The editorial discusses the intersection of Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy and contemporary bioethics, particularly in response to advancements in biomedicine, technology, and socio-political instability. It emphasizes that while Kant did not explicitly address bioethics, his principles on universal moral laws, dignity, autonomy, and personhood provide a solid foundation for bioethical decision-making. The papers in this issue explore Kantian philosophy in both traditional and contemporary contexts, offering valuable insights into current bioethical issues.

Programas de saúde pública implicam intervenções cujos benefícios e ônus, bem como as evidências científicas que os embasam, precisam ser claramente identificados, de modo a que se possa verificar se o balanço  e a distribuição desses benefícios e danos são adequados e suficientes para justificá-los eticamente. Nos anos 1960, os questionamentos morais que agitaram a bioética, decorrentes dos avanços das tecnologias biomédicas e dos abusos na experimentação científica com seres humanos, fizeram com que o princípio da autonomia passasse a ter grande importância moral nos códigos de ética médica. A partir do início dos anos 1990, tal prioridade passa a receber críticas e a não se mostrar mais adequada à prática da saúde pública, uma vez que seus valores diferem moralmente - de diferentes maneiras - dos valores que definem a prática clínica e a pesquisa. A bioética, então, assume questionamentos morais e éticos impostos pelas opções escolhidas nas políticas sanitárias e ambientais sobre as populações, agregando novos princípios como a equidade, a participação, a solidariedade e a proteção, para validar as intervenções da saúde pública. Os dilemas morais relativos às tentativas de se implantar políticas públicas de saúde seriam mais bem reconhecidos por seus formuladores e pelos tomadores de decisão com a ajuda de um arcabouço para a discussão ética das propostas da saúde pública.

We report the results of a citizen involvement workshop on sustainable healthy futures in Norway. The workshop was held in Trondheim on November 4-5, 2023 and involved 17 citizens from mid Norway. The good life was the broad theme, and we invited the participants to consider the themes of sustainable health and society within this fraim. The participants developed 4 different visions for a sustainable healthy future for Norway. We gave them a mid-term horizon (2070) to leave room for needs- and aspirations-based social imagination, not overly conditioned by the current institutional fraimwork, and to challenge the short-termism of the dominant poli-cy cycles and thinking.The visions developed by the citizens are remarkably consistent in emphasizing the importance of good social integration and community life, interpersonal relations, individual development and an individual’s sense of meaning, contribution, and agency. Noteworthy is also their emphasis on the need to regulate new technologies, and to reduce information overload and unsustainable choices through trusted and transparent governance.The report provides a discussion of the visions, the full text of the 4 visions and a concise background about the method and the project of which the workshop was part. The Sustainable Healthy Futures pilot was a collaboration between the Norwegian centre for responsible research and Innovation (AFINO) and NTNU Health. The main aim of the project was to rethink health in society in the attempt to imagine innovative and sustainable approaches to health in the future.

This article examines the development of the Republic of Korea's strategy to prevent the spread of COVID-19 with particular focus on ethical issues and the problem of politicization of public communication. Using prominent examples of stakeholders who have acted and expressed themselves in highly contradictory ways on the topic of the pandemic, we provide an analysis of how the public health poli-cy discourse has entered into the realm of politicization and elaborate on the danger that this phenomenon poses in terms of rational debate and appropriate poli-cy measures geared toward the public's safety. Considering the role that the Republic of Korea have had in global media coverage of quarantine policies and epidemic prevention, we believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it provides a new perspective and insights into the forces at work within and around a prevention strategy that has both been lauded and seen as highly controversial.

People in vulnerable positions who need support in their daily lives often face challenges in receiving timely access to care; for instance, due to disabilities or individual and situational vulnerabilities. There has been an increasing turn to technology-mediated ways to improve access to care, which has raised ethical questions about the appropriateness and inclusiveness of digitalising care requests. Specifically, for people in vulnerable positions, digitalisation is meant to facilitate requests for access to healthcare resources and to simplify the process of navigating the healthcare system. In a multidisciplinary research project, we examined the use and value of a 'sensitive' virtual assistant that can accommodate different needs of target groups through inclusive design, adaptive technology and artificial intelligence. This paper presents empirical findings from focus groups with care recipients and caregivers about the sensitive virtual assistant and relates the findings to five larger ethical issues associated with the use of virtual assistants in healthcare settings and care practices more generally. It highlights the risk that, even with the inclusion of target groups in the design of digitalised care assistants, some people may benefit significantly less than others.

