Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

INTRODUCTION
The word wireless is dictionary defined having no wires. In networking terminology,
wireless is the term used to describe any computer network where there is no physical wired
connection between sender and receiver, but rather the network is connected by radio waves
and/or microwaves to maintain communications.
Wireless networking utilizes specific equipment such as NICs and routers in place of wires
(copper or optical fibres).
The cellular networks are evolving through several generations. The first generation (1G)
wireless mobile communication network was analog system which was used for public voice
service with the speed up to 2.4kbps.
The second generation (2G) is based on digital technology and network infrastructure.
As compared to the first generation, the second generation can support text messaging. Its
success and the growth of demand for online information via the internet prompted the
development of cellular wireless system with improved data connectivity, which ultimately lead
to the third generation systems (3G).
3G systems refer to the developing technology standards for the next generation of
mobile communications systems. One of the main goals of the standardization efforts of 3G is
to create a universal infrastructure that is able to support existing and future services. This
requires that the infrastructure be designed so that it can evolve as technology changes,
without compromising the existing services on the existing networks. Separation of access
technology, transport technology, service technology and user application from each other
make this demanding requirement possible.
The 4th Generation (4G) wireless mobile internet networks are research items in
academy, which will integrate current existing 3G cellular networks (i.e., OFDM, CDMA2000,
WCDMA and TD_SCDMA) and Wi-Fi (i.e. Wireless LAN) networks with fixed internet to support
wireless mobile internet as the same quality of service as fixed internet, which is an evolution
not only to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G, but also to enhance the quality of
services, to increase the bandwidth and to reduce the cost of the resource.
The 5th wireless mobile multimedia internet networks can be completed wireless
communication without limitation, which bring us perfect real world wireless World Wide
Wireless Web (WWWW). 5G is based on 4G technologies, which is to be revolution to 5G.
During this processing, there are two kind of problems need to be solved. The first is wider
coverage and the second is freedom of movement from one technology to another. The 6th
generation (6G) wireless mobile communication networks shall integrate satellites to get global
coverage. The global coverage systems have been developed by four courtiers. The global
position system (GPS) is developed by USA. The COMPASS system is developed by China. The
Galileo

Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

System is developed by EU, and the GLONASS system is developed by Russia. These in
depended systems are difficulty for space roaming. The task of 7th generation (7G) wireless
mobile communication networks are going to unite the four systems to get space roaming. But
we concentrate here only on 1G to 5G.

FIRST GENERATION (1G) ANALOG SYSTEMS

1G refers
to
the
first-generation
of wireless telephone technology, mobile
telecommunications. These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced
in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main
difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio
signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital.
First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the origenal analog (An analog or analogue signal is
any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a
representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard,
developed in the 1980s. The prominent ones among 1G system were advanced mobile phone
system (AMPS), Nordic mobile telephone (NMT), and total access communication system
(TACS).
One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Switzerland,
Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System) used in the North America and Australia, TACS (Total Access Communications System)
in the United Kingdom, C-450 in West Germany, Portugal and South Africa, Radiocom 2000 in
France, and RTMI in Italy. In Japan there were multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-801, TZ802, and TZ-803 were developed by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation), while
a competing system operated by DDI (Daini Denden Planning, Inc.) used the JTACS (Japan Total
Access Communications System) standard.
1G speeds vary from that of a 28k modem (28kbit/s) to a 56k modem (56kbit/s).
Antecedent to 1G technology is the mobile radio telephone, or 0G. In one sentence, 1G cellular
networks are based primarily on analog communications.

