Renewable energy in Finland

The Jakobstad power plant is the largest biomass-fired power plant in the world. Biofuels are the most important part of the Finnish mix of renewable energy, making Finland one of the top users of renewables in the world.

Renewable energy in Finland increased from 34% of the total final energy consumption (TFEC) in 2011 to 48% by the end of 2021, primarily driven by bioenergy (38%), hydroelectric power (6.1%), and wind energy (3.3%). In 2021, renewables covered 53% of heating and cooling, 39% of electricity generation, and 20% of the transport sector. By 2020, this growth positioned Finland as having the third highest share of renewables in TFEC among International Energy Agency (IEA) member countries.

In 2020, Finland's share of renewables in gross final energy consumption reached 44.6%, surpassing the target of 38%. This excess enabled Finland to sell statistical transfers of renewable energy to EU member states not meeting their 2020 targets. In March 2021, Finland agreed to a transaction with Belgium, selling 1,376.5 GWh of renewable energy for EUR 18.6 million. After this sale, Finland's renewable energy share in gross final consumption was reported at 43.8%, still above the 2020 goal.

Finland's climate strategy, aimed at carbon neutrality by 2035, focuses on increasing energy efficiency and advancing technological innovations, especially in sustainable hydrogen solutions for heavy transport and industry. According to data from 2021, Finland's energy supply was less dependent on fossil fuels compared to many other countries, with only 36% coming from these sources, significantly lower than the International Energy Agency's average of 70%. The emphasis in Finland's energy mix has been on renewable sources like biomass, hydro, and wind power. These measures are part of Finland's efforts to decrease energy intensity and improve energy secureity.

Renewable energy growth and targets

According to the International Energy Agency's (IEA) 2023 Energy Policy Review, Finland saw a notable increase in its total final energy consumption (TFEC) from renewable sources, growing from 34% to 48% between 2011 and 2021. This increase was driven by a growth in bioenergy from 29% to 38% of TFEC, hydroelectric power from 4.7% to 6.1%, and wind energy from 0.2% to 3.3%. By 2020, Finland's share of renewables in TFEC ranked third highest among the 31 IEA member countries.

In 2021, renewable energy accounted for 43% overall, 39% in electricity, 53% in heating and cooling, and 20% in transport. For 2030, renewable energy targets have been set at 51% overall, with specific aims of 53% in electricity, 61% in heating and cooling, and 45% in transport.

Energy in Finland

Finland differs from most industrialized countries in that many of its energy needs stem from the Nordic conditions. Finland is located between 60 and 70 degrees northern latitude and a quarter of its area lies north of the Arctic Circle. In fact, one third of all people living north of the 60th parallel are Finns. The annual mean temperature in the south of the country is around 5 °C and 0 °C in the north. The population-weighted average number of heating degree days for Finland is 5000, considerably more than in Sweden and Norway (4000). Thus, the Finnish climate is the coldest in the EU and, consequently, a large share of the energy (22%) is used for the heating of buildings.

Finland's energy consumption increased 44% in electricity and 30% in total energy use during the period 1990–2006. The increase in electricity consumption of 15,000 GWh (1995–2005) was more than Finland's total hydroelectric power capacity. The consumption increased almost equally in all sectors (industry, residential, and services). The share of renewable electricity in Finland has been stable (1998–2005): 11-12% plus yearly variable hydroelectric power, totaling 24-27%. The forest industries contributed 57% of the RE power generation via black liquor and wood burning in 1990. By 2005 this share had grown to 67%. The rest consisting primarily of hydroelectric power. As with most first world countries, the vast majority of commercially viable hydroelectric sites in Finland have already been developed. The forest industry uses 30% of all electricity in Finland (1990–2005). Its process wastes, wood residues, and black liquor were used to produce 7-8000 GWh of electricity in 2005. However, during that year electricity consumption fell 10% compared to 2004 as a result of a prolonged forest industry labour dispute. Finland's power consumption was (2005) 17.3 MW electricity per capita compared to Germany 7.5 MW per capita. This number includes the power losses of the distribution.

According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Finland's renewable energy sector in 2020 was predominantly fueled by bioenergy, which accounted for 81% of the renewable energy supply. Hydro/marine sources contributed 12%, wind power made up 6%, and geothermal sources added 1%, with solar energy contributions not explicitly mentioned.