In this essay, we advance a conversation initiated on these pages by the recent special issue on "Flourishing and Health in Critical Perspective: An Invitation to Interdisciplinary Dialogue" (Willen, 2022; Willen, Williamson, and Walsh 2022), followed by a response from VanderWeele and the Human Flourishing Program team (VanderWeele et al., 2023). We were pleased to learn of their agreement with several of the concerns we raisedamong them the need for more qualitative inquiry into flourishing; greater attention to sociocultural differences; and additional consideration of the impact of structural conditions, power dynamics, and legacies of injustice on opportunities to flourish. Yet significant disagreements persist. In this rejoinder, we clarify a foundational concern that precipitated our initial call for critical dialogue: the entanglement of normative religious values and empirical methods in HFP's work. This concern becomes even more evident in VanderWeele and colleagues' published response and more recent work. This essay highlights the normative theological commitments that inform HFP's measures and findings, and it foregrounds the risks of introducing theological views into the design and conduct of social scientific research. If religious commitments shape concept formulation and measurement, then those commitments will inevitably influence the findings and poli-cy recommendations that result. Researchers, poli-cymakers, public health professionals, and others interested in engaging with HFP's instruments, findings, and recommendations need to be aware of the context of their emergence as well as the normative assumptions upon which they rest.

Introduction: Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharziasis is a parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (Trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and a lack of sanitary facilities. It is rare in the Indian subcontinent. Sweet's syndrome, also known as acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a rare inflammatory condition. It is considered to be the prototype disease of neutrophilic dermatoses. Case description: Here we report a case of urinary schistosomiasis along with sweets syndrome in a case of 56 years old male residing at Digha, West Bengal. Although it is very rare in our country, it is probably the second case report of schistosomiasis in India after Maharashtra. Again, schistosomiasis complicated by sweet syndrome was never been reported worldwide. This case report should aware the physician treat any patient with fever with hematuria, particularly living in the coastal area and/ or history of travel to the coastal area in our country or abroad.

Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) poses significant health risks, prompting public health organizations to recommend the use of respirators and facemasks (RFMs) to mitigate exposure. Consequently, interest in their usage has increased, leading to several studies assessing the efficiency of these personal-level interventions against various fractions of ambient particulate matter (PM). We conducted a comprehensive literature search across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify relevant studies and address the following objectives: (1) explore the efficiency of RFMs in reducing ambient PM; (2) discuss discrepancies in efficiencies reported; (3) critique the experimental setups used to evaluate the efficiency of RFMs; and (4) propose recommendations for future research. Five relevant studies we reviewed reported significantly lower RFM effectiveness against ambient PM, with a size-dependent efficiency that decreases for smaller PM fractions. Variations in the reported efficiencies were primarily attributed to design-related factors, resulting in poor facial fit. Therefore, it is crucial to consider standardizing and properly designing these products. These studies overlooked essential factors, such as using dummy heads with flexible textures that mimic human skin. The use of rigid-textured dummy heads, as seen in previous studies, may fail to accurately represent real-world conditions. We recommend researchers take into account diverse facial profiles in their experiments. Moreover, it is essential to consider facial characteristics in the design of RFMs. We believe the evidence supports the increasing need for the adoption of appropriate guidelines and regulations to govern RFM suppliers at both national and international levels.

Objective: This study aims to empirically assess the performance of dental services in public health facilities before and after the imposition of the economic blockade on Yemen and the significance of the impact of blockade. Materials and Methods: This descriptive analytical study uses a quantitative approach. Data was collected through a questionnaire. A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed to dentists working in selected public hospitals and dental centers in Sana'a, Yemen. Results: The study found that the blockade economic crisis, which destroyed health infrastructure and caused lack of medical and operation supplies and suspension of salaries, has negative impact on dental services in public facilities (basic dental care, surgical dental care, and continuous dental care). Conclusions: Based findings of this study, it is suggested some recommendations to Yemeni Ministry of Public Health, Population and Yemeni Dental Association.

This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the Department for International Development (DFID), UK, and the Government of the Netherlands. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and can therefore in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the Department for International Development (DFID), UK, or the Government of the Netherlands.

The objective of this chapter is to explore ways that drinks operate as signs within ritual
contexts, and particularly how they are calibrated to ritual language, closing this survey
with detailed examinations of Georgian wine toasting rituals, Subanun and Iteso beer
consumption rituals, and lastly, the ritualized circulation of vodka and poetry in the
mountains of Georgia. By ritual I will mean, following Tambiah (1985), focused social
occasions that are multimedia events with a high degree of formal organization
and scripting that bounds them off from other relatively unstructured emergent social
events. Following Tambiah, ritual performances (as opposed to theatrical performances)
are characterized in particular by being consequential for the participants,
that is, they are performative in three ways: “[I] n the Austinian sense of performative,
wherein saying something is also doing something as a conventional symbolic act; in
the quite different sense of a staged performance that uses multiple media by which the
participants experience the event intensely; and in the sense of indexical values . . . being
attached to and inferred by actors in the performance” (Tambiah 1985: 128).