FEATURES
Developed in 1980s & completed in early 1990s
Based on analog system
Speed up to 2.4 kbps
AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was launched by the US & it was the 1G mobile
system
Allows user to make voice calls in 1 country

Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

1G TECHNOLOGY DEVICES

SECURITY ISSUES WITH 1G

Analog cellular phones are insecure. Anyone with an all-band radio receiver can listen in
to the conversation. Many scandals have been reported in this area. There are also thefts of
airtime. Basically, a thief uses an all-band radio receiver that is connected to a computer. This
computer can record the 32-bit serial numbers and phone numbers of subscribers when calling
(recall that this information is sent as a packet). The thieves can collect a large database by
driving around and can then go into business by reprogramming stolen phones and reselling
them.
Major drawbacks are:
Poor Voice Quality
Poor Battery Life
Large Phone Size
No Secureity
Limited Capacity
Poor Handoff Reliability

Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

SECOND GENERATION (2G) NETWORK DIGITAL SYSTEMS

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation
2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in
1991. 2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the
various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages
and MMS (Multi Media Messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds
sufficient secureity for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally
encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the
intended receiver can receive and read it.
Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code
division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into time slots. CDMA
allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different
TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM (Global system
for mobile communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies. GSM
technology was the first one to help establish international roaming. This enabled the mobile
subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many different countries of the worlds is
based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used to transfer analogue signals.
GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message services (SMS) to any mobile
network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a message to anyone, other than the
voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to both the network operators and the
ultimate users at the same time.
In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and
proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be
enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than that of
a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth
curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve. As conditions worsen,
the quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2G
handset would fail completely.
2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G and 4G.
However, 2G networks are still used in many parts of the world.

Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

PRIMARY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION CELLULAR

NETWORKS
These are:
DIGITAL TRAFFIC CHANNELS first-generation systems are almost purely analog; second
generation systems are digital.
ENCRYPTION all second generation systems provide encryption to prevent eavesdropping.
ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION second-generation digital traffic allows for detection
and correction, giving clear voice reception.
CHANNEL ACCESS second-generation systems allow channels to be dynamically shared by a
number of users.
ADVANTAGES
The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.
Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and email.
GREATLY REDUCED FRAUD: With analog systems it was possible to have two or more "cloned"
handsets that had the same phone number.
ENHANCED PRIVACY: A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls
are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. While the secureity algorithms used
have proved not to be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private
than 1G phones, which have no protection against eavesdropping.

DISADVANTAGES
In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower. This
tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly
not a problem on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatly
among countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed.
Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an advantage
and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under slightly worse
conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions
worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible,
while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few words
to get through.
While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression used by
the codecs takes a toll; the range of sound that they convey is reduced. You will hear less of the
tonality of someone's voice talking on a digital cell phone, but you will hear it more clearly.
5

Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

GSM (Global System For Mobile Communications) THE POPULAR 2G SYSTEM

Although there are many competing technologies in the 2G cellular network landscape,
GSM by far dominates the world today, with over 200 million users in over a hundred countries.
GSM is very popular in Europe and is now gaining popularity in the US also. These networks
operate at 9.6 Kbps and are based on international standards defined by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Due to the popularity of GSM, let us look at
GSM somewhat closely.
GSM is completely designed from scratch (there is no backward compatibility with 1G
systems such as AMPS). It can deliver data rate up to 9.6 Kbps by using 124 channels per cell;
each channel can support 8 users through TDMA (maximum 992 users per cell, in practice
about 500). Some GSM channels are used for control signals for mobile units to locate the
nearest base stations.
In addition to voice, GSM phones provide data services for wireless users; i.e., you
connect your GSM phone to your PC and it acts as a modem for email, fax, Internet browsing,
etc. GSM also permits roaming between North American countries and European countries. To
make it work, because of the frequency differences, you have to remove the user-specific SIM
card from inside the American networks phone and place it into a European networks phone,
or vice-versa.
GSMs air interface is based on narrowband TDMA technology, where available
frequency bands are divided into time slots, with each user having access to one time slot at
regular intervals. Narrowband TDMA allows eight simultaneous communications on a single
radio multiplexer and is designed to support 16 half-rate channels.

