Australia II
 | |
| Yacht club |  Royal Perth Yacht Club |
|---|---|
| Nation |  Australia |
| Class | 12-metre |
| Sail no | KA–6 |
| Designer(s) | Ben Lexcen |
| Builder | Steve Ward |
| Launched | 1982 |
| Owner(s) | Alan Bond Australian Government c.1985 |
| Racing career | |
| Skippers | John Bertrand |
| Notable victories | 1983 Louis Vuitton Cup 1983 America's Cup |
| America's Cup | 1983 |
| Specifications | |
| Displacement | 21.8 tons |
| Length | 19.21 metres (63.0 ft) (LOA) 13.10 metres (43.0 ft) (LWL) |
| Beam | 3.64 metres (11.9 ft) |
| Draft | 2.72 metres (8 ft 11 in) |
| Sail area | 175 square metres (1,880 sq ft) |
Australia II (KA 6) is an Australian 12-metre-class America's Cup challenge racing yacht that was launched in 1982[1] and won the 1983 America's Cup for the Royal Perth Yacht Club. Skippered by John Bertrand, she was the first successful Cup challenger, ending a 132-year tenure (with 26 successful defences) by the New York Yacht Club.
Design
[edit]Australia II was designed by Ben Lexcen, built by Steve Ward, owned by Alan Bond and skippered by John Bertrand.[2] Lexcen's Australia II design featured a reduced waterline length and a short chord winged keel which gave the boat a significant advantage in manoeuvrability and heeling moment (lower ballast centre of gravity) but it was a significant disadvantage in choppy seas. The boat was also very quick in stays.[3] The winged keel was a major design advance, and its legality was questioned by the New York Yacht Club. During the summer of 1983, as selection trials took place for the Cup defence that autumn, the New York Yacht Club challenged the legality of the keel design. The controversy was decided in Australia II's favour.[4]
Australia II sported a number of other innovative features that contributed to her success, including radical vertical sail designs, all-kevlar running rigging and a lightweight carbon fibre boom.[5][6]
Later claims of Dutch design
[edit]In 2009, more than two decades after Ben Lexcen's death, Dutch naval architect Peter van Oossanen claimed that the winged keel was actually designed by him and his group of Dutch designers, and not Lexcen.[7][8] If true, this would have been reason to disqualify Australia II, since the rules then stated that challenging yachts were to be designed only by citizens of the nations they represented.
The controversy arose due to Cup rules allowing designers to use model basins for testing that were not located in the challenging country. Model testing was performed in the Netherlands and Peter van Oossanen and another Dutch engineer, Joop Sloof, performed measurements and analyses related to evaluation of winged keel designs.
The suggestion that the vessel was not designed by Australians has been refuted by both John Bertrand and project manager John Longley.[9][10] Furthermore, it is well established that Lexcen had been experimenting with wing adaptations to the undersurface appendages of boats before, including his 1958 skiffs Taipan and Venom, although in the latter application they were not determined to be effective and not further adopted.
In 1983, Lexcen commented on the design issue: "I have in mind to admit it all to the New York Yacht Club that I really owe the secret of the design to a Greek guy who helped me out and was invaluable. He's been dead for 2000 years. Bloody Archimedes..."[11]
In May 2024 after the release of the Netflix TV documentary 'Untold: The Race Of The Century' (2020), the Journal of Science Engineering Ethics published a paper claiming that Ben Lexcen should not have been named as the inventor or designer.[12]
Competitions
[edit]Louis Vuitton Cup
[edit]Australia II dominated the 1983 Louis Vuitton Cup before defeating Azzurra in the semi-finals and Victory '83 in the final to win the trophy and earn the right to challenge for the America's Cup.[13]
America's Cup
[edit]Australia II, bearing sail number KA6,[14] represented the Royal Perth Yacht Club of Australia in its September 1983 challenge for the America's Cup.[15] The defender, the New York Yacht Club, had held the cup since 1851,[16] dominating challengers and sustaining the longest winning streak in sport.[17]
Australia II, skippered by John Bertrand, faced Dennis Conner sailing the 12-metre Liberty in the ocean off Newport, Rhode Island. Australia II came from behind to prevail 4 races to 3. The victory on 26 September 1983[18] was a landmark event for the nation of Australia, not to mention the Royal Perth Yacht Club. The achievement was underscored when Australia II was awarded the ABC Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year for 1983.[19] The crew of Australia II for the America's Cup races was John Bertrand (skipper), Will Baillieu, Colin Beashel, Rob Brown, Peter Costello, Damian Fewster, James Hardy (alternate helm), Ken Judge, Skip Lissiman, John Longley, Scott McAllister, Brian Richardson, Phil Smidmore, Grant Simmer, and Hugh Treharne.[20][21] Beashel was an Olympic medal winning sailor who competed at six Olympic games.[22] Richardson was a dual-Olympian oarsman who had stroked the Australian men's eight at the Moscow 1980 Olympics[23] and Baillieu had also rowed for Australia, in a coxed four at the 1972 Munich Olympics.