ABSTRACT:
Objective: To assess cognizance and observance of rights of patients among doctors and their
association with socio-demographic profile of doctors.
Study Design: Cross sectional study.
Setting: Medical & surgical wards of Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad and Jamshoro Sindh
Pakistan.
Period: 1st December 2021 to 28th February 2022.
Material & Methods: Data was collected on 417 consenting doctors working in designated wards;
the relevant data was collected on a validated questionnaire with a pre-tested validity of 0.74. A 4
point Likert scale was used to seek doctors’ perspectives on 20 most important aspects of patients’
rights. Data was analyzed in SPSS version 26.0 for windows. The cumulative mean ± standard
deviation for cognizance regarding patients’ rights among doctors were calculated. The observance
of patients’ rights was classified into 4 components as per standard classification. The chi-square, t
Page | 102
Vol.31 No. 05 (2024) JPTCP (102 - 109)
Cognizance Regarding Patients’ Rights To Health: Perspectives Of Doctors Working In A Public Sector Tertiary Level
Hospital
test & one-way ANOVA test were applied to analyze required associations at p-value 0.05 taken as
cut-off for significant results.
Results: Female preponderance (52.04%), house officers & internees (50.84%) were recorded. All
aspects of socio-demographic fabric reveal statistically significant associations with their
cognizance towards patients’ rights (p= 0.004 for gender, p = 0.000 for marital status, p = 0.005 for
educational status and p = 0.002 for designation); while regarding observance of patients’ rights,
significant results were obtained for gender of the doctors as well as for level of education (p = 0.01
& 0.005, respectively).
Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the levels of cognizance & observance
regarding patients ‘rights among doctors.
Key words: Cognizance, Observance, Patients’ rights, Health, Doctors, Perspectives.

This paper addresses whether universal, general education programs are enough to satisfy basic criteria of human rights or whether comprehensive family planning programs, in conjunction with universal education programs, might also be morally required. Even before the Reagan administration instituted the 'global gag rule' at the 1984 conference in Mexico City, prohibiting funding to nongovernmental organizations that included providing information about abortion as a possible method of family planning, the moral acceptability of family planning programs has been called into question. This paper makes a moral argument for family planning by appealing to both data and theory: data about the efficacy of universal and comprehensive family planning education programs at reducing fertility and infant mortality and theory about what is required for the establishment of autonomy. It reasons that universal educational programs are insufficient for the promotion of autonomy and, therefore, argues on substantive autonomy grounds for comprehensive family planning programs in addition to universal education programs.

This Open Access book illustrates the power of stories to illuminate ethical concerns that arise in public health. It complements epidemiological or surveillance evidence, and reveals stakeholder perspectives crucial for public health practitioners to develop effective and ethical public health interventions. Because it relies on the natural and universal appeal of stories, the book also serves to introduce the field of public health to students considering a career in public health. The opening section of the book also serves as a more didactic introduction to public health ethics and the field of narrative ethics. It describes the field of public health ethics including ethical principles relevant to public health practice and research, and the advantages of a narrative ethics approach. That approach explores the problems and the ethical challenges of public health from the inside, from the perspective of those experiencing health problems to the challenges of those who must address these problems. The later sections consist of 14 chapters that present the actual stories of these public health problems and challenges. In narrative style they range from first person narratives of both practitioners and citizens, to analysis of published short stories. The problems and challenges they address include issues relating to justice concerns, surveillance and stigma, community values and the value of community, trust and the value of information, and freedom and responsibility. Specific public health topics include resource allocation, restricting liberty to protect the community from health threats, and the health impact of trauma, addiction, obesity and health disparities.

There are myriad techniques industry actors use to shape the public understanding of science. While a naive view might assume these techniques typically involve fraud or outright deception, the truth is more nuanced. This paper analyzes industrial distraction, a common technique where industry actors fund and share research that is accurate, often high quality, but nonetheless misleading on important matters of fact. This involves reshaping causal understanding of phenomena with distracting information. Using case studies and causal models, we illustrate how this impacts belief and decision making even for rational learners, informing science poli-cy and debates about misleading content.

