1

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

 Electrical Machines
2
(EELE 4350)

By
By
Assad Abu-Jasser,
Assad Abu-Jasser, Ph.
Ph. D.
D.
ElectricPower
Electric Power Engineering
Engineering
www.iugaza.edu/homes/ajasser
www.iugaza.edu/homes/ajasser
ajasser@iugaza.edu.ps
ajasser@iugaza.edu.ps

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

3

Chapter Four
Chapter Four
Transformers

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

4 Introduction

A Transformer is a device that involves two electrically

isolated but magnetically strong coupled coils
These are primary winding connected to the source and
secondary winding connected to the load
Induced emf is proportional to the number of turns in
the coil.
If the secondary voltage is higher than the source, the
transformer is called step-up transformer.
On the other hand, a step-down transformer has higher
source voltage than the load voltage.
One-to-One ratio transformer is called isolation
transformer.
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
5 Construction of a Transformer

Transformer core is built up of thin lamination of highly

permeable ferromagnetic material such as silicon sheet steel
The lamination’s thickness varies from 0.014 to 0.024 inch to keep
core losses to a minimum.
A thin coating varnish is applied to provide electrical insulation.

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

6 An Ideal Transformer

   m sin t An Ideal Transformer has the

e1  N 1  m cos t following properties:

1 The core is highly permeable

E1  N 1  m 0o i.e. it requires a very small
2 mmf to set up flux Φ
E 1  4.44fN 1 m 0o
The core does not have any
E 2  4.44fN 2  m 0 o
eddy-current or hysteresis
d
 1 N i V N 1 iVloss
Ve11 EN Z 1 1 
2
1 1 N 2 2 21
  dt a
1
I a 2
I
V2 E2 Nd2  i2 The N1
core
2 exhibits no flux
1

Ie22 N N  2 leakage
1 i.e. thefluxais
 N
2
 1  a dt Z
i 2 confined Z 1 the core
2 within
I1 Ne2 1 N1
1 a 2
  a
 The 2
22isinegligible
resistance of each
1
V1I21 Ve2 I22 or N
* *
V 12I 1 V 2 I 2 Z1 i1 a
1 
Z
winding 2
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
7 Transformer Polarity and Ratings

Transformer Polarity
Ratings
The nameplate of a transformer provides information on
power and voltage-handling capacity of each winding
A 5-kVA, 500/250-V, step-down transformer has the following
Full-load power rating is 5 kVA or the transformer can deliver
5 kVA on a continuous basis
Nominal Primary voltage V1=500 V and nominal secondary
voltage V2=250 V
Full-load primary current I1=5000/500=10 A and full-load
secondary current I2=5000/250=20 A
The transformation ratio is usually not given by manufacturer
but it can be calculated a=V1/V2=500/250=2

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

8 Example 4.1
The core of the two-winding transformer shown is subjected to the
magnetic flux variation as indicated. What is the induced emf in each
winding?

For
For t=0.1-0.12
t=0-0.06 s s


0.15
0.45
t t Wb
Wb
For t=0.06-0.1 s dd

ab 
e ab eeba
ba NNabab
  0.009 Wb dt
dt
ab 
e ab e
200 e**
200  0 
0.15
0.45 V90
30 VV
ab cd
dd
e cd
cd 
NN cd
cd
dt
dt
e cd
cd 
 500
500* * 0.4575
0.15 225
V V
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
9 Example 4.2
An ideal transformer has a 150-turn primary and 750-turn secondary.
The primary is connected to a 240-V, 50-Hz source. The secondary
winding supplies a load of 4 A at a lagging power factor of 0.8.
Determine (a) the a-ratio, (b) the current in the primary, (c) the power
supplied to the load, and (d) the flux in the core.

a  150 / 750  0.2

I2 4
I1    20 A
a 0.2
V1 240
V2    1200 V
a 0.2
PL V 2 I 2 cos   1200 * 4 * 0.8  3840 W
E1 240
m    7.21 mWb
4.44fN 1 4.44 * 50 *150
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
10 A Nonideal Transformer
For Nonideal Transformer

