- Aaron, Henry J./Harvey Galper/Joseph A. Pechman (eds.), 1988: Uneasy Compromise. Problems of a Hybrid Income-Consumption Tax. Washington, DC: Brookings.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Avi-Yonah, Reuven S., 2004: Risk, Rents, and Regressivity: Why the United States Need Both an Income Tax and a VAT. In: Tax Notes, 1651-1666.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Becker, Gary S./Casey B. Mulligan, 2003: Deadweight Costs and the Size of Government. In: Journal of Law and Economics 46, 293-340.
Bird, Richard/Eric M. Zolt, 2005: Redistribution via Taxation: The Limited Role of the Personal Income Tax in Developing Countries. Toronto: University of Toronto/UCLA.
Boadway, Robin/Neil Bruce, 1984: A General Proposition on the Design of a Neutral Business Tax. In: Journal of Public Economics 24, 231-239.
- Bond, Stephen R., 2000: Levelling up or Levelling Down? Some Reflections on the ACE and CBIT Proposals, and the Future of the Corporate Tax Base. In: Sijbren Cnossen (ed.), Taxing Capital Income in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 161-179.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Bordignon, Massimo/Silvia Giannini/Paolo Panteghini, 2001: Reforming Business Taxation: Lessons from Italy? In: International Tax and Public Finance 8, 191-210.
Bucovetsky, Sam, 1991: Asymmetric Tax Competition. In: Journal of Urban Economics 30, 167-181.
- Carey, David/Josette Rabesona, 2002: Tax Ratios on Labour and Capital Income and on Consumption. In: OECD Economic Studies 35, 129-174.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Cnossen, Sijbren, 2000: Taxing Capital Income in the Nordic Countries: A Model for the European Union? In: Sijbren Cnossen (ed.), Taxing Capital Income in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 180-213.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Cusack, Thomas R./Pablo Beramendi, 2003: Taxing Work: Some Political and Economic Aspects of Labour Income Taxation. WZB Discussion Paper SP II 2003 17 (October 2003). Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum für Sozialforschung.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
De Long, J. Bradford/Lawrence H. Summers, 1991: Equipment Investment and Economic Growth. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics 106, 445-502.
Devereux, Michael P./Ben Lockwood/Michela Redoano, 2004: Do Countries Compete over Corporate Tax Rates? Unpublished manuscript. Coventry: University of Warwick.
Devereux, Michael P./Rachel Griffith/Alexander Klemm, 2002: Corporate Income Tax Reforms and International Tax Competition. In: Economic Policy 17, 451-495.
- Ervik, Rune, 2000: The Hidden Welfare State in Comparative Perspective: Tax Expenditures and Social Policy in Eight Countries. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Bergen: University of Bergen, Department of Comparative Politics.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Eurostat, 2004: Structures of the Taxation System in the European Union. Data 19952002. Luxembourg: Eurostat.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- For critical discussions of these and other arguments see Murphy/Nagel (2002) and AviYonah (2004). Most data on average effective tax burdens on capital, labor, and consumption available for larger sets of countries, including that of Carey/Rabesona (2002), does not adequately reflect many forms of tax relief for capital income This can lead to highly misleading data patterns. The Eurostat data seem more reliable because Eurostat has access to national sources on the breakdown of personal income tax revenue into its capital and labor components. These data are only available for EU-15 member states and the period 19952002.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Frank, Robert H., 1999: Luxury Fever. New York: Free Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Fuest, Clemens/Alfons Weichenrieder, 2002: Tax Competition and Profit Shifting: On the Relationship between Personal and Corporate Tax Rates. In: Ifo-Studien 48, 611-632.
- Ganghof, Steffen, 2005a: The Conditional Importance of Veto Institutions: Economic Constraints and Top Marginal Income Tax Rates in Advanced OECD Countries. Unpublished manuscript. Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Ganghof, Steffen, 2005b: Globalisation, Tax Reform Ideals and Social Policy Financing. In: Global Social Policy 5, 77-95.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Ganghof, Steffen, 2006: The Politics of Income Taxation. Colchester: ECPR Press, forthcoming.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Ganghof, Steffen, 2007: The Political Economy of High Income Taxation: Capital Taxation, Path Dependence and Political Institutions in Denmark. In: Comparative Political Studies, forthcoming.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Ganghof, Steffen/Philipp Genschel, 2006: Tax Policy in an Enlarging EU: Is there a Case for a Minimum Company Tax Rate? MPIfG Discussion Paper 06/1. Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, forthcoming.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Ganghof, Steffen/Richard Eccleston, 2004: Globalisation and the Dilemmas of Income Taxation in Australia. In: Australian Journal of Political Science 39, 519-534.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Ganghof, Steffen/Richard Eccleston, 2004: Globalisation and the Dilemmas of Income Taxation in Australia. In: Australian Journal of Political Science 39, 519-534.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Garrett, Geoffrey, 1998a: Partisan Politics in the Global Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Garrett, Geoffrey, 1998b: Shrinking States? Globalization and National Autonomy in the OECD. In: Oxford Development Studies 26, 71-97.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Garrett, Geoffrey/Peter Lange, 1991: Political Responses to Interdependence: What's Left for the Left? In: International Organization 45, 539-564.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Gordon, Roger H./Joel B. Slemrod, 2000: Are Real Responses to Taxes Simply Income Shifting Between Corporate and Personal Tax Bases? In: Joel B. Slemrod (ed.), Does Atlas Shrug? The Economics Consequences of Taxing the Rich. New York: Russell Sage/Harvard University Press, 240-280.