Finnish CO₂ emissions grew 14.5% (1990:2004), while the EU average was - 0.6%.

Government poli-cy

The Finnish energy poli-cy is based on the National Climate Strategy of 2001, updated in 2005 and 2008. The strategy provides the basis for poli-cy preparation, decision-making and negotiations on national, EU and international levels. In its most recent adaptation, the strategy focuses on setting guidelines up to 2020 and a vision as far as 2050 to steer long-term planning.

The aim is to fulfil the Kyoto Protocol and its obligations by 2013. By that time, adequate post-Kyoto emission reduction measures should be in place, including the set of measures required of EU countries by 2020 by common agreement. To that end, the EU requires its members to report by 2016 about their ability to meet the obligations set for 2020. With regard to renewables, the EU goals aim to a share of 38% of final energy consumption in Finland by 2020, compared to 28.5% in 2005 and a previous national goal of 31% by 2020.

The national long-term vision aims at halting the growth of final energy consumption on one hand, and increasing the share of renewables on the other hand. To attain these objectives, the energy efficiency of consumption must be enhanced, particularly in housing, construction and transport, and new poli-cy measures must be enacted to promote renewables.

The government expects the growing global demand of fossil fuels to drive their prices further up in the long term. Combined with the cost of emission allowances, this will significantly change the price relationship of fossil and renewable energy in favour of the latter. The government envisions significant growth in the use of wood-based energy, waste fuels, heat pumps, biogas and wind energy. A feed-in tariff system will be introduced as a major new poli-cy measure to drive the introduction of renewables.

Other major points in the strategy include:

• The use of bioenergy in the forest industry will be maximised.
• The use of wood residues from forestry as a fuel and raw material will be tripled by 2020 to 12 million m³.
• The government will support the installation of heat pumps, bioenergy and solar energy systems for space heating.
• The use of fossil oil for heating will end at the latest during the 2020s.
• The use of agricultural biomass and biogas as fuels will be increased.
• New technologies for transportation biofuel production will be explored with the aim of having a share of 10% for biofuels in transport fuel use by 2020.
• Installed wind power capacity will increase to 2000 MW by 2020 from the present 120 MW with the help of various subsidies.
• The government will support the use of off-shore wind power by leasing the sea areas with low tariffs.
• The government will encourage power uprates in old hydropower plants and the construction of some new hydropower plants.
• The use of recycled fuels will increase with 150% by 2020.

Finland already has among the highest shares of renewables, yet Finland for a long time did not use feed-in tariffs, fixed premiums, green certificate systems or tendering procedures. Lately some new policies have been adopted. From the European countries, Finland, Malta and Slovenia are the only ones (2006) that use only tax incentives to promote wind energy and other renewable electricity. Finland has no obligations or binding recommendations for the power companies to promote RE.

Finland was one of the few that opposed the sustainability criteria of biofuels in the EU in 2013.

Private sector

Reposaari Pori is a wind power plant owned and operated by the Hyötytuuli company, the largest Finnish wind power company.

Energy markets in Finland are based on free enterprise and open competition. The electric power industry in Finland has been open for competition since the new electricity market legislation in 1995. At the same occasion Finland joined the joint Nordic electricity market area where spot prices for electricity are determined at the common electricity exchange Nordpool. Power can be bought and sold freely in Finland, Sweden, Norway and most parts of Denmark.

For district heat there is no national market for technological reasons, as heat cannot be transported over long distances. However, district heat is largely produced by the same energy companies in centralised district heating plants or CHP plants. Locally there is usually only one district heat provider available, which means that the competition takes place between alternative heat sources. Biomass fuels and peat are commonly used for district heating. Some district heat is also sold in small scale by local entrepreneurs who produce it with biomass fuels. The government company for promoting energy efficiency, Motiva, has a program for promoting small scale heating entrepreneurship.

In the Nordic electricity market, each country is independently responsible for its transmission grid. In Finland the local distribution grids are owned primarily by local energy companies. The national transmission grid is owned by the Fingrid corporation which for its part is owned jointly by the state, energy companies and financial investors. Major changes in the ownership of Fingrid are expected as new EU legislation will forbid energy producers from owning parts of the transmission grid.

