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Trajtenberg, Manuel, 1989. The Welfare Analysis of Product Innovations, with an Application to Computed Tomography Scanners, Journal of Political Economy, 97(2): 444-79. Total AD Total AD Total AD Total AD Total AD Total Sales (Billion $) 434 32.1 0.13 102 0.96 163 3.04 229 10.1 654 12.5 928 Advertising-to-Sales Ratio (%) 5.3 n.a. 15 n.a. 13 5.1 18 6.9 9.7 4.6 8.1 4.2 Advertising-to-Margin Ratio (%) 7.3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7.1 n.a. 9.5 n.a. 6.0 n.a. 5.5 Advertising Expenses (Billion $) 21.6 n.a. 0.02 n.a. 0.12 8.39 0.55 15.8 0.98 30.1 1.02 39.0 Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (%) 13 n.a. - n.a. - 4.5 - 16 12 14 12 11 Professional Journal Advertising (%) 2.1 n.a. 22 n.a. 6.7 4.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 1.3 4 1.0 Sales Representative Details (%) 25 n.a. 42 n.a. 47 35 45 30 34 24 34 17 Retail Value of Samples (%) 60 n.a. 36 n.a. 46 57 52 51 51 61 49 71 Research & Development (Billion $) 26 1.5 n.a. 6.8 n.a. 12 n.a. 21 n.a. 31 n.a. 40