E1 I2 N1
  a
E2 I1 N2
Nonideal Transformer has the following parameters
V 1  E 1  ( R 1  jX 1 )I 1
Winding Resistances
V 2  E 2  (R 2  jX 2 )I 2
Leakage Fluxes
Finite Core Permeability
Core losses (Eddy-Current & Hysteresis)

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

11 Example 4.3
A 23-kVA, 2300/230-V, 60-Hz, step-down transformer has the following
resistance and leakage-reactance values: R1=4Ω, R2=0.04Ω, X1=12Ω,
and X2=0.12Ω. The transformer is operating at 75% of its rated load. If
the power factor of the load is 0.866 leading, determine the efficiency of
the transformer.

I 223000
II1 2   7.5 30* 0.75 A  75 A, I 2  75 30 A
P 14938.94
a 230
 
ZZ1 2 R1 R
o
 0.971, or 97.1%
 2jX1 jX4 2 j120.04
  j 0.12 
VE  EVP
1  Iin* ZI 15389.14
1 *2282.87
1Z  230
1 2.33 (75 30)(4
(7.530  j 12) j 0.12)
)(0.04
2 2 2 2
VE1  2269.578
 228.287 4.7 2.33
V  V
2
Po  Re[V
23002 * I 2 ]  Re[230*75 30]  14938.94 W
*

a * 10, E 1  a * E 2  2282.87 2.33 V

Pin  Re[
V 1 * I 1 ]  Re[2269.578 4.7 *7.5 30]  15389.14 W
230
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
12 Finite Permeability

Unloaded
When Transformer
the load on the draws excitation increases
transformer current

The  I c  I m , winding
I  secondary I m is thecurrent
magnetizing current
increases
E 1 supplied by the source increases
The current
Ic  core-loss current
R c 1 across primary impedance increases
The voltage drop
The
E 1induced emf E1 drops
X m1  magnetizing reactance
jI m because magnetizing current drops
The mutual flux decreases

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

13 Example 4.4
The equivalent core-loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance on
the primary side of the transformer of example 4.3 are 20 kΩ and 15kΩ,
respectively. If the transformer delivers the same load, what is its
efficiency?

2282.87 2.33
E 1 have
From ExampleI c 4.3,
 we   0.114 2.33 A
Rc1 20000
V 2  230 V
Im 
I E2  752282.87
1
30 A2.33  0.152 E87.67
2 228.287
A
2.33 V
jX j 15000
a  10 E  2282.87 2.33A  I p  7.5 30
m1

I   I c 1 I m  0.19 50.8 V A
I  I  I  7.5 30  0.19 50.8  7.53 28.57 A
Po  14938.94 W 1 p 

V  E  I Z  2282.87 2.33  7.53 28.57 (4  j 12)

1 1 1 1

V 1  2271.9 4.71 V

Pin  Re[V 1I 1* ]  15645.35 W

Po 14938.94
   0.955, or 95.5%
Pin 15645.35
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
14 Phasor Diagram

E 2 V 2  I 2 R 2  jI 2 X 2
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
15 Approximate Equivalent Circuit
Z e 2  R e 2  jX e 2
Z  R  jX
R ee21  R 2 e
1
R 1 / a 2e 1
R  R a R 2
X e 2  X 2  X 1 / a2
e1 1 2
Rc 2  Rc1 / a 2

X  X a X
X me 12  X m 1 1 / a2
2
2
The low core loss implies high core loss resistance
The high permeability of the core ensures high
magnetizing reactance
The impedance of the parallel branch across the primary is
very high compared with Z1 and Z2
The high impedance of the parallel branch assures low
excitation current and thus it can be moved as shown

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

16 Example 4.5
Analyze the transformer discussed in examples 4.3 and 4.4 using the
approximate equivalent circuit as viewed from the primary side. Also
sketch its phasor diagram.