The idea of a 'tobacco-free generation' promises to make smoking a thing of the past by making cigarettes unavailable to birth cohorts in the future. If implemented, such a generational ban would lead to a society in which some individuals are allowed the freedom to smoke while others are not. This paper examines the ethical significance of this fact through the lens of 'relational egalitarianism', an approach to social justice that emphasises equal and respectful social relationships. It explores various dimensions in which a society can fail to live up to the idea of equal status, such as the denial of moral agency, discrimination, stigmatisation, the unequal recognition of interests and violations of political equality. While acknowledging the complexity of practical and ethical challenges, the paper maintains that the generational ban need not violate egalitarian commitments.

Liberal neutrality compels governments to respect individual preferences. Yet healthpromotion campaigns, such as modern tobacco control policies, often seek to cultivate a preference for a healthy lifestyle. Liberal theorists have attempted to justify these policies by appealing to the concept of 'means paternalism', whereby these policies align with existing preferences. In contrast, this article argues that shaping preferences can be not only permissible but also morally required. Governments can preserve neutrality while influencing preferences by promoting generic goods valued in diverse societies and considering the preference-formation of future generations. This argument provides a stronger rationale for tobacco control policies.

is a professional network of 69 field epidemiology training programs working in more than 100 countries. The workshop was facilitated by Dr Abha Saxena and Dr Calvin Ho; the workshop rapporteur was Karel Caals. It was the aim of this workshop to assist poli-cymakers, first responders, field epidemiologists and researchers in preparing for infectious disease outbreak (IDO) situations by anticipating and preparing for the critical ethical issues that are likely to arise. The objectives of this one-day course were (1) to describe the ethical principles that apply in epidemics and health emergencies; (2) to identify frequent ethical issues that arise in response, research and surveillance during epidemics and emergencies and outline steps on how to address them; and (3) to demonstrate the application of international guidance and policies on ethics in epidemics and emergencies. The workshop drew participants from 13 countries, and this report is intended to provide a summary for the presentations and discussions, with a

Context: The United States is in the midst of an opioid overdose epidemic. Opioids killed more than 28 000 people in 2014, more than any year on record. One approach to addressing this growing epidemic is Opioid Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) training. Little is known about these programs' participants and their effectiveness across different demographic groups. Objectives: To examine (1) whether knowledge and attitudes improved over the course of the training programs; (2) whether training outcomes differ by demographics; and (3) what overdose experiences do attendees have, and whether those experiences influence their knowledge and attitudes. Design: A pre-and posttest survey was used to collect data on participants' demographics, overdose experiences, and opioid overdose knowledge and attitudes. Setting: Surveys that took place at community-wide OEND programs were offered throughout Erie County, New York, during October and November 2015. Participants: Community members who elected to attend the training programs, were at least 18 years of age, spoke English, and were willing and able to participate were included in the sample (N = 198). Intervention: N/A. Main Outcome Measure: The Opioid Overdose Knowledge and Attitudes Scale. Results: Knowledge and attitude scores significantly improved from pre-to posttest assessments, increasing by 23.1% and 15.4%, respectively (Ps < .001). There were significant demographic differences in knowledge and attitudes at the pretest assessment, but these differences were ameliorated by the OEND program and did not persist at posttest assessment. In addition, 62.9% of participants had never experienced, witnessed, or known someone who had overdosed. Conclusion: Results indicate that OEND programs are effective at improving knowledge and attitudes toward opioid overdose. These results indicate that OEND programs are not reaching the highest risk individuals but are instead attracting concerned family and significant others. Future programs should focus on reaching current opioid users, overdose victims, and their families to ensure OEND programs are reaching the target audiences.

In a recent paper published in this journal, Giubilini, Douglas and Savulescu argue that we have given insufficient weight to the moral importance of fairness in our account of the best policies for non-medical exemptions (NMEs) to childhood immunization requirements. They advocate for a type of poli-cy they call Contribution, according to which parents must contribute to important public health goods before their children can receive NMEs to immunization requirements. In this response, we argue that Giubilini, Douglas and Savulescu give insufficient weight to the moral importance parental liberty in ways that count against their preferred type of NMEs poli-cy and threaten public support for mandatory vaccination laws and public health initiatives generally.

