem to be higher than for salmonids,and there is some evidence that high dietary lipid levels have nobeneficial effects on fish performances. Although the essential aminoacid requirements were estimated by the ideal protein method, data basedon the dose-response method is only available for a few amino acids.Essential fatty acid requirements were estimated for sea bream juvenilesbut data is lacking for sea bass. Vitamin and mineral requirements ofthese species are practically unknown. Although the importance ofbroodstock nutrition on gonadal development, spawning and egg quality isrecognized, few studies were done to elucidate these aspects. The recentdevelopment of microparticulate diets for larvae will contribute to theaccurate evaluation of their nutritional requirements.

Animal protein intake of Nigerians is generally low leading to acute Malnutrition amongst the poor. Supply of animal protein cannot meet up with the increase in the population hence the high cost of same.                       
The conventional sources of animal protein to the people are cattle goat, sheep, pig, and poultry and fish e.t.c. There are however other sources which are yet to be tapped but have great potentials for development.                       
Snail meat is one of such. Snail meat which is very nutritious can be a viable supplement to the protein requirements for most people. Due to the ignorance snails Farming techniques unknown to the locals, Snails are still collected mainly from the wild; thick forest of the country. It has therefore become necessary to domesticate snails and organize snail Farming into a viable enterprise that has the potentials of supplementing the protein need for us and also for an alternative source of income in the long run.

Makanan sebagai sumber protein, karbohidrat, lemak, vitamin, dan mineral sangat diperlukan bagi kesehatan fisik, pertumbuhan, dan mengatur proses metabolisme. Makanan yang berkualitas, aman dan menarik dapat diperoleh melalui perlakuan yang tepat pada setiap tahapan produksi, mulai dari persiapan, pengolahan, penyimpanan, pemasaran dan penggunaannya. Makanan yang tidak aman jika dikonsumsi dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan bahkan berakibat pada kematian (Suryana, 1994, dalam Sundari, 2013). Undang-undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1996 menyatakan bahwa kualitas pangan yang dikonsumsi harus memenuhi beberapa kriteria, diantaranya adalah aman, bergizi, bermutu, dan dapat dijangkau oleh daya beli masyarakat. Aman maksudnya mencakup bebas dari cemaran biologis, mikrobiologi, kimia, logam berat, dan cemaran lain yang dapat mengganggu, merugikan dan membahayakan kesehatan manusia (Mudjajanto, 2014). Dalam Islam dikenal dengan istilah makanan halalan thayyiban. Makanan halalan (halal) yaitu makanan yang tidak diharamkan, dan tidak menyalahi hukum syari`at Islam untuk dikonsumsi sesuai Al-Qur'an dan sunnah nabi. Makanan yang baik atau dalam istilah agama thayyiban yaitu baik dari sudut pemenuhan kebutuhan gizi bagi tubuh, pengolahan makanan baik, dan bahan campuran yang baik. Saat ini, Industri pangan di Indonesia telah berkembang dengan pesat, ditandai dengan munculnya industri kecil dan industri rumah tangga yang 1

Pjesë përbërëse e sipërfaqes së Tokës është edhe UJI. Pikërisht sasia e madhe e tij është arsyeja që na bën ta quajmë Tokën " Planeti i kaltër". Megjithatë, pjesa më e madhe e rezervave të ujit u përket oqeaneve dhe deteve dhe vetëm 0, 6% e sasisë së përgjithshme të ujërave është e përshtatshme për t' u pirë.

Hipertensi atau tekanan darah tinggi sering disebut sebagai pembunuh gelap atau silent killer. Salah satu faktor penyebab hipertensi di antaranya adalah tingginya asupan natrium, rendahnya asupan kalium, dan rasio asupan natrium : kalium > 1. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keeratan hubungan antara asupan natrium, asupan kalium, dan rasio asupan natrium : kalium dengan tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan sampel 37 orang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan Purposive Sampling. Data asupan natrium, asupan kalium, dan rasio asupan natrium : kalium responden diperoleh dari wawancara dengan SFFQ. Data tekanan darah diperoleh dari hasil pengukuran menggunakan Sphygmomanometer. Analisa bivariat menggunakan korelasi Pearson dan Spearman. Hasil penelitian diperoleh rata-rata tekanan darah sampel yaitu 136/85 mmHg, rata-rata asupan natrium 2432.1 mg/hari, rata-rata asupan kalium 1472.1 mg/hari, dan rata-rata rasio asupan natrium : kalium 2.2 / hari. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik didapatkan bahwa keeratan hubungan yang kecil antara asupan natrium dengan tekanan darah sistolik  (p = 0.114, r = -0.203 ) dan tekanan darah diastolik (p = 0.055, r = -0.267), antara asupan kalium dengan tekanan darah sistolik (p = 0.451, r = 0.021) dan tekanan darah diastolik (p = 0.447, r = -0.023), serta antara rasio asupan natrium : kalium dengan tekanan darah sistolik (p = 0.435, r = -0.028) dan tekanan darah diastolik (p = 0.308, r = -0.085). Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai hubungan asupan natrium, asupan kalium, dan rasio asupan natrium : kalium dengan tekanan darah dengan memperhatikan faktor-faktor lain seperti konsumsi alkohol, stress, dan aktifitas fisik.

La epigenética estudia los procesos de expresión géni- ca que no requieren de la modificación de la secuencia de  AdN, es decir, se ocupa de las diferentes trayectorias que un genotipo puede tomar a lo largo del desarrollo del organismo. Estos mecanismos están implicados en procesos biológicos básicos como la diferenciación celular o la selección sexual, en el desarrollo de enfermedades complejas como el síndrome de Rett y en trastornos psiquiátricos como la esquizofrenia y la depresión, entre otros. Los estudios epigenéticos están proporcionando evidencias de que los eventos ambientales y los factores psicosociales pueden modificar el epigenoma.