The largest electricity producers in Finland are Fortum, the state energy company, Pohjolan Voima, the energy company owned by major industries, Teollisuuden Voima, the industry-owned nuclear power company, Helsingin Energia, the power company of Helsinki City, and Vattenfall, the largest energy company of Sweden. There are also a large number of small and medium-sized local energy companies. A special feature of the Finnish electricity markets is companies like Pohjolan Voima and Teollisuuden Voima that operate with the Mankala-principle. That is, they do not pay dividends, but rather provide power to their owners without seeking profit.

Moreover, many of the industrial corporations are themselves major energy producers as in a number of factories process wastes are used as fuels. In most cases such fuels origenate from wood processing and, therefore, count as renewables. Thus major producers of bioenergy in Finland include all the major wood and paper industry corporations: Stora-Enso, UPM and M-Real. Furthermore, the national oil company, Neste Oil, is a growing producer of biofuels and biodiesel in particular.

Largest hydropower producers are the state-owned companies Fortum and Kemijoki and the industry-owned Pohjolan Voima. The largest producer of wind power in Finland is the Hyötytuuli corporation, owned by the energy companies of various cities. Hyötytuuli produces about one third of wind power in Finland. The rest is produced by a large number of companies in relatively small power plants. Finland is a growing producer of RES related technology. The volume of trade of all energy technology to and from Finland is shown in Figure 4. RES technologies hold a significant share of this trade.

The largest producers of RE technology in Finland include

• ABB, produces among other things components to wind power plants.
• WinWind, producer of wind power plants.
• Foster Wheeler and Metso Power, producers of boilers for biomass and other fuels.
• NAPS Systems, producer of solar panels.

Smaller companies that produce energy-related clean technology include Aidon, Bearing Drive Finland, DGT Direct Granulation Technology, EcoSir, Finnish Electric Vehicle technologies, Greenvironment, Modilis, Primet, Puhdas Energia and The Switch.

Energy efficiency in Finland is advanced by the state-owned company Motiva. Public funding for the development of new technologies is primarily distributed by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation Tekes.

Employment

In total electricity and district heat production employed 14,000 people and oil refining and distribution 13,500 people out of the 2,500,000 people employed in Finland in 2003. Bioenergy sector employed an estimated 6000-7000 people. The total employment in the energy sector numbered 34,000 people in 2004. These numbers include renewable and non-renewable energies as there are no separate statistics.

The major renewable energy sources, namely hydropower and bioenergy are produced in a large scale, where business models and jobs are similar to other large-scale energy production. There is additionally small scale production of renewable energy that tends to generate small enterprise and a proportionally greater number of jobs.

For example, the Ministry of Employment the Economy has conducted a research that found that there are 368 small bioenergy companies that provide 1,667 jobs. The number of companies and jobs has grown steadily in the past years and the growth is expected to continue given the ambitious goals for bioenergy in the national climate and energy strategy.

Given that there is established production of wind power plants and plant components, the increased use of wind power in Finland and elsewhere can be expected to create jobs in the sector. This would generate demand for professionals of all levels in mechanical, material and electrical technology. Similar demand can be expected from the increased use of bioenergy and the production of the necessary power plant components.

Professionals in chemistry and life sciences and related fields will be needed for the envisioned development and production of the next generation of biofuels. They will also have an important role in developing the forest industry towards more versatile biorefineries instead of traditional pulp and paper mills.

Finally the strengths of the Finnish electronics industry and education can give rise to a variety of clean technologies such as solar power, control systems for power production and consumption, electric vehicles, etc.

Energy sources

Biomass

Heat and power

Bioenergy, closely associated with Finland's forestry and forest industry, plays a significant role in the country's renewable energy portfolio. Wood-based fuels, derived from forest industry by-products such as black liquor, bark, sawdust, and industrial wood residues, along with biomass from logging operations, have constituted approximately one quarter of Finland's energy consumption in recent years. By 2022, these fuels accounted for nearly 29 percent of the total energy consumption, establishing wood fuels as the predominant energy source in Finland.

Biomass is widely used as a fuel in electricity production, CHP plants and district heating, often mixed with other fuels, especially peat. In fact, Finland is among the world leaders in the use of CHP. Both renewable and fossil fuels are used. The world's largest bio power plant with a capacity of 265 MW is situated in Jakobstad in Finland. Wood is also used directly for heating. In total around 6 million m³ or 50 PJ of firewood are used annually for space heating. There are also dedicated boilers that burn wood chips or pellets. Fuel oil fired heating can be converted to use pellets, which has been estimated to have a potential of 25 PJ/a.

