African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2020
Salmonella Kentucky is ubiquitous in most African countries and the multidrug resistant (MDR) str... more Salmonella Kentucky is ubiquitous in most African countries and the multidrug resistant (MDR) strains remain underreported across the continent. In Nigeria, poverty, inter country livestock trades, nomadic system of cattle production, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and prevalent immuno-compromising diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and tuberculosis are factors that have enabled ease of transmission and complications of S. Kentucky infections. In the present decade, S. Kentucky is reported to be the most prevalent serovar associated with poultry in Nigeria, but very few reports underline the risk associated with consumption of poultry and acquisition of MDR S. Kentucky strains. The Nigerian poultry is one of the most commercialized subsectors of Nigerian agriculture, therefore, the presence of S. Kentucky especially strains carrying broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance pose a great risk to public health. The lack of pro...
Salmonella Kentucky ST198 (S. Kentucky ST198) is the most ubiquitous multidrug resistant (MDR) st... more Salmonella Kentucky ST198 (S. Kentucky ST198) is the most ubiquitous multidrug resistant (MDR) strain posing the greatest threat to public health, livestock and food industry in Africa. The reinvention of bacteriophage (Phage) as a non-antibiotic alternative only gives a glimmer of hope in the control of MDR strains of Salmonellae. S. Kentucky ST198 posses’ chromosomal and plasmid factors capable of been co-opted into phage mediated transduction and co-transduction of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as well as cross-serovar transduction of ARGs. Phage DT104, DT120 and P-22 like prophages like PDT17 and ES18 together have been shown to be capable of transducing and co-transducing the classical ACSSuT resistance phenotype identified in most S. Kentucky ST198 strain on the continent. Also, the institution of fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporin for salmonellosis treatment in animals or human infected by S. Kentucky ST198 strain resistant to these drugs can induce Salm...
Control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is difficult in Nigeria due to lack of suffic... more Control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is difficult in Nigeria due to lack of sufficient data. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides is the causative organism of CBPP. This disease is endemic in Nigeria with serious economic impact. This study was undertaken to characterize M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) in cattle in southeast Nigeria using single-locus sequence analysis based on polymorphism analysis of non-coding genes and also comparison of the obtained sequences with the vaccine reference strain (T1/44) that is presently used in Nigeria. Twenty one Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed Mmm isolates from Anambra and Enugu states of Nigeria were used for this study. The amplicons were amplified using one locus of the PG1 reference strain (LocPG1-0001) and sequenced using the corresponding primers. The sequences were edited using BioEdit tm software and a consensus sequence obtained. Thereafter, the consensus sequence was aligned using ClustalW (BioEdit tm). The consensus sequences obtained were compared with the PG1 reference strain and allele numbers were assigned based on any nucleotide changes. Three allelic numbers were obtained; Allele 1, 8 and 9. Allele number 8 and 9 are new findings as they were not previously reported in Nigeria. Points of polymorphism were observed between the vaccine strain and the field isolates. The 21 sequences were deposited in the Genbank with the following accession numbers; MW487814-MW487834.
Salmonella Kentucky is ubiquitous in most African countries and the multidrug resistant (MDR) str... more Salmonella Kentucky is ubiquitous in most African countries and the multidrug resistant (MDR) strains remain underreported across the continent. In Nigeria, poverty, inter country livestock trades, nomadic system of cattle production, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and prevalent immuno-compromising diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and tuberculosis are factors that have enabled ease of transmission and complications of S. Kentucky infections. In the present decade, S. Kentucky is reported to be the most prevalent serovar associated with poultry in Nigeria, but very few reports underline the risk associated with consumption of poultry and acquisition of MDR S. Kentucky strains. The Nigerian poultry is one of the most commercialized subsectors of Nigerian agriculture, therefore, the presence of S. Kentucky especially strains carrying broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance pose a great risk to public health. The lack of proper monitoring, surveillance, isolation and control of the multidrug resistant S. Kentucky will remain a challenge to the export potential of the Nigerian poultry subsector and livestock in general. As a nation, modalities and actions against the smuggling of poultry products, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and nomadic system for the production of dairy and beef that promotes spread of virulent strains of Salmonellae must change. The impact of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans in Nigeria also remains under studied and under reported, especially those caused by S. Kentucky ST198. Compounding these concerns is the lack of commercial veterinary or human vaccines against S. Kentucky or where vaccines against the broad serogroup C non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are available, they are rarely supplied, with no evidence they could be cross-protective. This review emphasizes the emergence and widespread occurrence of MDR S. Kentucky strains on the African continent, and discussed risk factors contributing to its spread in Nigeria and the potential public health challenge especially to high-risk immunocompromised individuals.