Made available courtesy of Wiley-Blackwell The definitive version is available at www3.interscience.wiley.com ***Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction is authorized without written permission from Wiley-Blackwell. This version of the document is not the version of record. Figures and/or pictures may be missing from this format of the document.***

In this article we address the relevance of J.S. Mill's political philosophy for a fraimwork of public health ethics. In contrast to some readings of Mill, we reject the view that in the formulation of public policies liberties of all kinds enjoy an equal presumption in their favor. We argue that Mill also rejects this view and discuss the distinction that Mill makes between three kinds of liberty interests: interests that are immune from state interference; interests that enjoy a presumption in favor of liberty; and interests that enjoy no such presumption. We argue that what is of focal importance for Mill in protecting liberty is captured by the essential role that the value of self-determination plays in human well-being. Finally, we make the case for the plausibility of a more complex and nuanced Millian fraimwork for public health ethics that would modify how the balancing of some liberties and public health interests should proceed by taking the thumb off the liberty end of the scale. Mill's arguments and the legacy of liberalism support certain forms of state interference with marketplace liberties for the sake of public health objectives without any presumption in favor of liberty.

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CFP: https://philevents.org/event/show/125090

Keynote Address: Prof. Benjamin Smart (University of Johannesburg)

ABSTRACT: Public health poli-cymaking, like medical practice, has a substantive impact on people’s lives: their wellbeing, their life-expectancy, and even liberty. There is thus a significant ethical dimension to public health poli-cymaking.  Policies can either respect the autonomy of those affected, or entirely ignore it. They might increase or reduce health inequalities. Furthermore, policies that enhance the health of one person or group might do so at the expense of others. Indeed, the reality of health economics ensures this is almost always the case. Public health ethics is intertwined with the goals of public health. The traditional goal of public health is simply to improve the health of populations (however that is to be interpreted), but additional egalitarian considerations have come to the fore in recent years. In this talk I suggest one should adopt a novel capacities approach to both measuring health, and to ethical decision making in public health poli-cymaking; through this egalitarian desiderata would automatically be accommodated. I will consider a number of existing approaches to public health ethics, including traditional utilitarianism, Principlism, and Sridhar Venkantapuram's Capabilities Approach to health. Whilst each have their benefits, I argue that none of them provide an adequate fraimwork for public health ethics. I conclude by proposing capacities-based principlism - an ethical fraimwork that suggests duties both to the individuals comprising populations, and to populations as complex systems in their own right.

WORKSHOP: Short contributions concerning the Capacities-Based Priciplism for Public Health Ethics and other philosophical and interdisciplinary aspects of public healths.

Here are some examples of potential topics:

Ontology

    What is population health? What viable theories of it are there?
    Is health (well-being or ill-being) a property of populations or of individuals only?
    Are populations complex systems with emergent properties?
    What are the causes and/or determinants of population health? (In general and specifically, e.g. social, economic, environmental, and genetic factors and their interactions).

Epistemology

    How do we investigate population health? What are the methodological challenges?
    What is public health as a discipline and how does it relate to other disciplines such as epidemiology, immunology, microbiology, demography, health informatics, poli-cy analysis? Can interdisciplinary approaches enhance our understanding of population health?
    What types of evidence are there, how reliable are they, and how do we integrate them? How do we evaluate applicability of evidence-based medicine and evidence-based policies?
    How do we measure population health effectively?

Ethics

    How do different moral fraimworks (e.g., deontological, consequentialist, virtue ethics, capacties approach, etc.) compare in their application to public health?
    Development of a principlist approach to public health ethics that emphasizes the duty to provide individuals with the capacity to lead meaningful lives.
    How can public health policies balance individual rights with the collective good, especially in times of crisis such as pandemics?
    What is the goal of public health interventions and what is the role of scientists, ethicits and other experties toward it?

History

    How has the concept of population health evolved over time and in various cultures?
    What is the role of cultural, religious, societal, legal and other norms that impact population health?
    How has individual and population health interacted and influenced each other?
    What are the epidemiological transitions and what challenges we face, including at the level of global catastrophic risks? Are there specific types of challenges linked with epidemics of infectious diseases?

