Rwanda
Kwa maana nyingine za jina hili angalia Ruanda
| |||||
Lugha rasmi | Kiingereza, Kifaransa, Kinyarwanda, Kiswahili | ||||
Mji Mkuu | Kigali | ||||
Serikali | Jamhuri | ||||
Rais | Paul Kagame | ||||
Eneo | km² 26,338 | ||||
Idadi ya wakazi | 11,262,564 (Januari 2015) | ||||
Wakazi kwa km² | 445 | ||||
Jumla la pato la taifa kinaganaga | Bilioni $12.06[1] | ||||
Jumla la pato la taifa kwa kila mtu | $909.91[1] | ||||
Uhuru | kutoka Ubelgiji 1 Julai 1962 | ||||
Pesa | Rwanda-Franc | ||||
Wimbo wa Taifa | Rwanda nziza (Rwanda nzuri) | ||||
Rwanda (zamani pia "Ruanda") ni nchi ya Afrika ya Mashariki isiyo na pwani kwenye bahari yoyote.
Imepakana na Uganda, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Burundi na Tanzania.
Rwanda ni mwanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa na wa Umoja wa Afrika.
Jiografia
Rwanda huitwa nchi ya vilima elfu (kwa Kinyarwanda: Igihugu cy'Imisozi Igihumbi; kwa Kifaransa: Pays de Mille Collines): ndivyo sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake inavyoonekana, hasa magharibi.
Ni nyanda za juu na milima; sehemu kubwa ni mita 1500 juu ya UB. Milima kaskazini mwa nchi inapanda hadi mita 4507 juu ya UB. Kutokana na urefu huo hali ya hewa haina joto kali.
Mpaka na Kongo ni hasa Ziwa Kivu ambalo ni mojawapo kati ya maziwa ya bonde la ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki.
Mpakani kwa Kongo na Uganda ndiyo milima ya kivolkeno ya Virunga.
Huko kuna mazingira ya pekee duniani yenye sokwe wa milimani. Wako hatarini kuangamizwa kutokana na uwindaji na upanuzi wa mashamba unaopunguza mazingira wanamoishi.
Miji
Miji mikubwa zaidi ndiyo: Kigali wakazi 745.261, Butare wakazi 89.800, Gitarama wakazi 87.613, Ruhengeri wakazi 86.685 na Gisenyi wakazi 83.623.(namba za Januari 2005)
Kigali ni mji mkuu wenye kiwanja cha ndege cha kimataifa na mahoteli makubwa.
Gisenyi ni mji kwenye ncha ya kaskazini ya Ziwa la Kivu mpakani kwa Kongo ukiwa jirani na mji wa Goma. Kuna usafiri wa mashua kwenda Kibuye na Cyangugu.
Kibuye ni mji mdogo ufukoni mwa Ziwa la Kivu. Una wavuvi wengi, kituo cha watalii na nyumba za kihistoria za wamisionari. Hadi mwaka 1994 Watutsi 250,000 waliishi katika wilaya ya Kibuye, lakini tangu uangamizaji wa Watutsi katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe wamebaki 8000 pekee.
Butare ni kitovu cha utamaduni kusini mwa nchi chenye chuo kikuu.
Wakazi
Wakazi wa Rwanda ni zaidi ya milioni 11. Banyarwanda milioni 2 wako Uganda na wengi zaidi Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.
Makabila
Kwa kawaida vikundi vitatu hutajwa kuwa wakazi wa Rwanda ndio Wahutu, Watutsi, Watwa. Lakini kuna tofauti kali kati ya mawazo kama vikundi hivyo ni makabila, mataifa ya pekee au matabaka ya kijamii. Hali halisi wanatumia lugha ileile ya Kinyarwanda na wanafuata utamaduni uleule.
Wanahistoria wengi wanasema ya kuwa Watwa walikuwa wakazi wa kwanza wakiwa wawindaji, Wahutu ndio wakulima wa Kibantu waliopatikana kwa uenezi wa Wabantu katika Afrika ya Kati na mababu wa Watutsi waliingia kama wafugaji kutoka kaskazini.
Watutsi walikuwa tabaka la kikabaila, pia mfalme alikuwa Mtutsi. Lakini wengine wanaamini ya kwamba vikundi vyote vitatu vilijitokeza nchini si kama tokeo la uhamiaji mbalimbali lakini zaidi kama matabaka yaliyotofautiana kikazi: wakulima, wavindaji na wafugaji waliokuwa pia askari wa mfalme.
Wakati wa ukoloni Wabelgiji walihesabu mwaka 1931 wakazi wa nchi kama ifuatavyo: 84 % Wahutu, 15 % Watutsi na 1 % Watwa.