' 2269.59 4.7

I c 2  aV 2  10 *
V 230 04.7
0.113  2300
 A 0 V
20000
I p 2269.59
7.5 304.7A 
Im   0.151 85.3  A
R e 1  R 1  a R 2  4  10 * 0.04  8 
j 15000 2 2

I 1  I p  I c  I m2  7.54 28.6 A
X e1  X 1 a X 2  12  10 * 0.12  24 
2

Po  Re  2300 0 * 7.5 30   14938.94 W

Z e1  Re 1  X e1  8  j 24 
Pin  Re ' 2269.59 4.7 * 7.54 28.6   15645.36 W
V 1 V 2  I p Z e 1  2300 0  7.5 30(8  j 24)
Po 14938.94
    0.955 or 95.5%
V1 Pin2269.59 4.7 V
15645.36
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
17 Voltage Regulation

V 2 NL V 2 FL
VR %  *100
V 2 FL
V 1  aV 2
VR %  *100
aV 2
V1
V 2
VR %  a *100
V2
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
18 Example 4.6

A 2.2-kVA, 440/220-V, 50-Hz, step-down transformer has the following

parameters referred to the primary side: Re1=3 Ω, Xe1=4 Ω, Rc1=2.5 kΩ,
and Xm1=2 kΩ. The transformer is delivering full load at rated voltage
with a power factor of 0.707 lagging. Determine the efficiency and the
voltage regulation of the transformer.

Iac 
 440 / 220  2 V0.186 2  220
0.44VA S  2200
464.762 0.44 VA
2500
2200 0.44
464.762 1

IIm2   10  cos
 0.232 0.707  10
89.56  A45 A
220 j 2000
I 1  I pI  I c  I m  5.296 45.33 A
10 45
Pop  Re  440 * 5 45 1555.63
I   5 45 W A
2

a 2
Pin '  Re  464.762 0.44 * 5.296 45.33  1716.91 W
V 2  aV 2  2 * 220  440 0 V
  1555.63 / 1716.91  0.906 or 90.6%
V  V '
 I p (Re 1440
464.762
V R1 %  2
 jX e 1 )5.63%
*100
464.762 0.44 V
440
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
19 Maximum Efficiency Criterion

Po  aVP
Core Losses 2 I p cos 
(eddy-current and hysteresis)
I p  m
cu  I p
arePconstantRRe 1eand called fixed losses
2
1

Pin  aV 2 I p cos   Pm  I p2 R e 1
Copper
I plosses
 I pflareaV
varying
Pm
asI the square
Pm of
I cos  pfl
the 
current andI called Variable Plosses
2 2 p
 pfl R e1 cufl
aV 2 I p cos   Pm  I p R e 1
2

Efficiency
VAd | is zero
 0 

at
V A
I
no
2
| R
load
&
Pm
P
it increases
max .eff . prated
to reach
dI p its maximum at certain Pcufl load
e1 m

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

20 Example 4.7
A 120-kVA, 2400/240-V, step-down transformer has the following
(a) parameters: R1=0.75 Ω, X1=0.8 Ω, R2=0.01 Ω, X2=0.02 Ω. The
transformer is designed to operate at maximum efficiency at 70% of its
kVwithA 0.8 power
120000
Irated
(c)  load
(b)
ofpthe transformer
'
 at maximum

factor lagging.
50 Determine
A (a) the kVA rating
efficiency, (b) the maximum efficiency,
V 2 2400
P (c) theP
 V ' 
(d)
efficiency
V
o* I pfl 2
*
' full load and 0.8 power factor lagging, and (d) the
at*pfI p * pf
Io
p  0.7
equivalent2 core-loss  0.7 *Use
* I resistance.
p 50the approximate
35 A equivalent circuit.
Po *2400
Po  2400 * 35
502* 0.8 * 2  67200
0.8
96000 W W
V 35
1 * 24002400
V A
Pcufl |RP
50
maxc1
.
in
2
eff 