Salmonella Kentucky ST198 (S. Kentucky ST198) is the most ubiquitous multidrug resistant (MDR) st... more Salmonella Kentucky ST198 (S. Kentucky ST198) is the most ubiquitous multidrug resistant (MDR) strain posing the greatest threat to public health, livestock and food industry in Africa. The reinvention of bacteriophage (Phage) as a non-antibiotic alternative only gives a glimmer of hope in the control of MDR strains of Salmonellae. S. Kentucky ST198 posses’ chromosomal and plasmid factors capable of been co-opted into phage mediated transduction and co-transduction of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as well as cross-serovar transduction of ARGs. Phage DT104, DT120 and P-22 like prophages like PDT17 and ES18 together have been shown to be capable of transducing and co-transducing the classical ACSSuT resistance phenotype identified in most S. Kentucky ST198 strain on the continent. Also, the institution of fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporin for salmonellosis treatment in animals or human infected by S. Kentucky ST198 strain resistant to these drugs can induce Salmonella phage transduction of kanamycin between different Salmonella serovars if present. This review highlights possible risk associated with the use of known Salmonella phages in the control of S. Kentucky ST198 and the need for chromosomal and plasmid tracking of genes prior to the institution of phage therapy on the continent.
Background: Salmonella Kentucky is of great veterinary and public health concern and exhibits the... more Background: Salmonella Kentucky is of great veterinary and public health concern and exhibits the capacities to emerge as the most prominent Salmonella serotype in human disease. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of prepared live attenuated and inactivated vaccines against experimentally induced salmonellosis caused by S. Kentucky in broiler chickens. Methods: Field isolate of S. Kentucky was obtained from the National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Nigeria and used in the preparation of experimental vaccines. Broiler chickens purchased and ascertained to be free of Salmonellae were randomly distributed into three experimental groups of 20 chicks each. Five-bromouracil at a concentration of 1000μg/ml was used in attenuation of S. Kentucky in preparation of the live vaccine and 0.6% formaldehyde was used in inactivation of S. Kentucky for preparation of the inactivated vaccine. Group 1 chicks were immunized with the live vaccine subcutaneously at 0.5ml per bird, group 2 received 1ml of the inactivated vaccine subcutaneously, and group 3 served as unvaccinated/control. Results: There was 100% faecal inhibition and 100% vaccinal efficacy in broiler chickens immunized with the live vaccine on day 56 of age, and 49.6% faecal inhibition and 82.8% vaccinal efficacy in broiler chickens immunized with the inactivated vaccine on day 56 of age when compared with the unvaccinated control. The vaccinated birds also showed higher antibody (IgY) titre levels from day 21 to day 56 of age (p<0.001) on all sampling days when values were compared with the unvaccinated birds. Conclusion: The interplay between vaccination protocol that includes administration of live attenuated or inactivated S. Kentucky vaccines and developed antibody (IgY) can reduce intestinal colonization by S. Kentucky and subsequent shedding of the serovar in faeces.
Meat infusion agar when freshly prepared from beef supports luxuriant growth of Salmonella Gallin... more Meat infusion agar when freshly prepared from beef supports luxuriant growth of Salmonella Gallinarum 9R strain used in vaccine production. In National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) Vom commercially made Nutrient agar (NA) is mainly used for this purpose. In this study freshly prepared Roux flask slants of Meat infusion agar (MIA) was compared with prepared Roux flask slants of Nutrient agar in preparation of stock culture of Salmonella Gallinarum 9R strain used for the production of Fowl typhoid (FT) vaccine using Standard techniques as described by the OIE Manual 2012. There was no significant (P<0.05) difference seen in the cellular growth density in colony forming unit per ml (CFU/ml) between freshly prepared MIA and NA after day 1 and day 2 post inoculation, making MIA an ideal alternative as a medium in FT vaccine production. There was a drastic drop in cellular density in CFU/ml on both media, suggesting depletion of nutrients, accumulation of waste and cell death. These findings justifies the use of freshly prepared MIA in production of Salmonella Gallinarum 9R strain stock for FT vaccine production as an alternative to NA, also from the observed growth curve, rather than harvesting the carpet growth on Roux flask after day 3, which is the current practice, harvesting after day 2 would be more appropriate as both media (MIA and NA) failed to support growth after day 2.