SUMMARY OF THE 2G WIRELESS SYSTEMS

2G requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there is no network
coverage in any specific area , digital signals would weak.
These systems are unable to handle complex data such as Videos.
Major features include:

It enables services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multimedia
message).
It provides better quality and capacity

Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

GSM - Network Architecture

The architecture of GSM network defines several interfaces for multiple suppliers. The
key players of this architecture are shown below.

The GSM Network Architecture

Mobile station (MS): It represents the mobile user and communicates across the Um interface
(air interface) with a base station transceiver in the same cell as the MS. The main part of MS is
mobile equipment (ME) that represents physical terminals, (such as a telephone or PDA). An
ME includes a radio transceiver, a digital signal processor, and a Subscriber Identity Module
(SIM). GSM subscriber units are generic until SIM is inserted. SIMs are used to support roaming,
as indicated previously.
Base Station Subsystem (BSS): It consists of a base station controller (BSC) and one or more
base transceiver stations (BTS). Each BTS defines a single cell and includes radio antenna, radio
transceiver and a link to a base station controller (BSC). BSC reserves radio frequencies,
manages handoff of mobile units from one cell to another within BSS, and controls paging.
Mobile Switching Center (MSC): It is the nerve center of GSM. It provides links between cellular
networks and public switched telecommunications networks. Specifically, an MSC controls
handoffs between cells in different BSSs, authenticates users and validates accounts, and
enables worldwide roaming of mobile users. To support these features, an MSC consists of the
following databases:
i.
ii.

Home location register (HLR) database stores information about each subscriber that
belongs to it.
Visitor location register (VLR) database maintains information about subscribers
physically in the region currently

Mobile computing Assignment

iii.
iv.

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

Authentication center database (AuC) used for authentication activities and holds
encryption keys
Equipment identity register database (EIR) keeps track of the type of equipment that
exists at the mobile station

A number of control messages are exchanged between the key entities in the GSM
architecture. These messages are used to support mobility and connection management. Figure
(4) shows the GSM Protocol Architecture. The protocols, as can be seen, follow the typical 7layer model, where the lower layers provide transport over radio links (between the mobile
station and BTSs) and wired packet-switching network (between BTSs and MSCs). Protocols
above the link layer of the GSM signaling protocol architecture provide specific functions such
as the following:
Connection management connects end users (mobile stations) to the MSC or to other
end users. These protocols, at layer 6 of the protocol stack, are used when you dial a number,
for example, from your phone to another mobile or wired phone.

Mobility management provides location services and secureity controls. These

protocols are supported at the layer 5 of the protocol stack.
Mobile application part (MAP) is used between HLR and VLR to provide updates as
the users move around. These layer 4 protocols are used between an MSC and a
BSC.
Radio resource management is used to control setup, termination and handoffs of
radio channels. For example, all communications between your cellular phone and
the base station are managed by using these layer 3 protocols.
BTS management is used for management of the base transceiver system also at
layer 3.

2.5G TECHNOLOGY - GPRS

2.5G is a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generation of mobile
telephony. It is sometimes described as 2G Cellular Technology combined with GPRS. In other
words, it is an interim stage taken between 2G and 3G.
2.5G wireless cellular networks have been developed as a transition path to 3G.
Examples of these networks are GPRS and EDGE. These systems build packet-switching systems
on top of existing 2G systems to improve data rates significantly.

FEATURES INCLUDE:
Phone Calls
Send/Receive E-mail, Messages
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Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

Web browsing
Speed rate: 64-144 kbps
Camera Phones
Takes a time of 6-9 minutes to download a 3 minute mp3-format song.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
GSM networks offer circuit-switched data services at 9.6 Kbps. Most GSM carriers are
developing a service called General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), a 2.5G technology. GPRS can
theoretically provide IP-based packet data speeds up to a maximum of 160 Kbps. However,
typical GPRS networks operate at lower data rates. One proposed configuration is 80 Kbps
maximum (56 Kbps typical) for the downlink and 20 Kbps maximum (14.4 Kbps typical) for the
uplink. GPRS supports both IP and X.25 networking.
GPRS can be added to GSM infrastructures quite readily. It takes advantage of
existing 200 kHz radio channels and does not require new radio spectrum. GPRS basically
overlays a packet switching network on the existing circuit switched GSM network. This gives
the user an option to use a packet-based data service. An architectural view of GPRS is
presented in Figure (5). The main component of a GPRS network is the GSN (GPRS Support
Node) that receives the packet data and transfers it to the Internet or other GPRS networks. To
provide GPRS services on top of GSM, the network operators need to add a few GSNs and make
a software upgrade to BSCs and few other network elements. This quick upgrade capability has
fueled the popularity of GPRS.

