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- [Table A8 about here.] H Excluding Bilateral Exports To clear any doubt of endogeneity in our instrumental variables implementation, which estimates bilateral migration stocks through a gravity model, our dependent variable Yc,p,t!T excludes all exports to countries when migrants are in or from. This methodology also allow us to rule out a story in which our results are driven by lower bilateral trade transaction costs induced by the presence of migrants, as Aubry and Rapoport (2015) suggest. This constraint, as explained above, requires from us to define an arbitrary threshold on the amount of migrants above for which bilateral exports should be excluded from exports to the rest of the world to construct Yc,p,t!T . In the main body of the paper we choose to exclude all bilateral exports to countries for which there are over 500 combined immigrants and emigrants. This reduces world trade by about 93% (see Figure 2).
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- Figure 2: Proportion of World Trade Left 0 .05 .1 .15 .2 Proportion of World Trade Left 1990 2000 500 1000 2500 5000 Each bar in this figure shows the remaining US dollar value of World Trade left in the dataset once we exclude exports to countries where more than 500, 1000, 2500 and 5000 migrants are in or from.
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- Figure 3: Proportion of Trade Left by country (Year 2000) AFG AGO ALB ARE ARG ARM AUS AUT AZE BDI BEL BEN BFA BGD BGR BHR BIH BLR BOL BRA BWA CAF CAN CHE CHL CHN CIV CMR COG COL CRI CUB CYP CZE DEU DNK DOM DZA ECU EGY ERI ESP EST ETH FIN FRA GAB GBR GEO GHA GIN GMB GNB GRC GTM HKG HND HRV HTI HUNIDN IND IRL IRN IRQ ISR ITA JAM JOR JPN KAZ KEN KGZ KHM KOR KWT LAOLBN LBR LBY LKA LSO LTU LVA MAR MDA MDG MEX MKD MLI MMR MNG MOZ MRT MUS MWI MYS NAM NER NGA NIC NLD NOR NPL NZL OMN PAK PAN PER PHL PNG POL PRK PRT PRY QAT RUS RWA SAU SDN SEN SGP SLE SLV SOM SVK SVN SWE SWZ SYR TCD TGO THA TJK TKM TTO TUN TUR TZA UGA UKR URY USA UZB VEN VNM YEM ZAF ZMB ZWE 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1
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Online Appendix for Migration, Knowledge Diffusion and the Comparative Advantage of Nations Dany Bahar & Hillel Rapoport February 10, 2016 A Estimation of Gravity Models Table A presents the results for our gravity model estimations using different transformation of the dependent variable, according Specification (2) (see Section 2.5 in the main body of the paper).
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- Proportion of Exports Left (5000) 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Exports M$ Each dot is a country. The horizontal axis represents total exports in millions of USD in year 2000, and the vertical axis the proportion of those total exports left in the left hand side variable after correcting it by excluding exports to countries where there are more than 500, 1000, 2500 and 5000 combined migrants. Figure 4: Distribution of left hand side before and after correction (500 migrants) 0 5 10 15 20 25 All Exports 0 5 10 15 20 25 Corrected Exports 0 .05 .1 .15 0 5 10 15 20 25 x
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- Tables A9 to A11 present results using as thresholds 1000, 2500 and 5000 migrants, to complement the result in the main body of the paper that uses the 500 threshold. [Table A9 about here.] [Table A10 about here.] [Table A11 about here.] I Per Capita Estimation Table A12 presents results using per-capita transformation (in terms of country c) for the immigrants, emigrants, trade and FDI right hand side constructed measures, before applying the log-type transformation. We find our results are robust to this correction. However, using this transformation, we have a weak instruments problem (see columns 4 and 5). [Table A12 about here.] Figure A1: OLS vs. IV immigrants estimates with the correspondent standard errors 0 .005 .01 .015 .02 .025 All Im. All Em. Unskilled Im. Unskilled Em. Skilled Im. Skilled Em. id OLS IV This figure shows the OLS and IV estimators for immigrants (all, skilled and unskilled) with 95% confidence intervals marked in light gray color.
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Wahba, Jackline, and Yves Zenou. “Out of sight, out of mind: Migration, entrepreneurship and social capital.†Regional Science and Urban Economics 42, 5: (2012) 890–903. World Bank. “World Development Indicators Online.â€, . http://data. worldbank.org/.
- We notice almost no statistical differences between the relationships between years 1990 and 2000, as evidenced by the interacted variables. B Conditional Logit Estimation Table presents results of Specification (1) using the Conditional Logit estimator.
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