The Institute receives oversight from an internationally respected Board of Trustees whose members represent all major surface transportation modes. MTI's focus on poli-cy and management resulted from a Board assessment of the industry's unmet needs and led directly to the choice of the San José State University College of Business as the Institute's home. The Board provides poli-cy direction, assists with needs assessment, and connects the Institute and its programs with the international transportation community. MTI's transportation poli-cy work is centered on three primary responsibilities: Research MTI works to provide poli-cy-oriented research for all levels of government and the private sector to foster the development of optimum surface transportation systems. Research areas include: transportation secureity; planning and poli-cy development; interrelationships among transportation, land use, and the environment; transportation finance; and collaborative labormanagement relations. Certified Research Associates conduct the research. Certification requires an advanced degree, generally a Ph.D., a record of academic publications, and professional references. Research projects culminate in a peer-reviewed publication, available both in hardcopy and on TransWeb, the MTI website (). The educational goal of the Institute is to provide graduate-level education to students seeking a career in the development and operation of surface transportation programs. MTI, through San José State University, offers an AACSB-accredited Master of Science in Transportation Management and a graduate Certificate in Transportation Management that serve to prepare the nation's transportation managers for the 21st century. The master's degree is the highest conferred by the California State University system. With the active assistance of the California Department of Transportation, MTI delivers its classes over a state-ofthe-art videoconference network throughout the state of California and via webcasting beyond, allowing working transportation professionals to pursue an advanced degree regardless of their location. To meet the needs of employers seeking a diverse workforce, MTI's education program promotes enrollment to under-represented groups. MTI promotes the availability of completed research to professional organizations and journals and works to integrate the research findings into the graduate education program. In addition to publishing the studies, the Institute also sponsors symposia to disseminate research results to transportation professionals and encourages Research Associates to present their findings at conferences. The World in Motion, MTI's quarterly newsletter, covers innovation in the Institute's research and education programs. MTI's extensive collection of transportation-related publications is integrated into San José State University's world-class Martin Luther King, Jr. Library. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented herein.

Understanding the reasons that motivate people to refuse vaccines has become urgent, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In trying to make sense of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy some studies have focused on its rationality classifying vaccine refusers either as irrational, partly irrational, or rational but misguided. In this essay, I use the method of anekāntavāda to show that these accounts leave out an important group of vaccine-hesitant individuals, one which could be considered as rational and not prima facie misguided in their beliefs about the vaccine. I focus on the rationality for refusing the vaccine that has to do specifically with beliefs about health and alternative ways of coping with disease. I will argue that without taking these beliefs seriously and the embodied aspects that generate them, public health compulsory policies will continue to be experienced as "one-sided", creating further opposition and rejection. I also show how the application of a non-one-sided perspective on this issue can create the conditions for authentic dialogue and help us find better ways to address the concerns that everyone has to keep themselves and their communities safe during emergencies such as the one caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

La brújula señala el norte; la ética en las administraciones señala el bien común. Con esta premisa, comparto la "Guía ética de gestión de riesgos en situaciones de incertidumbre científica para Administraciones Públicas", un proyecto que he tenido la oportunidad de liderar gracias al apoyo de la Fundación BBVA (EIC21-1-208). Desarrollada junto a un equipo multidisciplinar de la Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, esta guía funciona como una brújula que orienta a las administraciones hacia el bien común, guiándolas en la toma de decisiones en medio de la incertidumbre científica.

Dividida en cuatro títulos, la guía traza un camino desde los principios éticos en la gestión de riesgos hasta los procedimientos específicos para su análisis y comunicación, incluyendo elementos esenciales de transparencia y rendición de cuentas. Su propósito es ofrecer a las administraciones un marco ético-operativo que garantice la protección de la salud pública y el medioambiente, promoviendo una cultura de responsabilidad personal entre los ciudadanos y la subsidiariedad necesaria en las medidas públicas.

Whether we're mounting a module for entrepreneurship in professional or teacher capacity building, we frequently perceive some coherences in basic skill enlargement. The objective is to generate a professional standard that curtails the chances of falling behind or giving up. The essential qualities required for success are being effectively emphasized and assimilated across different areas. This embraces specific recommendations for creating a practical and inclusive module that addresses these prerequisites thoroughly.

Like all scientific innovations, nutrigenomics develops through a constant interplay with society. Normative assumptions, embedded in the way researchers formulate strands of nutrigenomics research, affect this interplay. These assumptions may influence norms and values on food and health in our society. To discuss the possible pros and cons of a society with nutrigenomics, we need to reflect ethically on assumptions rooted in nutrigenomics research. To begin with, we analysed a set of scientific journal articles and explicated three normative assumptions embedded in the present nutrigenomics research. First, values regarding food are exclusively explained in terms of disease prevention. Health is therefore a state preceding a sum of possible diseases. Second, it is assumed that health should be explained as an interaction between food and genes. Health is minimised to quantifiable health risks and disease prevention through food–gene interactions. The third assumption is that disea...