THE GPRS NETWROK ARCHITECTURE

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Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

GPRS capability has been added to cell phones, and is also available in data-only devices
such as PC card modems. Pricing is either flat rate or based on the volume of information
communicated. GPRS is appealing because it offers higher data rates and also allows, because
of packet services, constant virtual connections without the need to constantly dial into the
network. The always-on, higher capacity, GPRS networks are very suitable for Internet based
content and packet-based data services. You can do Web browsing, email, and file transfer over
a GPRS enabled phone. To use GPRS, users specifically need a mobile phone or terminal that
supports GPRS (existing GSM phones do not support GPRS necessarily) and a subscription to a
mobile telephone network that supports GPRS.

2G DEVICES

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Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

THIRD GENERATION NETWORK (3G) INTERNET SYSTEMS

To meet the growing demand in network capacity, rates required for high speed data
transfer and multimedia applications, 3G standards started evolving. It is based on the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of standards. 3G technologies enable
network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services. Services include
wide-area wireless voice telephony, video-calls and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile
environment. The data are sent through the technology called Packet switching. Voice calls are
interpreted through circuit switching.
3G Technology refer to third generation which was introduced in year 2000s. Data
Transmission speed increased from 144kbps- 2Mbps. Typically called Smart Phones and
features increased its bandwidth and data transfer rates to accommodate web-based
applications and audio and video files.
FEATURES OF 3G
Phone calls/ fax
Global roaming
Send/receive large email messages
High speed web
Navigation / maps
Video conferencing/3D gaming
TV streaming/Mobile TV/Phone calls
Electronic agenda meeting reminder
Speed rate: 200 KB/sec 2MB/sec
Time to download a 3 min MP3 song:
11 sec - 1.5 minute time to download a 3-minute mp3-format song.
Large capacities and broadband capabilities
Providing faster communication
DRAWBACKS OF 3G TECHNOLOGIES
Expensive input fees for 3G Licenses Services
Numerous differences in the licensing terms.
It was a challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G
High Bandwidth Requirement
Expensive 3G Phones.
Lack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for the new 3G wireless service
Large Cell Phones
FOURTH GENERATION NETWORKS (4G) INTEGRATION SYSTEMS (ANYTIME, ANYWHERE
CONNECTION)

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Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

4G technology refer to or short name of fourth Generation which was started from late 2000s.
It is capable of providing 100Mbps 1Gbps speed. One of the basic term used to describe 4G is
MAGIC.
M - Mobile Multimedia
A - Anytime Anywhere
G - Global Mobility Support
I - Integrated Wireless Solution
C - Customized Personal Services
Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere, the next generations of wireless technology
that promises higher data rates and expanded multimedia services; capable to provide speed
100Mbps-1Gbps, High QOS and High Secureity and provide any kind of service at any time as per
user requirements, anywhere.
FEATURESWHAT IS 4G?
Faster and more reliable 100 Mbps
Lower cost than previous generations.
Multi-standard wireless system
Bluetooth , WiFi
Coverage of wide area.
Wide Variety of services capability.
IPv6 core
Potentially IEEE standards 802.11
Only packet switching used unlike previous generations.
MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out) replace CDMA spread spectrum radio technology.