. P
(0.75
o 
P10  84 2686.88
* 0.01) kVA W W
m  Pcu  71487.5
2
4375 
P 10002143.75
P
2 P
m
67200 96000
Pcu
 o
 
Ip ( R
o 
1 a 2
R )  35 2
*100 (0.75
 
*100
94% 102
*93.6%
0.01)
Pin 96000  4375  2143.75
2
Pin 71487.5
Pcu  2143.75 W
Pm  Pcu  2143.75 W

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

 Determination of Transformer Parameters
21 The Open-Circuit Test

One winding of the transformer is left open while the

other is excited by rated voltage and rated frequency
It does not matter which side is excited, however it is
safer to perform this test in the low-voltage side

 Poc 
S oc V oc * I oc , oc  cos 1

S
 oc 
I c  I oc cos oc , Im  I oc sin oc
V oc V oc2 V oc V oc2
R cL   , X mL  
Ic Poc Im Qoc
Qoc  S oc2  Poc2

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

 Determination of Transformer Parameters
22 The Short-Circuit Test

The test is designed to determine the winding

resistances and leakage 1  Psc 
reactances
S sc V2sc * I sc , sc  cos 
R  R a R
eH The test
H is conducted
L , X
by placingeH
X
a short circuit a X
2
HS sc across L
2 one winding
2 andPexciting the other with
V sc rated frequency
I H R HTheapplied
RI L RL
I
sc
eH
voltage
, Z 2
eH
I
is carefully adjusted until rated
sc sc
current flows in the windings
R  a R  0.5R
H It doesXnot
L
2
 Z 2
eH matter on
eH R
eH whicheH
2 , X
,
H a a X
2
N H
L
side the test is conducted.
 0.5X eH
N
But for safety it is conducted on the high-voltage
L side

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

23 Example 4.8
OC-Test
SC-Test
The following data were obtained from testing a 48-kVA, 4800/240-V.
step-down transformer;
Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)
--------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
Open-circuit test: 240 2 120
Short-circuit test: 150 10 600
S oc PVsc oc *600
I oc  240* 2  480 VA
V sc 150
RReH the
Determine 0.52
 2 0.5*6
equivalent
R  circuit
6  of ,3 the
Z
 
eHtransformer as viewed
 15 from
H I sc (a) 10
2 eHthe high-voltage
2 side and I sc(b) the
10low-voltage side
V
 4800
a0.5 240  20
X RHcL X
oc
 / 240
2 eH 4802  26.88 
0.5*13.75
X eH  Z PoceH  2 R eH  215  6  13.75 
120
2

R0.5
cH R eH a R cL0.5*6 20 (480)  192 k Ω
R L  R eH 2 2 6 2 2  0.0075 Ω2 or 7.5 mΩ
X 2aS ocaX 20 or12015 mΩ
2
R eLQoc  2 P
2 oc 0.015
 480Ω
20 2
(123.94) 464.76k Ω
49.58 VA
amH 20
0.5VX 2eH 240
mL
0.5*13.75
2
X XL  XeH 2oc  
13.75 
2
 0.017
123.94  Ω or 17 mΩ
X eL mL a 
2Q 464.76
2
200.034 Ω or 34 mΩ
a oc 20
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
24 Per-Unit Computations

When an electric Smachine

the is designed
apparent power or analyzed using actual
base
b
values of its parameters, it is not immediately obvious how its
performance Vb compare with similar-type machine
the base voltage
Expressing machine
S b parameters
V b inV bper-unit
2 shows
 machine
I b the
immediately how , Z b operates
 around its ratings
V b I b S
Per-unit values of machines of the sameb type with widely
different ratings lie within
actual aquantity
narrow range
Quantity, pu 
An electric system has four quantities of interest: voltage,
its bas value
current, apparent power, and impedance
V bH
a values for
If base (reference) transformers
of any two of them are selected, the
V bL two can be calculated
remaining