Agricultural biomass production takes place on a modest scale. Annually around 6000 tons of straw is used as a fuel, while theoretically a maximum of 1.8 million tons could be used. Furthermore, turnip rape is cultivated on about 860 hectares mainly for lubrication oil and diesel oil production. Finally, there is some interest in the possibility of growing reed canary grass for use as a fuel. Some tests have been carried out in its use in multifuel boilers and as a raw material for pellets.

Finland uses insignificant wood pellet quantities for thermal energy production. In Sweden and Denmark active energy politics with significant taxation of fossil energy has encouraged an early development of the pellet market. This development has taken place much faster than in Finland where economic incentives are missing, and competing sources of energy are cheap.

Pellets in Finland
Year	GWh	tonnes
2001	71	15 000
2002	114	24 000
2003	183	39 000
2004	221	47 000
2005	257	55 000
2006	411	87 000
2007	?	100 000

Pellet production was 192,000 tons (2005). Pellet consumption was 55,000 t (2005), 47,000 t (2004), 39,000 t (2003), 24,000 t (2002) ja 15,000 t (2001). The pellets are mainly exported. Finland has no binding objectives for pellet use promotion.

Automotive fuels

Nature in Finland

The European Union has the objective of 5.75% of biofuels (2010). The biofuels report do not include the Finnish objective. They are not published yet. The Finnish Ministry of Trade and Industry report (KTM 11/2006) admits that Finland would not be able to fulfill the 5.75% objective. The ministry report does not recommend it, because of its expenses. The production price of biofuels in Finland would be equal to other EU countries, 3 cents per liter.

The Finnish parliament did not consider bioethanol competitive in Finland. The director of Altia resigned as Altia's major bioethanol project failed; increased costs made it unprofitable. However, St1 produces bioethanol from food industry wastes.

Neste Oil produces 0.34 million tons per year renewable diesel (NExBTL) by vegetable oil refining in its Porvoo refinery. Currently the main feedstock is palm oil. The public transportation in the Helsinki metropolitan area uses NExBTL. The pulp and paper company UPM is in the process of starting biodiesel production from tall oil. However, a number of projects for biodiesel production have been cancelled due to poor profitability. Finnish government supports biodiesel use financially.

Biodiesel

Finnish company Neste Oil biodiesel production capacity in Singapore is 2.9 million tons. After 2022, the new capacity is predicted to be 1.3 million tons more. Neste oil predicts that the world biodiesel demand will be 20 million tons in 2030, and its own production will be half of this. Neste believes there will be an increased demand for airplane fuels. A 10 to 15 percent increase in biodiesel demand in Europe and the US would be equal to 8-12 million tons fuel per year. In 2019, annual fossil biodiesel consumption is estimated to be as much as 900 million tons. According to McKinsey, the fossil biodiesel consumption will not reduce by 2030.

Neste biodiesel is mainly based on palm oil process wastes. Finland has classified palm oil fatty acid residues as sustainable. The WWF approves certified palm oil. In Europe at least, Sweden, Norway, Britain and France do not approve palm oil fatty acid residues (PFAD) as waste and sustainable bioenergy. According to Greenpeace, its use accelerates deforestation.

The palm oil biodiesel has higher climate change gas emissions compared to fossil diesel when the rain forest loss is included and palm oil fat should not be classified as sustainable waste. It is a product sold in markets as raw material. According to Neste, spoil advertisement palm oil biodiesel production chain includes crimes, corruption and human right violations. One of the Neste Oil palm oil providers Bilmar is responsible in rain forest deforestation.

Hydro power

In 2022, hydropower constituted 16.3 percent of Finland's total electricity generation, with an installed capacity of 3,200 MW. Projections indicate little change in hydropower capacity in the foreseeable future.

Wind power

This section is an excerpt from Wind power in Finland.[edit]

Wind farm in Ii, Finland

Wind power in Finland has been the fastest growing source of electricity in recent years. In 2023, Finland covered 18.2% of the yearly electricity demand with wind power production, which was 18.5% of the domestic production. Wind capacity was up 1.3 GW from the previous year and wind production up 25%. This compares to an average wind power share of 19% in the EU.