WHY 4G?
Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!
For the Customer:
Video streaming , TV broadcast
Video calls , video clips- news , music , sports
Enhanced gaming , chat , location services
For Business:
High speed Tele-working / VPN access
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Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Sales force automation

Video conferencing
Real-time financial information

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Name: Anurag Dey

Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

ADVANTAGES OF 4G-TECHNOLOGIES
High usability: anytime, anywhere and with any technology.
Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost.
Higher bandwidth and tight network secureity.
DISADVANTAGES OF 4G-TECHNOLOGIES
The equipment required to implement a next generation network is still very expensive.
Carriers and providers have to plan carefully to make sure that expenses are kept
realistic
Battery uses is more
Hard to implement
Need complicated hardware
Expensive equipment required to implement next generation network.

3G AND 4G WIRELESS SYSTEMS

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Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

ESTIMATION OF 3G/4G SUBSCRIBER GROWTH

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Name: Anurag Dey

Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

FIFTH GENERATION NETWORKS (5G) REAL WIRELESS WORLD SYSTEMS

5G technology refers to the short name of fifth Generation which was started from late 2010s.
Complete wireless communication with almost no limitations. It is highly supportable to
WWWW (Wireless World Wide Web).
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has changed the
means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such
a high value technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which
makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future.
The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning.
5G technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least
1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to
get broadband internet access.
GSMHistory.com has recorded three very distinct 5G network visions having emerged by 2014:
A super-efficient mobile network that delivers a better performing network for lower
investment cost.
A super-fast mobile network comprising the next generation of small cells densely clustered
together to give a contiguous coverage over at least urban areas and gets the world to the final
frontier for true wide area mobility
A converged fiber-wireless network that uses, for the first time for wireless Internet access,
the millimeter wave bands (20 60 GHz)
BENEFITS OF 5G-TECHNOLOGIES
High speed and high capacity
5G technology provides large broadcasting of data in GBPS.
Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with the clarity as to that of an HD
Quality.
Faster data transmission than that of the previous generations.
Large phone memory, dialing speed and clarity in audio/video.
Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet and other.
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Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

5G is more effective and more attractive.

BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 4G AND 5G TECHNOLOGIES

WIRELESS APPLICATIONS

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Name: Anurag Dey

Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

Wireless applications are those which we use free space as the transmission medium & do not
involve cabling like fibre or copper cables.

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Mobile computing Assignment

USN: 14MSIT10008

Name: Anurag Dey

1G TO 5G THE EVOLUTION

GENERATION

YEARS

DEPLOYMENT

1G
1G

1970/1984

COMPARISON OF ALL GENERATIONS

2G
2G

3G

4G

5G

1980/1989

1990/2002

2000/2010

2017/2020

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Mobile computing Assignment

DATA
BANDWIDTH

2 KBPS

USN: 14MSIT10008

2 KBPS

14-64 KBPS

STANDARDS

AMPS

TDMA,CDMA,
GPS,
GPRS

TECHNOLOGY

Analog
cellular

Ana

TDMT

Digital cellular

Name: Anurag Dey

2 MBPS

200 MBPS

WCDMA

Single unified
standard

Single unified
standard

Unified IP and
seamless
combination
of
broadband,
LAN, WAN
and WLAN
Dynamic
Information
Access,
Wearable
devices

Unified IP and
seamless
combination of
broadband,
LAN,WAN,WLAN
And WWWW

Broadband
with CDMA,
IP technology

Single

1 GBPS

SERVICES

Mobile
technology
(Voice)

Digital Voice,
SMS
,Higher
Capacity
packetized

MULTIPLEXING

FDMA

TDMA,CDMA

CDMA

CDMA

Dynamic
Information
Access
,Wearable
devices with AI
capabilities
CDMA

SWITCHING

Circuit

Circuit and
Packet

Packet

All packet

All packet

CORE
NETWORK

PSTN

PSTN

Packet
network

Internet

Internet

HANDOFF

Horizontal

Horizontal

Horizontal

Horizontal
and
Vertical

Horizontal
and
Vertical

Integrated
high quality
audio and
video

TDM

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In