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2. Active political engagement, political patronage, and local labour markets - the example of Shkoder. (2022). Imami, Drini ; Drishti, Elvisa ; Kopliku, Bresena.
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3. Three Eastern Cases of Youth Unemployment Trends – Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia. (2022). Arabadzhieva, Martina ; Vutsova, Albena.
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4. Even more discouraged? The NEET generation at the age of COVID-19. (2021). Mussida, Chiara ; Scicchitano, Sergio ; Brunetti, Irene ; Aina, Carmen.
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5. The role of Great Recession on income polarization by population groups. (2021). scicchitano, sergio ; Ricci, Chiara Assunta .
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6. Decomposing changes in income polarization by population group: what happened during the crisis?. (2021). scicchitano, sergio ; Ricci, Chiara Assunta.
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7. Some young people have all the luck! The duration dependence of the school-to-work transition in Europe. (2021). Pastore, Francesco ; Rocca, Antonella ; Quintano, Claudio.
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8. School to Work Transition and Macroeconomic Conditions in the Turkish Economy. (2020). Pastore, Francesco ; Doruk, Omer Tusal.
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9. Stuck at a crossroads? The duration of the Italian school-to-work transition. (2020). Pastore, Francesco ; Rocca, Antonella ; Quintano, Claudio.
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10. What Drives Youth’s Intention to Migrate Abroad? Evidence from International Survey Data. (2020). Milasi, Santo.
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11. Going Behind the High Rates of NEETs in Italy and Spain: The Role of Early School Leavers. (2020). Rocca, Antonella ; Quintano, Claudio ; Mazzocchi, Paolo ; Luca, Giovanni.
    In: Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement.
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12. Assessing the Impact of Off-the-Job and On-the-Job Training on Employment Outcomes: A Counterfactual Evaluation of the PIPOL Program. (2020). Pastore, Francesco ; Pompili, Marco.
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13. School to Work Transition and Macroeconomic Conditions in the Turkish Economy. (2020). Pastore, Francesco ; Doruk, Omer Tusal.
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14. Stuck at a Crossroads? The Duration of the Italian School-To-Work Transition. (2020). Pastore, Francesco ; Quintano, Claudio ; Rocca, Antonella.
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15. Marshallian vs Jacobs effects: Which is stronger? Evidence for Russia unemployment dynamics. (2020). Pastore, Francesco ; Kolyagina, Alena ; Demidova, Olga.
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16. SOCIAL INVESTMENT AND YOUTH LABOR MARKET PARTICIPATION. (2020). Giannetti, Caterina ; Ecchia, Giulio ; Gagliardi, Francesca.
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17. Delayed graduation and university dropout: A review of theoretical approaches. (2019). Pastore, Francesco ; Casalone, Giorgia ; Baici, Eliana ; Aina, Carmen.
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18. Understanding the Drivers of Long-Term Youth Unemployment: Micro-Level Evidence from South Africa. (2019). de Jongh, Jacobus Johannes.
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19. Migration aspirations among youth in the Middle East and North Africa region. (2019). Ramos, Raul.
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20. Delayed Graduation and University Dropout: A Review of Theoretical Approaches. (2019). Pastore, Francesco ; Casalone, Giorgia ; Baici, Eliana ; Aina, Carmen.
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21. New Education Models for the Future of Work Force. (2018). Pastore, Francesco.
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22. School-to-work transition and vocational education: a comparison across Europe. (2018). Corsini, Lorenzo ; Brunetti, Irene.
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23. New Education Models for the Workforce of the Future. (2018). Pastore, Francesco.
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1. Becker, G. S. “Investment in human capital. A theoretical analysis.” Journal of Political Economy 70:5, Part 2 (1962): 9–49.

2. Boeri, T., and P. Garibaldi. “Two tier reforms of employment protection: A honeymoon effect?” The Economic Journal 117:521 (2007): F357–F385.

3. Choudhry, M. T., E. Marelli, and M. Signorelli. “Youth unemployment rate and impact of financial crises.” International Journal of Manpower 33:1 (2012): 76–95.