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

25 Example 4.9
A single-phase generator with an internal impedance of 23+j92 mΩ is
connected to a load via a 46-kVA, 230/2300-V, step-up transformer, a
short transmission line, and a 46-kVA, 2300/115-V, step down
transformer. The impedance of the transmission line is 2.07+j4.14 Ω.
The parameters of step-up and step-down transformers are:
RH XH RL XL RcH XmH
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
SectionStep-up:
I
Section
Section
Section A
C
 1.016
B
B 30.31 2.3Ω 6.9Ω 23mΩ
 1.188 7.21 
 1

69mΩ
1 
 
13.8kΩ 6.9kΩ
1.036 30.84
V full
g , pu
 2300 V, S  46000 VA
At
V bA bA
 Step-down
load and 0.866 lagging
230 V, S bA bA  46000
pf
2.3Ω 6.9Ω VA  120
5.75mΩ j 60 
17.25mΩ 11.5kΩ 9.2kΩ
VVVII bA
L , pu 
g , pu  115
1 0 and
46000
1.188 V,
2.3 Iand
L , pu S
  1.036
/ 2300
7.21 12030
 46000
30.84
A, (0.02 Z bAVA j230

6.9
0.08 /200.02 115 
j 0.06)
V
E R Determine
bC  46000
bA 
R HH, pu
g , pu 1 
1.313
0 
,overall
(a) the
2.3

/ 230
11.08
(0.02
pu efficiency  
generator

j
0.02,
0.06)(1
bC
of theX
voltage,
20030A,  )
system atX 
(b)
Z6.9
1.048
Hfull
the
bA 
, pu 
generator
2.29
load
230
 and

/ 200 
current,
0.06 (c)
1.15 
0.866 power factor
the

I bC 230 46000  0.02,

/115 j 400 H , pu 
A, 1Z11.08  115 / 400  0.2875
0.06

, pu
V g

IIZ, pu 2001 30

115
0.023
*1.313
115 
  1.048
11.08 0.092  301.99
 1
2.29  207.20.02 
bC 115
 1.016
V 115
j 0.08
lagging.
g , pu 13800
*1.036 30.84 
30.84  A30.31
6900
1.15
R cH , pu 
11500  120, 100 X mH j 80  
9200
 60
g

0.00575
115
, pu
 Re  1.313 11.08 *1.036 0.01725
115 30.84    1.012
    j
P  0.8 66, P
E R
R
o , pu

R
g , pu
LLcH
,, pu

0.866  0.023
1.048
, pu 2.07
2.29

 *100 85.6%

in , pu

j  0.02,
1.016
4.14

0.02, X0.018100,X
30.31   X0.069
2(0.02 
 mH
L , pu
 j 0.06)
, pu 0.06
  0.06
0.018 80
0.03 6
 Z  pu
E g , pu1.012
, pu 
 1.188 0.2875
1.157.21115
115 L , pu j
1.15 0.2875 115
0.036
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
26 The Autotransformer

When the two windings of a transformer are interconnected

electrically, it is called an autotransformer
The direct electrical connection between the windings ensures
that a part of the energy is transferred by conduction in
addition to the part transferred by the magnetic induction
Autotransformer is cheaper in first cost than a conventional
two-winding transformer of a similar rating
Autotransformer delivers more power than a two-winding
transformer of similar physical dimensions
For a similar power rating, an autotransformer is more
efficient than a two-winding transformer
An autotransformer requires lower excitation current than a
two-winding transformer to establish the same flux

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

 The Autotransformer
27 Connections

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

 The Autotransformer
28 a-ratio of Autotransformer

V(N
S V I
2
1 a 1
VN
E2 1a2 
)
( I
a E
1
a 
1)
1 NE I
 S 1
22 2a 1 
oa 2 2
II  aNI  N a2
o  a 
V22aa  E
2a 1 a 21)1I 1a a  aT
T 21aa  (E
SIo1a power transfer
N 2 through induction
VSSI 11aa IV1E 1aI E 1  E 2
ooa  2a 2
 power transfer
a through conduction
VSa2oaa VE2VI21a(a  1) E 2
S oa   1a   aT I 1a  V 1a I 1a
V 1a Na1T (aN 21)  1
S oa V 2 I 2 1So a1 aT
VS2oaa  S inaN 2 a  a