African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2020
Salmonella Kentucky is ubiquitous in most African countries and the multidrug resistant (MDR) str... more Salmonella Kentucky is ubiquitous in most African countries and the multidrug resistant (MDR) strains remain underreported across the continent. In Nigeria, poverty, inter country livestock trades, nomadic system of cattle production, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and prevalent immuno-compromising diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and tuberculosis are factors that have enabled ease of transmission and complications of S. Kentucky infections. In the present decade, S. Kentucky is reported to be the most prevalent serovar associated with poultry in Nigeria, but very few reports underline the risk associated with consumption of poultry and acquisition of MDR S. Kentucky strains. The Nigerian poultry is one of the most commercialized subsectors of Nigerian agriculture, therefore, the presence of S. Kentucky especially strains carrying broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance pose a great risk to public health. The lack of pro...
Salmonella Kentucky ST198 (S. Kentucky ST198) is the most ubiquitous multidrug resistant (MDR) st... more Salmonella Kentucky ST198 (S. Kentucky ST198) is the most ubiquitous multidrug resistant (MDR) strain posing the greatest threat to public health, livestock and food industry in Africa. The reinvention of bacteriophage (Phage) as a non-antibiotic alternative only gives a glimmer of hope in the control of MDR strains of Salmonellae. S. Kentucky ST198 posses’ chromosomal and plasmid factors capable of been co-opted into phage mediated transduction and co-transduction of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as well as cross-serovar transduction of ARGs. Phage DT104, DT120 and P-22 like prophages like PDT17 and ES18 together have been shown to be capable of transducing and co-transducing the classical ACSSuT resistance phenotype identified in most S. Kentucky ST198 strain on the continent. Also, the institution of fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporin for salmonellosis treatment in animals or human infected by S. Kentucky ST198 strain resistant to these drugs can induce Salm...
Control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is difficult in Nigeria due to lack of suffic... more Control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is difficult in Nigeria due to lack of sufficient data. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides is the causative organism of CBPP. This disease is endemic in Nigeria with serious economic impact. This study was undertaken to characterize M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) in cattle in southeast Nigeria using single-locus sequence analysis based on polymorphism analysis of non-coding genes and also comparison of the obtained sequences with the vaccine reference strain (T1/44) that is presently used in Nigeria. Twenty one Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed Mmm isolates from Anambra and Enugu states of Nigeria were used for this study. The amplicons were amplified using one locus of the PG1 reference strain (LocPG1-0001) and sequenced using the corresponding primers. The sequences were edited using BioEdit tm software and a consensus sequence obtained. Thereafter, the consensus sequence was aligned using ClustalW (BioEdit tm). The consensus sequences obtained were compared with the PG1 reference strain and allele numbers were assigned based on any nucleotide changes. Three allelic numbers were obtained; Allele 1, 8 and 9. Allele number 8 and 9 are new findings as they were not previously reported in Nigeria. Points of polymorphism were observed between the vaccine strain and the field isolates. The 21 sequences were deposited in the Genbank with the following accession numbers; MW487814-MW487834.