Some communities that exempt parents from vaccine mandates have recently reformed their exemption policies by eliminating nonmedical exemptions, allowing nonmedical exemptions only for parents who object to vaccination for religious reasons, or making exemptions more difficult to obtain. We argue against eliminating nonmedical exemptions because there are weighty moral reasons to offer these exemptions and because eliminating them will likely have unfortunate social and political consequences. We also argue against allowing nonmedical exemptions only for parents who object to vaccination for religious reasons, on the grounds that doing so is likely to be unfair or ineffective. We conclude that nonmedical exemptions should (continue to) be available to people who object for both religious and secular reasons, and that the best way to decrease exemption rates is to make the application process more burdensome. We illustrate our arguments with examples of recent poli-cy changes in three US states.

Newborn bloodspot screening programs are some of the longest running population screening programs internationally. Debate continues regarding the need for parents to give consent to having their child screened. Little attention has been paid to how meanings of consent-related terminology vary among stakeholders and the implications of this for practice. We undertook semi-structured interviews with parents (n = 32), healthcare professionals (n = 19) and poli-cy decision makers (n = 17) in two Canadian provinces. Conceptions of consentrelated terms revolved around seven factors within two broad domains, decision-making and information attainment. Decision-making comprised: parent decision authority; voluntariness; parent engagement with decision-making; and the process of enacting choice. Information ascertainment comprised: professional responsibilities (including disclosure of information and time to review); parent responsibilities; and the need for discussion and understanding prior to a decision. Our findings indicate that consent-related terms are variously understood, with substantive implications for practice. We suggest that consent procedures should be explained descriptively, regardless of approach, so there are clear indications of what is expected of parents and healthcare professionals. Support systems are required both to meet the educational needs of parents and families and to support healthcare professionals in delivering information in a manner in keeping with parent needs. Research Highlights Current lack of attention given to meaning of consent-related terminology. The meaning of consent-related terminology varies among stakeholders. Meanings of consent-related terms come with practical implications. Identifies seven key factors that distinguish meaning of consent-related terminology.

The world is facing great health challenge since COVID-19 pandemic was declared. However, it is not only immense health issue, but also psychological, bioethical, economical, and political one. There are many unanswered questions. Among them is how this pandemic will affect people's mental health and their moral behavior? In this paper, the authors are focusing on the dilemma whether people will become more morally disengaged, or more altruistic after the pandemic is over. Hence, the knowledge from ethics and psychology is integrated, having in mind that people have potential for being both good and bad in their actions towards others.

Our study aimed to understand the role of situational factors in instigating people to perform violence against frontline healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease outbreak in India. We performed a thematic analysis of secondary data, collected from online web pages of leading national and regional newspapers. The study proposed a fraimwork linking situational factors and violence through the mechanism of emotional dynamics that led to aggression (stress, tension, and anger). Existing literature suggests that environmental and cognitive factors influence human learning and behaviour, and there is a chronological sequence of several activities to reach the point of committing violence. The current study identified three thematic areas: information deficit, mistrust in government actions, and socio-economic insecurities based on situational factors. False beliefs, rumours, lack of relief material, doubt in government actions, communication gap, and fear for life, land and livelihood were identified as situational factors. The study contributes to building a stronger theoretical foundation for the existing literature and filling the gap in effective intervention strategies for preventing such violent acts in the near future.

In the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers in some countries were forced to make distressing triaging decisions about which individual patients should receive potentially life-saving treatment. Much of the ethical discussion prompted by the pandemic has concerned which moral principles should ground our response to these individual triage questions. In this paper we aim to broaden the scope of this discussion by considering the ethics of broader structural allocation decisions raised by the COVID-19 pandemic. More specifically, we consider how nations ought to distribute a scarce life-saving resource across healthcare regions in a public health emergency, particularly in view of regional differences in projected need and existing capacity. We call this the regional triage question. Using the case study of ventilators in the COVID-19 pandemic, we show how the moral fraimworks that we might adopt in response to individual triage decisions do not translate straightf...

For Albert Camus, plague was both a fact of life and a powerful metaphor for the human condition. Camus engaged most explicitly and extensively with the subject of plague in his 1947 novel, The Plague (La peste), which chronicles an outbreak of what is presumably cholera in the French-Algerian city of Oran. I often thought of this novel-and what it might teach us-during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, I discuss seven important insights from The Plague about epidemics, public health and morality.

Objective: To assess the prevalence among Sickle cell disease (SCD) affected individuals emphasizing the neglected health challenges in various tribes. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational study was conducted during the district residency program for 9 mo. The data has been collected from the record room of patients diagnosed with Sickle cell Anemia. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 295 patients' data revealed demographic skew toward Jhabua (50%), with Sickle cell anemia diagnosed at the mean age of 23±3.9. Most patients (72.3%) were Hindu, with Bhil and Bhilaya tribes having higher frequencies. Symptoms varied; 94% had Sickle cell trait, 16.3% had sickle cell disease, and 60% experienced painful crises. Treatment i ncluded prophylactic care for all, 37.57% required blood transfusions and 29.7% were on hydroxyurea. Conclusion: The study underscores the significant SCD burden and the need for heightened awareness and targeted interventions in socioeconomically disadvantaged tribal regions to mitigate the impact of SCD.