Telur memiliki kandungan protein yang cukup tinggi dengan susunan asam-asam amino lengkap. Telur dikonsomsi secara luas di masyarakat, oleh karena telur mudah diperoleh dan harga pasarannya relatif terjangkau. Namun, telur memiliki kelemahan disebabkan telur mudah rusak dan memiliki masa simpan yang pendek. Berbagai upaya pengawetan dilakukan untuk memperpanjang masa simpan telur. Metode yang paling banyak dijumpai adalah melalui proses pengasinan atau penggaraman. Dalam proses pengasinan, telur ditambahkan adonan garam dengan berbagai konsentrasi. Penambahan garam dapat menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan kadar garam NaCl dalam telur. Selain itu, interaksi garam dengan protein menyebabkan koagulasi pada isi telur dan secara nyata menurunkan kadar protein yang terkandung pada telur.
Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perubahan kandungan protein dan kadar garam NaCl pada proses pengolahan hingga periode penyimpanan telur asin. Perubahan yang terjadi dikaitkan dengan pengaruh konsentrasi garam yang berbeda dalam proses pengolahan dan lama masa simpan telur asin setelah proses pengasinan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen dengan desain one group pretest-posttest design. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga formulasi telur asin dengan masa simpan masing-masing formula selama 3 hari, 5 hari, dan 7 hari. Penelitian dilakukan pada lima tahap analisis kandungan protein dan kadar garam NaCl secara duplo.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proses pengolahan dan penyimpanan menyebabkan penurunan kadar protein Pada formula A 25,58%, Formula B 30,62%, dan Formula C 28,04%. Sementara kadar garam NaCl pada tiap formula mengalami peningkatan. Pada Formula A meningkat 2,23%, Formula B 2,27%, dan Formula C meningkat hingga 2,65%. Formula A pada masa simpan 3 hari merupakan formula yang paling rendah tingkat denaturasi proteinnya dan kadar garam NaCl-nya relatif masih terkendali.
Penelitian ini merekomendasikan kepada masyarakat agar mengolah telur asin dengan konsentrasi garam 100 gram dengan masa simpan yang tidak terlalu lama. Selain itu, diharapkan kepada praktisi kesehatan atau peneliti yang lain agar menciptakan inovasi baru dalam proses pengolahan telur asin yang dapat mempertahankan dan mengontrol kandungan zat gizi serta meminimalisir kontaminasi mikroba.

Makanan merupakan kebutuhan pokok bagi setiap manusia, karena mengandung zat-zat yang dibutuhkan oleh manusia dalam melangsungkan hidup. Air merupakan senyawa yang terdapat pada hampir semua jenis makanan. Jumlah air yang terkandung didalam pangan disebut kadar air. Selain mengandung air, dalam makanan juga terdapat senyawa anorganik atau mineral yang sangat dibutuhkan manusia seperti zat besi, kalsium, iodin, fosfor, dan lain-lain. Kandungan senyawa anorganik ini disebut kadar abu. Kadar abu berpengaruh terhadap mutu suatu bahan pangan, jika mengandung banyak kadar abu maka bahan pangan tersebut tidak baik untuk dikonsumsi bagi tubuh. Setiap bahan pangan harus diteliti terlebih dahulu sebelum dikonsumsi untuk tubuh. Abu adalah residu anorganik dari proses pembakaran atau oksidasi komponen organik bahan pangan. Kadar abu total adalah bagian dari analisis proksimat yang bertujuan untuk mengevalusi nilai gizi suatu produk/bahan pangan terutama total mineral. Kadar abu dari suatu bahan menunjukkan total mineral yang terkandung dalam bahan tersebut (Aprilianto, 1988). Mineral itu sendiri terbagi menjadi 4, yaitu:

Penentuan kadar lemak adalah mengoksidasikan senyawa organik pada suhu  105°C dan melakukan penimbangan zat yang tersisa setelah proses pembakaran tersebut. Praktikum ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis proksimat yaitu penetapan kadar lemak dalam berbagai sampel. Praktikum ini menggunakan metode Soxhlet (AOAC 2005). metode Soxhlet (AOAC 2005) adalah metode analisis kadar lemak dengan menggunakan suhu 105°C selama 30  menit sampai berat konstan. Data dianalisis menggunakan perhitungan sederhana, berat lemak didapatkan dari selisih labu lemak sebelum dan sesudah ekstraksi dibagi dengan berat sampel. Persentase kadar lemak pada biskuit A2 pengulangan 1 adalah 6.85 % sedangkan kadar lemak pada biskuit A2 pengulangan 2 adalah 6.24 %.  Nilai yang diperoleh tersebut lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan persentase kadar lemak  biskuit yang ditetapkan oleh Nutrition Fact.

World population is growing at an alarming rate and is anticipated to reach about six billion by the end of year 2050. On the other hand, agricultural productivity is not increasing at a required rate to keep up with the food demand. The reasons for this are water shortages, depleting soil fertility and mainly various abiotic stresses. The fast pace at which developments and novel findings that are recently taking place in the cutting edge areas of molecular biology and basic genetics, have reinforced and augmented the efficiency of science outputs in dealing with plant abiotic stresses. In depth understanding of the stresses and their effects on plants is of paramount importance to evolve effective strategies to counter them. This book is broadly dived into sections on the stresses, their mechanisms and tolerance, genetics and adaptation, and focuses on the mechanic aspects in addition to touching some adaptation features. The chief objective of the book hence is to deliver state of the art information for comprehending the nature of abiotic stress in plants. We attempted here to present a judicious mixture of outlooks in order to interest workers in all areas of plant sciences.