Salmonella Kentucky is ubiquitous in most African countries and the multidrug resistant (MDR) str... more Salmonella Kentucky is ubiquitous in most African countries and the multidrug resistant (MDR) strains remain underreported across the continent. In Nigeria, poverty, inter country livestock trades, nomadic system of cattle production, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and prevalent immuno-compromising diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and tuberculosis are factors that have enabled ease of transmission and complications of S. Kentucky infections. In the present decade, S. Kentucky is reported to be the most prevalent serovar associated with poultry in Nigeria, but very few reports underline the risk associated with consumption of poultry and acquisition of MDR S. Kentucky strains. The Nigerian poultry is one of the most commercialized subsectors of Nigerian agriculture, therefore, the presence of S. Kentucky especially strains carrying broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance pose a great risk to public health. The lack of proper monitoring, surveillance, isolation and control of the multidrug resistant S. Kentucky will remain a challenge to the export potential of the Nigerian poultry subsector and livestock in general. As a nation, modalities and actions against the smuggling of poultry products, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and nomadic system for the production of dairy and beef that promotes spread of virulent strains of Salmonellae must change. The impact of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans in Nigeria also remains under studied and under reported, especially those caused by S. Kentucky ST198. Compounding these concerns is the lack of commercial veterinary or human vaccines against S. Kentucky or where vaccines against the broad serogroup C non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are available, they are rarely supplied, with no evidence they could be cross-protective. This review emphasizes the emergence and widespread occurrence of MDR S. Kentucky strains on the African continent, and discussed risk factors contributing to its spread in Nigeria and the potential public health challenge especially to high-risk immunocompromised individuals.
Salmonella Kentucky ST198 (S. Kentucky ST198) is the most ubiquitous multidrug resistant (MDR) st... more Salmonella Kentucky ST198 (S. Kentucky ST198) is the most ubiquitous multidrug resistant (MDR) strain posing the greatest threat to public health, livestock and food industry in Africa. The reinvention of bacteriophage (Phage) as a non-antibiotic alternative only gives a glimmer of hope in the control of MDR strains of Salmonellae. S. Kentucky ST198 posses’ chromosomal and plasmid factors capable of been co-opted into phage mediated transduction and co-transduction of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as well as cross-serovar transduction of ARGs. Phage DT104, DT120 and P-22 like prophages like PDT17 and ES18 together have been shown to be capable of transducing and co-transducing the classical ACSSuT resistance phenotype identified in most S. Kentucky ST198 strain on the continent. Also, the institution of fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporin for salmonellosis treatment in animals or human infected by S. Kentucky ST198 strain resistant to these drugs can induce Salmonella phage transduction of kanamycin between different Salmonella serovars if present. This review highlights possible risk associated with the use of known Salmonella phages in the control of S. Kentucky ST198 and the need for chromosomal and plasmid tracking of genes prior to the institution of phage therapy on the continent.
Background: Salmonella Kentucky is of great veterinary and public health concern and exhibits the... more Background: Salmonella Kentucky is of great veterinary and public health concern and exhibits the capacities to emerge as the most prominent Salmonella serotype in human disease. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of prepared live attenuated and inactivated vaccines against experimentally induced salmonellosis caused by S. Kentucky in broiler chickens. Methods: Field isolate of S. Kentucky was obtained from the National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Nigeria and used in the preparation of experimental vaccines. Broiler chickens purchased and ascertained to be free of Salmonellae were randomly distributed into three experimental groups of 20 chicks each. Five-bromouracil at a concentration of 1000μg/ml was used in attenuation of S. Kentucky in preparation of the live vaccine and 0.6% formaldehyde was used in inactivation of S. Kentucky for preparation of the inactivated vaccine. Group 1 chicks were immunized with the live vaccine subcutaneously at 0.5ml per bird, group 2 received 1ml of the inactivated vaccine subcutaneously, and group 3 served as unvaccinated/control. Results: There was 100% faecal inhibition and 100% vaccinal efficacy in broiler chickens immunized with the live vaccine on day 56 of age, and 49.6% faecal inhibition and 82.8% vaccinal efficacy in broiler chickens immunized with the inactivated vaccine on day 56 of age when compared with the unvaccinated control. The vaccinated birds also showed higher antibody (IgY) titre levels from day 21 to day 56 of age (p<0.001) on all sampling days when values were compared with the unvaccinated birds. Conclusion: The interplay between vaccination protocol that includes administration of live attenuated or inactivated S. Kentucky vaccines and developed antibody (IgY) can reduce intestinal colonization by S. Kentucky and subsequent shedding of the serovar in faeces.