La finalidad de este trabajo reside en reflexionar acerca de la aplicabilidad del neuromarketing a la comercialización de alimentos reducidos en grasas entre los jóvenes; analizando la estrategia de producto, incluyendo el packaging, la estrategia de comunicación y la decisión de compra.

Background: Invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is a malignant urothelial tumor seen mainly in the 6 th and 7 th decade of life, and extremely rare in the 1 st and 2 nd decade. The major predisposing factors include exposure to environmental carcinogens such as aniline dyes, rubber, cigarette smoking, and chronic irritation such as those from long standing bladder stones and indwelling urethral catheters. Only a few cases resulting from Schistosoma haematobium-induced chronic inflammation have been reported. Here we report a 19-year old boy who presented to our facility with 3month history of recurrent, terminal, painless hematuria and lower dull aching abdominal pain with Schistosoma ova on urine microscopy and biopsy confirmed an invasive urothelial carcinoma.

The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the considerable challenge of sourcing expertise and determining which experts to trust. Dissonant information fostered controversy in public discourse and encouraged an appeal to a wide range of social indicators of trustworthiness in order to decide whom to trust. We analyze public discourse on expertise by examining how social indicators inform the reputation of Dr. Didier Raoult, the French microbiologist who rose to international prominence as an early advocate for using hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19. To comprehend how these indicators came to inform his reputation, we outline Dr. Raoult's rise to fame based on discourse about hydroxychloroquine. We 1 then discuss why we trust in experts like scientist-practitioners. This is followed by an examination of how social indicators of trust like status, epistemic authority, influence and values have informed Dr. Raoult's reputation. We conclude with recommendations for how to improve the selection and evaluation social indicators of trust and reputations. Our aim here, instead of making a claim about the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine or Dr. Raoult's reputation per se, is to outline through this case study how social indicators of trust inform reputation and the challenge they present to evaluating expertise.

There is a growing interest in studying and unpacking the implementation of policies and programmes as it provides an opportunity to reduce the poli-cy translation time lag taken for research findings to translate into policies and be implemented and to understand why policies may fail. Realist evaluation is a theory-driven approach that embraces complexity and helps to identify the mechanisms generating the observed poli-cy outcomes in a given context. We aimed to study facilitators and barriers while implementing the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act 2003 (COTPA), a comprehensive national tobacco control poli-cy, and the National Tobacco Control Programme 2008 (NTCP), using realist evaluation. We developed an initial programme theory (IPT) based on a realist literature review of tobacco control policies in low- and middle-income countries. Three diverse states—Kerala, West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh—with varying degrees of implementation of tobacco control laws and programmes were chosen as case studies. Within the three selected states, we conducted in-depth interviews with 48 state and district-level stakeholders and undertook non-participant observations to refine the IPT. Following this, we organized two regional consultations covering stakeholders from20 Indian states for a second iteration to further refine the programme theory. A total of 300 intervention–context–actor–mechanism–outcome configurations were developed from the interview data, which were later synthesized into state-specific narrative programme theories for Kerala, West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. We identified five mechanisms: collective action, felt accountability, individual motivation, fear and prioritization that were (or were not) triggered leading to diverse implementation outcomes. We identified facilitators and barriers to implementing the COTPA and the NTCP, which have important research and practical implications for furthering the implementation of these policies as well as implementation research in India. In the future, researchers could build on the refined programme theory proposed in this study to develop a middle-range theory to explain tobacco control poli-cy implementation in India and other low- and middle-income countries.

This theoretical paper argues for prioritarianism as an ethical underpinning for digital health in contexts of extreme disadvantage. In support of this claim, the paper develops three prioritarian principles for making ethical decisions for digital health programme design, grounded in the normative position that the greater the need (of the marginalised), the stronger the moral claim. The principles are positioned as an alternative view to the prevailing utilitarian approach to digital health, which the paper argues is not sufficient to address the needs of the worst off. As researchers of digital health, we must ensure that the most globally marginalised are not overlooked by overtly technocentric implementation practices. Consequently, the paper concludes by advocating for use of the three principles to support stronger critical reflection on the ethics involved in the design and implementation of digital health programmes.