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Computational microscopy with coherent diffractive imaging and ptychography

Nature volume 637, pages 281–295 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Microscopy and crystallography are two essential experimental methodologies for advancing modern science. They complement one another, with microscopy typically relying on lenses to image the local structures of samples, and crystallography using diffraction to determine the global atomic structure of crystals. Over the past two decades, computational microscopy, encompassing coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) and ptychography, has advanced rapidly, unifying microscopy and crystallography to overcome their limitations. Here, I review the innovative developments in CDI and ptychography, which achieve exceptional imaging capabilities across nine orders of magnitude in length scales, from resolving atomic structures in materials at sub-ångstrom resolution to quantitative phase imaging of centimetre-sized tissues, using the same principle and similar computational algorithms. These methods have been applied to determine the 3D atomic structures of crystal defects and amorphous materials, visualize oxygen vacancies in high-temperature superconductors and capture ultrafast dynamics. They have also been used for nanoscale imaging of magnetic, quantum and energy materials, nanomaterials, integrated circuits and biological specimens. By harnessing fourth-generation synchrotron radiation, X-ray-free electron lasers, high-harmonic generation, electron microscopes, optical microscopes, cutting-edge detectors and deep learning, CDI and ptychography are poised to make even greater contributions to multidisciplinary sciences in the years to come.

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Fig. 1: Schematics of representative CDI and modern ptychography methods.
Fig. 2: The 2D and 3D atomic-scale imaging of materials.
Fig. 3: Nanoscale imaging of quantum materials, electrodes, nanomaterials and integrated circuits.
Fig. 4: Quantitative phase imaging of biological specimens.

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Acknowledgements

I thank C. M. O’Leary, H. Sha and Z. Zhuang for their comments on the paper, C. M. O’Leary and H. Sha for assistance in preparing Box 1 Fig. 1b, and H. Sha for additional help with Figs. 2–4. I acknowledge support from STROBE: a National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center under award DMR 1548924; the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under award DE-SC0010378; the US Air Force Office Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) program under award FA9550-23-1-0281; the US Army Research Office MURI program under award. W911NF-18-1-0431; and the NSF under award DMS-1925919.

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  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Jianwei Miao

  2. California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Jianwei Miao

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Miao, J. Computational microscopy with coherent diffractive imaging and ptychography. Nature 637, 281–295 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08278-z

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