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

29 Example 4.10

ForAthe
24-kVA, 2400/240-V
2-winding distribution transformer is to be connected as an
transformer
autotransformer. For each possible combination, determine (a) the
1  2400
V primary winding 2  240 (b)
V, V voltage, V,the  24 kVA,
S osecondary I 1 voltage,
winding 2 
10 A, I(c) 100
the A
ratio
of transformation, and (d) the nominal rating of the autotransformer.
V 1aa  EE112 E2400
E240
22
2400
V2400240
2402640
2640VV
V 22aa  EE240
11
EV
2400 V2400240
E2 22400 240 2640
2640V V
VV11aa 2640
240
2400
2640
aT   1.1
11
0.091
0.91
VV22aa 2640
2640
240
2400
S oaoa  VV22aaII22aa VV12a1a2aIaI2211a  V 1a I 1
S oaoa  2640 *10  26400
2640*100 VA26.4
264000VA 264 kVA
26.4-kVA,2400
264-kVA, 2640/ 2640-V
240
2640 2640-V
/ 240-V
2400-V
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
30 A Nonideal Autotransformer

An equivalent circuit of a nonideal autotransformer

can be obtained by including the winding
resistances, the leakage reactances, the core-loss
resistance, and the magnetizing reactance.

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

31 Example 4.11

A 720-VA, 360/120-V, two-winding transformer has the following constants:

RH=18.9 Ω, XH=21.6 Ω, RL=2.1 Ω, and X I 2 a Ω,
=2.4 2 45 R  =8.64 kΩ, and X =6.84 kΩ.
I pa  L  cH  8 45 A mH
The transformer is connected as a 120/480-V, aT 0.25step-up autotransformer. If the
V
autotransformer delivers the full load at 0.707 121.513
power13.63  leading, determine its
factor
IIca   1Ia   I  6 45 A0.127 13.63 A
com R paefficiency
2 a 960 and the voltage regulation.
cL

E H  Va1Ea L 121.513 13.63

I ma    0.16 76.37 A
4E L jXImL2 a ( R H  jjX760H ) V 2 a  I com ( R L  jX L )
I4E
a
 Ica 2 I45  0.204 38 A
ma  (18.9  j 21.6)  480  6 45 (2.1  j 2.4)
aT  120
P / 480  0.25 a  360 /120  3
678.82 L
 o

8640  0.803 or 80.3% I 1a  I pa  I a  8 45  0.204 38  8.027 43.56 A
R cL Pin 2 845.3
 960  E L  119.745 4.57 V
3
Po  Re V 2 a * I 2 a   480 * 2 45  678.82 W
*
V 1a 121.513
6840 V 1a  E L  I com ( R L  jX L )
anL 
VX 2mL 2
 760   486.056 V
aT
3 0.25 Pin  Re V 1a * I 1a   121.513 13.63 *8.027 43.56  845.3 W
*

720 V 1a  119.745 4.57  6 45(2.1  j 2.4)

I 2a  I HV V2 A
VR %  2anL
360 2a
*100  1.26%
I 2a  2 45 V A2a V 1a  121.513 13.63 V

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

32 Three-Phase Transformers

Power is generated, transmitted, and consumed in three-

phase form. 3-phase transformers are used in such systems
Three exactly alike single-phase transformers are used to form
a single three-phase transformer
For economic reasons, a three-phase transformer is designed
to have all six windings on a common magnetic core
A common magnetic core of a three-phase transformer can be
either a core type or a shell type
Shell-type transformer exhibits less waveform distortion than
core-type and this makes it preferable over the core-type
A three-phase winding on either side can be connected either
in wye (Y) or in delta (∆)