Gordon, Roger H./Joel Slemrod, 1988: Do We Collect any Revenue from Taxing Capital Income? In: Tax Policy and the Economy 2, 89-130.
Gordon, Roger/Laura Kalambokidis/Joel Slemrod, 2004: Do We Now Collect any Revenue from Taxing Capital Income? In: Journal of Public Economics 88, 9811009.
Griffith, Rachel/Alexander Klemm, 2004: What Has Been the Tax Competition Experience of the Last 20 Years? Institute for Fiscal Studies, WP 04/05. London.
Hagen, Kare Peter/Peter Birch Sorensen, 1998: Taxation of Income from Small Businesses: Taxation Principles and Tax Reforms in the Nordic Countries. In: Peter Birch Sorensen (ed.), Tax Policy in the Nordic Countries. Houndmills: Macmillan, 28-71.
Haufler, Andreas/Guttorm Schjelderup, 2000: Corporate Tax Systems and Cross Country Profit Shifting. In: Oxford Economic Letters 52, 306-325.
- Here and throughout I assume that payroll taxes and indirect consumption taxes are largely shifted backwards onto wages. Note also that the arguments of Wilensky and Kato are partly based on the visibility of income and property taxes. I will not comment on this mechanism here. For a more detailed analysis of tradeoffs and the resulting conceptions of policy change, see Ganghof (2006 forthcoming: chapters 3 and 4).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Hettich, Walter/Stanley L. Winer, 1999: Democratic Choice and Taxation. A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hines Jr., James R., 1999: Lessons form Behavioral Responses to International Taxation. In: National Tax Journal 52, 305-322.
- Howard, Christopher, 1997: The Hidden Welfare State. Tax Expenditures and Social Policy in the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- IFS Capital Taxes Group, 1991: Equity for Companies: A Corporation Tax for the 1990s. IFS Commentary no. 26. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Isaac, John, 1997: A Comment on the Viability of the Allowance for Corporate Equity. In: Fiscal Studies 18, 303-318.
- Kato, Junko, 2003: Regressive Taxation and the Welfare State. Path Dependence and Policy Diffusion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Keen, Michael/John King, 2003: The Croatian Profit Tax: An ACE in Practice. In: Manfred Rose (ed.), Integriertes Steuer- und Sozialsystem. Heidelberg: Manfred Rose, 323-342.
- Kemmerling, Achim, 2005: Tax Mixes, Welfare States and Employment: Tracking Diverging Vulnerabilities. In: Journal of European Public Policy 12, 1-22.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Kirchhof, Paul, 2003: Der Grundrechtsschutz des Steuerpflichtigen: Zur Rechtsprechung des Bundes-verfassungsgerichts im vergangenen Jahrzehnt. In: Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts 128, 1-51.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Layard, Richard, 2005: Happiness. Lessons from a New Science. New York.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Lindert, Peter H., 2004: Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century. Volume One: The Story. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mintz, Jack M., 1995: Corporation Tax: A Survey. In: Fiscal Studies 16, 23-68.
- Murphy, Liam/Thomas Nagel, 2002: The Myth of Ownership. Taxes and Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- OECD, 2004a: Employment Outlook. Paris: OECD.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- OECD, 2004b: Statistical Compendium. OECD.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- OECD, 2004c: Taxing Wages 2003-2004. Special Feature: Broadening the Definition of the Average Worker. Paris: OECD.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Przeworski, Adam, 1999: Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense. In: Ian Shapiro/Casiano Hacker-Cordón (eds.), Democracy's Value. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 23-55.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Przeworski, Adam/Michael Wallerstein, 1982: Democratic Capitalism at the Crossroads. In: Democracy 2, 52-86.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Przeworski, Adam/Michael Wallerstein, 1988: The Structural Dependence of the State on Capital. In: American Political Science Review 82, 11-29.
Røed, Knut/Steinar Strøm, 2002: Progressive Taxes and the Labour Market Is the TradeOff between Equality and Efficiency Inevitable? In: Journal of Economic Surveys 16, 77-110.