Meat infusion agar when freshly prepared from beef supports luxuriant growth of Salmonella Gallin... more Meat infusion agar when freshly prepared from beef supports luxuriant growth of Salmonella Gallinarum 9R strain used in vaccine production. In National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) Vom commercially made Nutrient agar (NA) is mainly used for this purpose. In this study freshly prepared Roux flask slants of Meat infusion agar (MIA) was compared with prepared Roux flask slants of Nutrient agar in preparation of stock culture of Salmonella Gallinarum 9R strain used for the production of Fowl typhoid (FT) vaccine using Standard techniques as described by the OIE Manual 2012. There was no significant (P<0.05) difference seen in the cellular growth density in colony forming unit per ml (CFU/ml) between freshly prepared MIA and NA after day 1 and day 2 post inoculation, making MIA an ideal alternative as a medium in FT vaccine production. There was a drastic drop in cellular density in CFU/ml on both media, suggesting depletion of nutrients, accumulation of waste and cell death. These findings justifies the use of freshly prepared MIA in production of Salmonella Gallinarum 9R strain stock for FT vaccine production as an alternative to NA, also from the observed growth curve, rather than harvesting the carpet growth on Roux flask after day 3, which is the current practice, harvesting after day 2 would be more appropriate as both media (MIA and NA) failed to support growth after day 2.
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underreported across the continent. In Nigeria, poverty, inter country livestock trades, nomadic system of cattle
production, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and prevalent immuno-compromising diseases such as human
immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and tuberculosis are factors that have
enabled ease of transmission and complications of S. Kentucky infections. In the present decade, S. Kentucky is
reported to be the most prevalent serovar associated with poultry in Nigeria, but very few reports underline the
risk associated with consumption of poultry and acquisition of MDR S. Kentucky strains. The Nigerian poultry is one
of the most commercialized subsectors of Nigerian agriculture, therefore, the presence of S. Kentucky especially
strains carrying broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance pose a great risk to public health. The lack of proper
monitoring, surveillance, isolation and control of the multidrug resistant S. Kentucky will remain a challenge to the
export potential of the Nigerian poultry subsector and livestock in general. As a nation, modalities and actions
against the smuggling of poultry products, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and nomadic system for the production
of dairy and beef that promotes spread of virulent strains of Salmonellae must change. The impact of non-typhoidal
salmonellosis in humans in Nigeria also remains under studied and under reported, especially those caused by S.
Kentucky ST198. Compounding these concerns is the lack of commercial veterinary or human vaccines against S.
Kentucky or where vaccines against the broad serogroup C non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are available, they are
rarely supplied, with no evidence they could be cross-protective. This review emphasizes the emergence and
widespread occurrence of MDR S. Kentucky strains on the African continent, and discussed risk factors contributing
to its spread in Nigeria and the potential public health challenge especially to high-risk immunocompromised
individuals.
underreported across the continent. In Nigeria, poverty, inter country livestock trades, nomadic system of cattle
production, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and prevalent immuno-compromising diseases such as human
immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and tuberculosis are factors that have
enabled ease of transmission and complications of S. Kentucky infections. In the present decade, S. Kentucky is
reported to be the most prevalent serovar associated with poultry in Nigeria, but very few reports underline the
risk associated with consumption of poultry and acquisition of MDR S. Kentucky strains. The Nigerian poultry is one
of the most commercialized subsectors of Nigerian agriculture, therefore, the presence of S. Kentucky especially
strains carrying broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance pose a great risk to public health. The lack of proper
monitoring, surveillance, isolation and control of the multidrug resistant S. Kentucky will remain a challenge to the
export potential of the Nigerian poultry subsector and livestock in general. As a nation, modalities and actions
against the smuggling of poultry products, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and nomadic system for the production
of dairy and beef that promotes spread of virulent strains of Salmonellae must change. The impact of non-typhoidal
salmonellosis in humans in Nigeria also remains under studied and under reported, especially those caused by S.
Kentucky ST198. Compounding these concerns is the lack of commercial veterinary or human vaccines against S.
Kentucky or where vaccines against the broad serogroup C non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are available, they are
rarely supplied, with no evidence they could be cross-protective. This review emphasizes the emergence and
widespread occurrence of MDR S. Kentucky strains on the African continent, and discussed risk factors contributing
to its spread in Nigeria and the potential public health challenge especially to high-risk immunocompromised
individuals.