4. Eichhorst, W., N. Rodríguez-Planas, R. Schmidl, and K. F. Zimmermann. “A roadmap to vocational education and training in industrialized countries.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 68:2 (2015): 314–337. Online extras The full reference list for this article is available from: http://wol.iza.org/articles/why-is-youth-unemployment-so-high-and-different-across-countries View the evidence map for this article: http://wol.iza.org/articles/why-is-youth-unemployment-so-high-and-different-across-countries/map

5. Further reading Blanchflower, D. G., and R. B. Freeman (eds). Youth Employment and Joblessness in Advanced Countries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Freeman, R. B., and D. A. Wise (eds). The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes, and Consequences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press/NBER, 1982. Hammer, T (ed). Youth Unemployment and Social Exclusion in Europe: A Comparative Study. Bristol: Policy Press, 2003. Ryan, P. “The school-to-work transition: A cross-national perspective.” Journal of Economic Literature 39:1 (2001): 34–92. Key references

6. Lazear, E. P. “Firm-specific human capital: A skill-weights approach.” Journal of Political Economy 117:5 (2009): 914–940.

7. Newell, A., and F. Pastore. “Structural change and structural unemployment in Poland.” Studi Economici 54:69/3 (1999): 81–99.
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8. Pastore, F. The Youth Experience Gap: Explaining National Differences in the School-to-Work Transition. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing AG 2015.

9. Pastore, F. Why So Slow? The School-to-Work Transition in Italy. IZA Discussion Paper No. 10767, May 2017.

10. Raffe, D. “The concept of transition system.” Journal of Education and Work 21:4 (2008): 277–296.
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11. Smyth, E., M. Gangl, D. Raffe, D. F. Hannan, and S. McCoy. A Comparative Analysis of Transitions from Education to Work in Europe (CATEWE). ESRI Final Report, 2001.
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2. Matching Skills of Individuals and Firms Along the Career Path. (2013). Bublitz, Elisabeth.
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3. The Impact of Skill Mismatch on Earnings Losses after Job Displacement. (2013). Wiederhold, Simon ; Neffke, Frank ; Nedelkoska, Ljubica.
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6. Economic Returns to Education: What We Know, What We Dont Know, and Where We Are Going – Some Brief Pointers. (2011). Harmon, Colm.
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8. Employee Training and Wage Dispersion: White and Blue Collar Workers in Britain. (2010). Almeida-Santos, Filipe ; Mumford, Karen ; Chzhen, Yekaterina.
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11. Job Matching and Wage Growth in the U.S. and Germany. (2003). Couch, Kenneth.
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12. Does Inertia Pay Off? Empirical assessment of an evolutionary-ecological model of human capital decisions at firm level. (2003). Teixeira, Aurora.
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14. Internal and External Labor Markets: A Personnel Economics Approach. (2003). Oyer, Paul ; Lazear, Edward.
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15. Dropping out of School? A Competing Risks Analysis of Young Immigrants’ Progress in the Educational System. (2003). Rosholm, Michael ; Jakobsen, Vibeke .
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16. Jacob Mincer, Experience and the Distribution of Earnings. (2003). Chiswick, Barry.
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19. Capital-Skill Complementarity and Inequality Over the Business Cycle. (2003). Lindquist, Matthew.
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20. Incentives, Sorting and Productivity along the Career: Evidence from a Sample of Top Economists. (2003). warzynski, Frédéric ; Smeets, Valerie ; Coupé, Tom ; Coupe, Tom.
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21. Firm specific human capital vs. job matching: a new test. (2003). Stevens, John ; Quintin, Erwan.
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22. Training provision and regulation: an analysis of the temporary help industry. (2003). Muñoz-Bullón, Fernando.
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23. Knowledge and Structure. (2002). Fioretti, Guido.
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24. Do Large Employers Pay More in Developing Countries? The Case of Five African Countries. (2002). Strobl, Eric ; Thornton, Robert .
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27. Exclusionary Manipulation of Carbon Permit Markets: A Laboratory Test. (2002). Carlen, Bjorn .
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31. Unions, temporary employment and hours of work: a tale of two countries. (2002). Garcia-Serrano, Carlos ; Francesconi, Marco.
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32. In ow into Unemployment: Employment Spells and Unemployment Insurance. (2001). Jurajda, Stepan.
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33. La spécificité de la formation en milieu de travail : un survol des contributions théoriques et empiriques récentes. (2001). Vilhuber, Lars.
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34. Vintage Organization Capital. (2001). Rousseau, Peter ; Jovanovic, Boyan.
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35. The Impact of Wage Increases on Job Satisfaction - Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Implications. (2001). Sliwka, Dirk ; Grund, Christian.
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36. THE EFFECT OF SICKNESS ON EARNINGS. (2001). Andrén, Daniela ; Palmer, Edward.
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37. Firm-Specific Human Capital as a Shared Investment: Reply. (2001). Hashimoto, Masanori .
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38. Firm-Specific Human Capital as a Shared Investment: Comment. (2001). Oosterbeek, Hessel ; Leuven, Edwin.
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