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Parallel Operation With Unequal Voltage Ratios

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Jocel Guzman

When transformers operate in parallel with unequal voltage ratios, circulating currents will flow between the transformers even without any load connected. These circulating currents reduce the load capacity of the transformers. The circulating current flowing in each transformer can be found using superposition and depends on the voltage difference between the transformers and their impedances. Per-unit values are used in power system analysis to simplify calculations when dealing with multiple transformers. Quantities expressed in per-unit do not change when referred between transformer windings. Per-unit systems define base values for power, voltage, current, impedance, and admittance. All system quantities are expressed as a multiple of the base values, absorbing large differences in absolute values. This makes representations of system

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Parallel Operation With Unequal Voltage Ratios

Uploaded by

Jocel Guzman
250 views15 pages
When transformers operate in parallel with unequal voltage ratios, circulating currents will flow between the transformers even without any load connected. These circulating currents reduce the load capacity of the transformers. The circulating current flowing in each transformer can be found using superposition and depends on the voltage difference between the transformers and their impedances. Per-unit values are used in power system analysis to simplify calculations when dealing with multiple transformers. Quantities expressed in per-unit do not change when referred between transformer windings. Per-unit systems define base values for power, voltage, current, impedance, and admittance. All system quantities are expressed as a multiple of the base values, absorbing large differences in absolute values. This makes representations of system

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Parallel operation with unequal voltage ratios

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When transformers operate in parallel with unequal voltage ratios, circulating currents will flow between the transformers even without any load connected. These circulating currents reduce the load capacity of the transformers. The circulating current flowing in each transformer can be found using superposition and depends on the voltage difference between the transformers and their impedances. Per-unit values are used in power system analysis to simplify calculations when dealing with multiple transformers. Quantities expressed in per-unit do not change when referred between transformer windings. Per-unit systems define base values for power, voltage, current, impedance, and admittance. All system quantities are expressed as a multiple of the base values, absorbing large differences in absolute values. This makes representations of system

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© All Rights Reserved
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
250 views15 pages

Parallel Operation With Unequal Voltage Ratios

Uploaded by

Jocel Guzman
When transformers operate in parallel with unequal voltage ratios, circulating currents will flow between the transformers even without any load connected. These circulating currents reduce the load capacity of the transformers. The circulating current flowing in each transformer can be found using superposition and depends on the voltage difference between the transformers and their impedances. Per-unit values are used in power system analysis to simplify calculations when dealing with multiple transformers. Quantities expressed in per-unit do not change when referred between transformer windings. Per-unit systems define base values for power, voltage, current, impedance, and admittance. All system quantities are expressed as a multiple of the base values, absorbing large differences in absolute values. This makes representations of system

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PARALLEL OPERATION WITH

UNEQUAL VOLTAGE RATIOS


and

PER UNIT PARAMETER OF


TRANSFORMER
PARALLEL OPERATION
WITH UNEQUAL
VOLTAGE RATIOS
• Currents circulate
PARALLEL • between A and B based
OPERATION OF • on the voltage
TRANSFORMERS • difference and
• transformer
• impedance even with
• no load

• Where: EA = operating voltage of


When voltage ratios are not equal, • transformer A
currents circulate between the
windings of each transformer without a
• EB = operating voltage of
load connected. Circulating currents • transformer B
reduce the load capacity of transformer
• ZA = series impedance of A
• ZB = series impedance of B
CAPACITY LOSS Transformer A current
DUE TO
CIRCULATING Transformer B current
CURRENTS
Find effects using superposition
Ic driven by EA – EB
Adding circulating
current to transformer
A increases total
current in winding. Not
seen in load current.
Can cause overload
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V=GBNS_75PTHK
PER UNIT PARAMETER
OF TRANSFORMER
PER UNIT VALUES OF
TRANFORMER PARAMETERS
In the power systems analysis field of electrical engineering, a per-unit system is the expression of system
quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity. Calculations are simplified because quantities expressed
as per-unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a transformer to the other. This can be a
pronounced advantage in power system analysis where large numbers of transformers may be encountered.
Moreover, similar types of apparatus will have the impedances lying within a narrow numerical range when
expressed as a per-unit fraction of the equipment rating, even if the unit size varies widely. Conversion of per-
unit quantities to volts, ohms, or amperes requires a knowledge of the base that the per-unit quantities were
referenced to. The per-unit system is used in power flow, short circuit evaluation, motor starting studies etc.
The main idea of a per unit system is to absorb large differences in absolute values into base relationships.
Thus, representations of elements in the system with per unit values become more uniform.
A per-unit system provides units for power, voltage, current, impedance, and admittance. With the exception
of impedance and admittance, any two units are independent and can be selected as base values; power and
voltage are typically chosen. All quantities are specified as multiples of selected base values. For example, the
base power might be the rated power of a transformer, or perhaps an arbitrarily selected power which makes
power quantities in the system more convenient. The base voltage might be the nominal voltage of a bus.
Different types of quantities are labeled with the same symbol (pu); it should be clear whether the quantity is
a voltage, current, or other unit of measurement.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS OF PER UNIT
PARAMETER OF TRANSFORMER
Source: Complete Electrical Engineering
Formula and Principles
Author: Romeo A. Rojas Jr.
Page: 307-308
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V=_GIWU75UICM
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING….
GOODLUCK FUTURE ENGINEERS

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