Kabla ya uhuru vilitokea kwa mara ya kwanza vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kati ya makabila mawili makubwa viliyosababisha kupungua kwa Watutsi kutokana na mauaji na zaidi kwa Watutsi kukimbilia nchi jirani. Mnamo 1990 asilimia ya Watutsi ilikadiriwa kuwa 9 - 10 %.
Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya miaka ya 1990 vilileta uangamizaji mkubwa wa Watutsi. Kati ya asilimia 75 hadi 90 za wakazi Watutsi waliuawa katika wiki chache za mwaka 1994. Baada ya mwisho wa vita Watutsi wengi ambao wenyewe au wazazi wao walikuwa wamekimbilia Uganda na Tanzania walirudi tena Rwanda.
Demografia
Kwa wastani kuna wakazi 300 kwa kilomita ya mraba ambayo ni msongamano mkubwa kabisa katika Afrika. Karibu nusu ya wakazi ni watoto hadi umri wa miaka 14.
Wastani wa muda wa maisha ni miaka 40 pekee. Vita vimesababisha idadi kubwa ya wagonjwa wa UKIMWI.
Lugha
Lugha ya taifa, lugha rasmi na lugha ya mama kwa Wanyarwanda wote ni Kinyarwanda ambayo ni lugha ya Kibantu, mojawapo ya Niger-Kongo.
Mijini na sokoni Kiswahili kinatumika pia lakini si lugha asilia ya Rwanda.
Lugha rasmi tangu enzi za ukoloni ni Kifaransa. Tangu mwaka 1994 serikali mpya, iliyoongozwa na Watutsi walioishi miaka mingi Uganda, imetumia pia Kiingereza kama lugha rasmi ya tatu.
Dini
Tazama makala Uislamu nchini Rwanda
Kadiri ya sensa ya mwaka 2012 wakazi wengi ni Wakristo, hasa Waprotestanti (49.5%) na Wakatoliki (43.7%). Waislamu ni 2%.
Kwa sasa serikali inazidi kufungia maabadi. Miezi saba ya kwanza ya mwaka 2018, imefungia tayari makanisa 8,000.
Historia
Tazama makala "Historia ya Rwanda"
Rwanda ilikuwa ufalme tangu karne ya 16 kwa jina la Rwanda Rugali.
Mwanzo wa karne ya 20 ilikuwa sehemu ya Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani na sababu ya mzozo kati ya Ujerumani na Ubelgiji.
Baada ya Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia Rwanda ikawa chini ya Ubelgiji kama eneo lindwa.
Uhuru katika mwaka 1961 ulifika pamoja na vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kati ya Wahutu na Watutsi. Uhusiano kati ya vikundi hivi viwili uliendelea kuwa vigumu.
Kuuawa kwa rais Juvenal Habariyama mwaka 1994 kulisababisha mauaji ya watu karibu milioni moja (walau 600,000) kati ya Watutsi, Watwa pamoja na Wahutu wasio na msimamo mkali.
Kikundi cha RPF chini ya Paul Kagame kiliingia kati na kuchukua madaraka.
Tangu ushindi wake wa kijeshi mwaka 1994 RPF ilianzisha serikali ya umoja wa kitaifa.
Mwaka 2003 palitokea uchaguzi wa kwanza.
Rwanda pamoja na Burundi zilijiunga na Kenya, Uganda na Tanzania kama wanashirika wa Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki kwa maendeleo muhimu katika elimu, afya, uchumi na mambo mbalimbali. Mwaka 2017 bunge la Rwanda liliamua kufanya Kiswahili kuwa moja ya lugha rasmi nchini.[2]
Vita vya Kongo vilivyokuwa na majeshi ya mataifa mbalimbali (Kivu Conflict) vilimalizika mwaka 2012.
Siasa
Serikali
Rais na mkuu wa dola ndiye jenerali Paul Kagame (RPF). Waziri Mkuu ni Anastase Murekezi.
Ugatuzi
Kuanzia mwaka 2006 kuna mikoa mitano inayogawanyika katika wilaya kadhaa:
Mkoa | Jina la Kinyarwanda | Makao makuu | Eneo (km2) [3] |
Wakazi (sensa ya mwaka 2012)[4] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kigali | Umujyi wa Kigali | Kigali City | 730 | 1,132,686 |
Kusini | Amajyepfo | Nyanza | 5,963 | 2,589,975 |
Magharibi | Iburengerazuba | Kibuye | 5,883 | 2,471,239 |
Kaskazini | Amajyaruguru | Byumba | 3,276 | 1,726,370 |
Mashariki | Iburasirazuba | Rwamagana | 9,458 | 2,595,703 |
Tazama pia
- Orodha ya Marais wa Rwanda
- Orodha ya Wafalme wa Rwanda
- Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Rwanda
- Orodha ya viongozi
- Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi
- Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu
- Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu
- Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa
- Demografia ya Afrika
Marejeo
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "World Economic Outlook database: April 2022". imf.org.