Rose, Manfred/Rolf Wiswesser, 1998: Tax Reform in Transition Economies: Experiences from the Croation Tax Reform Process of the 1990s. In: Peter Birch Sørensen (ed.), Public Finance in a Changing World. Houndsmills: Macmillan, 257-278.
- Sørensen, Peter B., 1998: Recent Innovations in Nordic Tax Policy: From the Global Income Tax to the Dual Income Tax. In: Peter Birch Sørensen (ed.), Tax Policy in the Nordic Countries. London: Macmillan, 1-27.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Sørensen, Peter Birch, 2006: Neutral Taxation of Shareholder Income. In: International Tax and Public Finance, forthcoming.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Sala-i-Martin, Xavier, 1996: The Classical Approach to Convergence Analysis. In: The Economic Journal 106, 1019-1036.
Scharpf, Fritz W., 2000: The Viability of Advanced Welfare States in the International Economy: Vulnerabilities and Options. In: Journal of European Public Policy 7, 190228.
- Scharpf, Fritz W., 2001: Employment and the Welfare State. A Continental Dilemma. In: Bernhard Ebbinghaus/Philip Manow (eds.), Comparing Welfare Capitalism. Social Policy and Political Economy in Europe, Japan and in the USA. London: Routledge, 270-283.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Similar estimates for the US are provided by Gordon/Slemrod (1988) and Gordon et al. (2004).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Since the Eurostat estimates are at least roughly comparable to those of Carey/Rabesona, however, I combine the Eurostat data with these OECD data (for the period 1995-2000).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Slemrod, Joel, 1990: Optimal Taxation and Optimal Tax Systems. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, 157-178.
Slemrod, Joel, 1997: Deconstructing the Income Tax. In: American Economic Review 87, 151-155.
Slemrod, Joel, 2004: Are Corporate Tax Rates, or Countries, Converging? In: Journal of Public Economics 88, 1169-1186.
Slemrod, Joel/Jon Bakija, 2004: Taxing Ourselves. A Citizen's Guide to the Great Debate Over Tax Reform. 3rd. edition. Cambridge: MIT Press.
- Steinmo, Sven, 2003: The Evolution of Policy Ideas: Tax Policy in the 20th Century. In: British Journal of Politics and International Relations 5, 206-236.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Stokes, Susan C., 2001: Mandates and Democracy. Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Stotsky, Janet, 1995: Summary of IMF Policy Advice. In: Parthasarathi Shome (ed.), Tax Policy Handbook. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 279-284.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Summers, Lawrence/Jonathan Gruber/Rodrigo Vergara, 1993: Taxation and the Structure of Labor Markets: The Case of Corporatism. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108, 385-411.
Swank, Duane, 1998: Funding the Welfare State: Globalization and the Taxation of Business in Advanced Market Economies. In: Political Studies 46, 671-692.
- Swank, Duane/Sven Steinmo, 2002: The New Political Economy of Taxation in Advanced Capitalist Democracies. In: American Journal of Political Science 46, 642-655.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Tanzi, Vito/Howell Zee, 2000: Tax Policy for Emerging Markets: Developing Countries. In: National Tax Journal 53, 299-322.
- The DIT model has influenced tax reforms in many countries, although only a few countries have so far implemented this model consistently (Ganghof 2005b). The model is now also advanced as the most adequate model of pragmatic tax reform for developing countries (Bird/Zolt 2005).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- The underlying model of expenditure taxation is of a pre-paid kind. Rather than exempting savings but taxing returns (post-paid or cash-flow expenditure tax), savings are taxed but normal returns are exempt. On the resulting alternative to cash-flow taxes see Boadway/Bruce (1984), as well as IFS Capital Taxes Group (1991). Some studies also find evidence for competition on effective tax rates on normal profits (that is, effective marginal tax rates) - see especially Devereux et al. (2004). Ganghof (2005a) uses regression analysis to investigate the relationship between country size and tax rates; Ganghof (2005b) shows that the relationship between tax rates and country size also holds for a much larger sample of countries.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Wage coordination scores (for the period 1995-2000) are taken from OECD (2004a: 151). The estimated equation (OLS) is this: CapitalTax/(Labor+ConsumptionTax) = 135.42 -6.87WageCoordination - 1.81TotalTaxation. Adj. R-squared = .77.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Wallerstein, Michael/Adam Przeworski, 1995: Capital Taxation with Open Borders. In: Review of International Political Economy 2, 425-445.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Wilensky, Harold, 2002: Rich Democracies. Political Economy, Public Policy, and Peformance. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Willoch, Kaare, 1995: What Can Other Countries Learn from the Scandinavian Experience? II. In: Nordic Journal of Political Economy 22, 177-182.
- World Bank, 2003: World Development Indicators, CD ROM. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Endnotes I use the terms expenditure tax and consumption tax interchangeably. For the purposes of this paper I ignore compensation for inflation and returns to risktaking, which need not be taxed under either income or consumption taxes.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now