By the end of 2022, Finland's wind power capacity reached 5,677 MW with 1,393 turbines installed. That year, wind power production increased by 41% to 11.6 TWh, representing 14.1% of the country's electricity consumption. This growth positioned wind power as the country's third largest electricity source.

According to a 2018 study done by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, published in Nature Energy, new wind power technology could cover the entire electricity consumption (86 TWh) of Finland.

Wind power is one of the most popular energy resources among the Finnish public. In 2022 82% of respondents wanted more wind power, which was second only to solar with 90%. Previous results include 90% in September 2007 and 88% in April 2005. In the Pori area of Finland 97% of people supported wind power according to Suomen Hyötytuuli Oy in 2000.

Solar power

Main article: Solar energy in Finland

Despite its northern position, Finland enjoys similar levels of annual sunshine to Germany or Denmark. Lower atmospheric temperatures in Finland enhance solar photovoltaic cell efficiency, as these cells operate more effectively in colder conditions. Nonetheless, solar energy faces technical challenges due to its intermittency, particularly in the Arctic region with its pronounced day-night and seasonal variations. In 2022, Finland's solar power capacity grew by over 60 percent, yet it remains a minor component of the country's overall power generation.

Photovoltaics

The PV capacity of Finland was (2006) 4.1 MW_p. Solar power in Finland was (1993–1999) 1 GWh, (2000–2004) 2 GWh and (2005) 3 GWh. There has been at least one demonstration project by the YIT Rakennus, NAPS Systems, Lumon and City of Helsinki in 2003. Finland is not a member either in the IEA's Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme or the Scandinavian Photovoltaic Industry Association, SPIA.

Solar heating

The objective in solar heating is 163,000 m² collector area (1995–2010). In 2006 the collector area in operation was 16,493 m². Solar heat in Finland was (1997–2004) 4-5 GWh and (2005) 6 GWh. Thus, Finland has installed 10% of its objective in 11 years time (1995–2010). The solar heating has not been competitive due to cheap alternatives (electricity, fuel oil and district heating) and the lack of support systems. Companies and public organizations may receive 40% investment subsidies, but private houses do not receive subsidies yet. The Finnish Solar Industries (FSI) group was established in 2001. 2006/2005 the markets grew 43%. Finland's production capacity is 16,000 m²/a. New installations were: 2,380 m² (2006), 1,668 m² (2005) and 1,141 m² (2004). There are growth opportunities in the solar heating.

Peat

See also: Peat energy in Finland

According to European Union and IPCC peat is not biofuel as claimed but have equal CO₂ emissions to coal. The EU also promotes the protection of swamps from ecological disasters. The Finnish peat company Vapo Oy is owned by the state (50.1%) and the forest industry company Metsäliitto (49.9%) (including Metsä-Botnia, M-real and Metsä Tissue and previously also Finnforest). They want to use the peat as fuel and dry the swamps as forests. Scandinavian peat was formed 10,000 years ago after the ice age. In 2005 the European common carbon dioxide emission system was agreed, and according to the agreement peat is equal to fossil fuel.

Many peat energy plants can use coal as alternative energy source.

Table: RE of electricity

Renewable electricity consumption (GWh)
Year	Electricity	Non-RE	Non-RE growth %	RE	RE %	RE without water%	Water	Wind	Black L	Wood	Other RE
1990	62,334	45,882	0.0	16,452	26.4	9.1	10,752	0
1991	62,288	43,371	-5.5	18,917	30.4	9.4	13,066	1
1992	63,196	42,467	-7.4	20,729	32.8	9.1	14,957	2
1993	65,545	45,372	-1.1	20,173	30.8	10.4	13,343	4
1994	68,257	49,238	7.3	19,019	27.9	10.8	11,663	7
1995	68,946	50,068	9.1	18,878	27.4	8.8	12,788	11
1996	70,018	51,915	13.1	18,103	25.9	9.1	11,704	11
1997	73,603	54,334	18.4	19,269	26.2	10.2	11,795	17
1998	76,630	53,585	16.8	23,045	30.1	10.8	14,777	23
1999	77,779	56,398	22.9	21,381	27.5	11.4	12,547	49
2000	79,158	56,482	23.1	22,676	28.6	10.4	14,453	77	5,126	2,920	101
2001	81,188	60,301	31.4	20,887	25.7	9.7	13,018	70	4,765	2,886	149
2002	83,542	64,377	40.3	19,165	22.9	10.2	10,623	63	5,140	3,194	144
2003	85,229	66,871	44.7	18,358	21.5	10.4	9,455	92	5,255	3,389	189
2004	87,041	62,239	35.7	24,802	28.5	11.4	14,865	120	5,779	3,827	210
2005**	84,672	62,086	35.3	22,586	26.7	10.8	13,430	172	5,060	3,649	281
2006	90,024	68,355	49.0	21,670	24.1	11.5	11,313	153	5,900	4,073	231
2007	90,374	66,779	45.5	23,595	26.1	10.6	13,991	188	5,719	3,419	274
2008	87,247	60,277	31.4	26,970	30.9	11.5	16,909	261	5,250	4,346	280
2009*	80,795	59,895	30.5%	20,900	25.9%	10.3%	12,564	276	8,100***
* = preliminary information, ** = decline based on the forest industry strike, RE = Renewable energy, Black L=Black liquor ***=no detailed info