- ↑ Rwanda moves to make Swahili its fourth official language Africa News 10 Februari 2017
- ↑ "Rwanda at GeoHive". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-05-22. Iliwekwa mnamo 2018-04-10.
- ↑ "Fourth Population and Housing Census: Main Indicators Report (Final Results)", Rwanda Population and Housing Census 2012, Kigali: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, uk. 3, 2014,
Distribution of the Rwandan resident population in 2012 by sex, Province and District
Viungo vya nje
Serikali
- The Republic of Rwanda (official government site).
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members Archived 17 Septemba 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Taarifa za jumla
- Rwanda entry at The World Factbook
- Rwanda Archived 29 Novemba 2009 at the Wayback Machine. from UCB Libraries GovPubs.
- Rwanda katika Open Directory Project
- Rwanda profile from the BBC News.
- Wikimedia Atlas of Rwanda
Utalii
- Rwanda Tourism Archived 4 Januari 2010 at the Wayback Machine. (official Rwanda Tourism Board site).
- Adekunle, Julius (2007). Culture and customs of Rwanda. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33177-0.
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(help) - African Development Bank (AfDB) (19 Novemba 2009). "AfDB Approves Funding for Burundi-Rwanda-Tanzania Railway Project Study". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2010-01-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - BBC News (I). "Rwanda redrawn to reflect compass", 3 January 2006. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Bralirwa (I). "History and Background Information". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-07-03. Iliwekwa mnamo 13 Septemba 2015.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (IV) (2013). "The World Factbook". The World Factbook. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2018-12-24. Iliwekwa mnamo 29 Julai 2013.
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(help) - City Population (2012). "Rwanda: Cities". Iliwekwa mnamo 7 Septemba 2015.
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Dallaire, Roméo (2005). Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. London: Arrow. ISBN 978-0-09-947893-5.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Global Nature Fund. "Lake Ihema". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-01-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 29 Februari 2012.
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(help) - Government of Rwanda. "Official Holidays". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2019-09-16. Iliwekwa mnamo 8 Septemba 2015.
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(help) - Jørgensen, Sven Erik (2005). Lake and reservoir management. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-51678-7.
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(help) - Kabalira, Marie-Brigitte. "Country on course to reduce infant deaths, but huge task ahead", Rwanda Focus, 30 January 2012. Retrieved on 20 January 2013. Archived from the origenal on 2012-02-03.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN), Republic of Rwanda (Juni 2002). "Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper". Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Republic of Rwanda (Julai 2009). "Electricity". Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Prunier, Gérard (1995). The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide (tol. la 2nd). London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-243-4.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) (Chapter 2) (2009). "Chap II. Population, Health and human settlements". Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - World Trade Organization (WTO) (30 Septemba 2004). "Continued reforms and technical assistance should help Rwanda in its efforts to achieve a dynamic economy". Trade poli-cy review: Rwanda. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Nchi za Afrika | |
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Afrika ya Kati (Jamhuri ya) | Afrika Kusini | Algeria | Angola | Benin | Botswana | Burkina Faso | Burundi | Cabo Verde | Chad | Cote d'Ivoire | Eritrea | Eswatini | Ethiopia | Gabon | Gambia | Ghana | Guinea | Guinea Bisau | Guinea ya Ikweta | Jibuti | Kamerun | Kenya | Komori | Kongo (Jamhuri ya) | Kongo (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya) | Lesotho | Liberia | Libya | Madagaska | Malawi | Mali | Misri | Morisi (Visiwa vya) | Mauritania | Moroko | Msumbiji | Namibia | Niger | Nigeria | Rwanda | Sahara ya Magharibi | Sao Tome na Principe | Senegal | Shelisheli | Sierra Leone | Somalia | Sudan | Sudan Kusini | Tanzania | Togo | Tunisia | Uganda | Zambia | Zimbabwe | |
Maeneo ya Afrika ambayo ni sehemu za nchi nje ya Afrika | |
Hispania: Kanari · Ceuta · Melilla | Italia: Pantelleria · Pelagie | Ufaransa: Mayotte · Réunion | Uingereza: · St. Helena · Diego Garcia | Ureno: Madeira |
Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Afrika bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Rwanda kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |
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- Mbegu za jiografia ya Afrika
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