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

 Three-Phase Transformers
33
Construction & Windings Connection

∆-∆
Y-∆
∆-Y
Y-Y Connection
Core
Type

Shell-Type

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

34 Analysis of a 3-Phase Transformer

Under steady-state conditions, a single 3-phase transformer

operates exactly the same as 3 single-phase transformers
In our analysis we assume that we have 3 identical 1-phase
transformers connected to form a single 3-phase transformer
Such an understanding allows the development of the per-
phase equivalent circuit of a three-phase transformer
It is also assumed that the 3-phase transformers delivers a
balanced load and the waveforms are pure sinusoidal
This enables us employ the per-phase equivalent circuit of a
transformer. A ∆-connected winding can be replaced by its
equivalent Y-connected winding using ∆-to-Y transformation
ZY=Z∆/3 and Vn=VL/√3 with ±30o phase difference

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

35 Example 4.12

 
SA3three-phase
3*720
single-phase
 2160 VA or 2.16 kVA
transformer is assembled by connecting three 720-VA, 360/120-V,
transformers. The constants for each transformer are R =18.9 Ω, H
XH=21.6 Ω, RL=2.1 Ω, and XL=2.4 Ω, RcH=8.64 kΩ, and XmH=6.84 kΩ. For each of
the four configurations, determine the nominal voltage and power ratings of the
three-phase transformer. Draw the winding arrangements and the per-phase
equivalent circuit for each configuration.
(c)
(b) For
(d)
(a) For Y-- connection
 -Y
Y-Y
V 11LL  360
360* V 3  623.54
3 *360 624 V V
V 22LL  120*
V 120 V 3  207.85
3 *120 208 V V
The nominal
The nominal Ratings
Ratings are
are
2.16-kVA, 624/208-V,
624/120-V,
360/208-V, -Y
- connection
360/120-V, Y-Y
Y-

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

36 Example 4.13
Three single-phase transformers, each rated at 12-kVA, 120/240-V, 60-Hz, are
Y/∆ Connection Primary Secondary
connected to form a three-phase, step-up, Y-∆ connection. The parameters of each
transformerVoltage
Phase are RH=133.5 mΩ, XH=201
120mΩ, RL=39.5 mΩ, 240 and XL=61.5 mΩ,
RcH=240 Ω, and XmH=290Ω. What are the nominal voltage, current, and power
ratings Line Voltagetransformer. When
of the three-phase 208 240
it delivers the rated load at the rated
voltage and 0.8 pf lagging, determine the line voltages, the line currents, and the
Phase Current 100 efficiency50
of the transformer.

Line Current 100 86.6

E
V
P  For
E
3ReV V 

equivalent
I I
* I (0.0395
*
   138.564*86.6
Y-Y connection
(0.0445 3Re jj0.0615) 36.87
0.067) Secondary
Y/Y Connection
o1n
2 n 1n
2n 2 n
V 2 n 30.92
pA
2 A
138.564
2 A  Primary
0 V6.87(0.0395  j 0.0615)
V  138.564
125.7
Eo12nn 28800
P W or028.8  
 86.6
kW36.87(0.0445  j 0.067)
100
Phase I 2 A  86.6  36.87120
Voltage A 138.564
V 1n 3Re
132.61 31.97  V
E
P
Line
in2 n   1n1201A  3Re

145.147
Voltage
V * I *
0.92 V  132.61
208
31.97 *100.72 6.88
240
a3 V 1n 30  229.69
 0.86661.97 V
V Pin1L 100.72  6.88
138.564 A
E
Phase 2L  3E 2 n 30  251.4 30.92
Current 100 V 86.6
86.6 1
 36.87 1
 
IE1A 28.8
IIapA* V 1
*100
E 
n30  
92.3% 
125.7 30
100.72
30.92 100
 V 6.88
6.87  AA
Line Current
1n 31.2
pA
240 j 290
2 n  0.866 100
 86.6
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
37

End of
Chapter Four

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)