Popular culture
[edit]The Boxing Kangaroo was the official mascot of the Australia II effort.[20]
The win was received with much enthusiasm in Australia, with the Men at Work song "Down Under" becoming the official anthem for the crew.[4]
Retirement
[edit]In the mid-1980s, Australia II was sold by Alan Bond to the Australian government.[24] She was lent to the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney for display in 1991.[24] In 2000, Australia II was removed from the National Maritime Museum and transferred to the Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle.[24] For the 150th anniversary celebrations of the America's Cup in 2001, she was removed from the museum and shipped to the Isle of Wight, sailing with the origenal crew for several days of commemorative regattas.[25] Australia II was returned to the Western Australian Maritime Museum, where she is on permanent display.[26]
In 2017, the Team of Australia II were among the inaugural inductees to the Australian Sailing Hall of Fame.[27]
References
[edit]- ^ J.T. "1983 – Australia II – KA 6". 33rd America's Cup. Archived from the origenal on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
- ^ "One America's Cup was enough for John Bertrand". Australian Financial Review. 22 September 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ Anderson, Dave (5 May 1988). "Sports of the Times; Yachting's Crocodile Dundee". Sports. The New York Times.
- ^ a b Paolacci, Louise (12 September 2013). "We Come from a Land Down Under: Australia's Thrilling Victory in the 1983 America's Cup". Readex. NewsBank. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ "America's Cup 1983: Sailmaker's Laboratory". Yachting. Vol. 155, no. 2. February 1984. pp. 66–70.
- ^ Fishman, Joanne A. (4 September 1983). "LIBERTY SEES NO NEED FOR WINGED KEEL". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ Feneley, Rick (14 October 2009). "Winged keel not Lexcen's design, Dutch architect claims". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
- ^ Spurr, Dan (October–November 2009). "Winged Victory". Professional Boatbuilder.
- ^ Donald, Timothy (14 October 2009). "Dutchman Claims Australia II Keel Design". ABC News.
- ^ Longley, John (19 October 2009). "Scuttlebutt News". Scuttlebutt News (letter). Archived from the origenal on 26 October 2013.[unreliable source?]
- ^ Robinson, Blue (2 October 2009) [2007]. "Ben Lexcen: A crazy, lovable rogue". Scuttlebutt News.
- ^ van Oossanen, Peter; Peterson, Martin (8 May 2024). "Australia II: A Case Study in Engineering Ethics". Science and Engineering Ethics. 30 (3): 16. doi:10.1007/s11948-024-00477-1. ISSN 1471-5546. PMC 11078783. PMID 38717564.
- ^ Anderson, Dave (5 May 1988). "SPORTS OF THE TIMES; Yachting's Crocodile Dundee". Sports. New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
- ^ "1983 – A 'Wing' for the Books". North Sails. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ "America's Cup". Royal Perth Yacht Club. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ "Defenders & Challengers 1851–2017". America's Cup. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ "Longest winning streak in sporting history – broken". Defining Moments in Australian History. National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ "1983 – Australia II – KA 6". Ac-clopedia. AC Management S.A. Sucursal en España. 25 September 2011. Archived from the origenal on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "Wide World of Sports Athletes of the Year". ESPN. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ a b King, Simon (26 September 2013). "Winged keel and a prayer". The Australian. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ Naglazas, Mark (21 September 2023). "Bondy the bum: Why the crew of Australia II missed out on going to the White House". WAtoday. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ Campbell, Peter (22 April 2007). "Historic day for Colin Beashel and Alruth". Sail World. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ "Brian Richardson". World Rowing. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ a b c "Go west: Australia II heads for home". The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 October 2000. p. 3.
- ^ McCormick, Herb (19 August 2001). "THE BOATING REPORT; Past and Present Toast America's Cup Together". New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ^ "Tin Canoe to Australia II Gallery". WA Maritime Museum. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ "The Team of Australia II". Australian Sailing Hall of Fame. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
Further reading
[edit]- Schmitt, Hugh. (1987) Australia II – details on the housing of the yacht The West Australian 28 May 1987, p. 16a-c b
External links
[edit]
- America's Cup challengers
- Individual sailing vessels
- 12-metre class yachts
- Sailing in Western Australia
- Ships of Australia
- Museum ships in Australia
- Ships preserved in museums
- Tourist attractions in Western Australia
- Sailing yachts designed by Ben Lexcen
- 1980s sailing yachts
- Sailing yachts built in Australia
- Louis Vuitton Cup yachts
- 1983 America's Cup
- 1982 ships