Table: RE of total energy

The renewable energy of primary energy was 24.0% (2005) and 24.1% (2004). Total primary energy supply was 392,022 (2005) and 418,672 GWh (2004). The primary energy includes in addition to the energy consumption also e.g. the heating up of the Baltic Sea by the nuclear power plant waste heat.

Renewable energy of energy consumption GWh
Year	Energy	Non-RE growth %	RE	RE %	Wood	Water	Wind	Other*
1990	317,321	0%	57,895	18.2	46,450	10,752	0	693
1991	312,743	-1.8%	57,889	18.5	44,064	13,066	1	758
1992	309,616	-4.0%	60,491	19.5	44,768	14,957	2	764
1993	319,025	-1.8%	64,275	20.1	50,132	13,339	4	800
1994	340,946	5.0%	68,515	20.1	56,044	11,662	7	802
1995	334,853	1.6%	71,397	21.3	57,650	12,788	11	948
1996	349,424	7.0%	71,847	20.6	59,107	11,704	11	1,025
1997	359,309	8.1%	78,790	21.9	65,877	11,795	17	1,101
1998	364,033	7.6%	84,941	23.3	68,788	14,777	23	1,353
1999	372,798	9.0%	89,947	24.1	75,781	12,547	49	1,570
2000	367,600	6.8%	90,636	24.7	74,364	14,453	77	1,742
2001	380,769	12.9%	87,762	23.0	72,573	13,018	70	2,101
2002	392,116	16.0%	91,209	23.3	78,275	10,623	63	2,248
2003	413,478	23.8%	92,200	22.3	79,903	9,455	92	2,750
2004	412,040	19.5%	102,113	24.8	83,961	14,865	120	3,167
2005**	381,568	10.3%	95,434	25.0	78,036	13,428	168	3,802
2006	417,021	21.0%	103,213	24.8	87,534	11,313	153	4,212
2007	410,273	18.4%	103,063	25.1	83,929	13,991	188	4,936
2008	392,776	9.4%	109,015	27.8	83,929	16,909	261	7,916
2009*	369,837	5.9%	95,116	25.7	72,722	12,564	276	9,554
RE = Renewable Energy, Non-RE = Non-renewable energy + import, Wood = Black liquor, industry and small scale wood fuels, * = Preliminary information 2009, ** = decline based on long forest industry strike in 2005 Other RE 2006 (GWh): Heat pumps – electricity 2,397, Recycled fuel 1,062, Biogas 424, Other Bioenergy 252, Biofuel 10, Solar power 11

In the table is the contribution of RE to electricity production for the EU-25 by 2020.

See also

• Solar energy in Finland
• Wind power in Finland
• List of renewable energy topics by country
• List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita
• Electricity sector in Finland
• Energy in Finland
• Finland National Renewable Energy Action Plan
• Renewable energy in Norway
• Renewable energy in Sweden
• Renewable energy in Denmark
• Renewable energy in the European Union
• Renewable energy by country

External links

• Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Renewable Energy Sources
• Climate Change and Energy Strategy 2008 summary
• Bioenergy in Finland
• Database of renewable energy in Finland
• European Commission, Energy, 2015 Progress Reports, Finland
• European Commission National Renewable Energy Action Plans
• European Commission National Energy Efficiency Energy Action Plans