ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ
ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ, гьединго лъалеб КӀудияб рагъ абун ва цогидал цӀараздалъунги, — интернационалияб конфликт, жибги байбихьараб 1914 соналъул 28 юлалда ва лӀугӀараб 1918 соналъул 11 новембералда. Гьеб тӀибитӀана Европаялъул кӀудияб бутӀаялде, гьединго Россиялде, Цолъарал Штатазде ва Туркиялде, ва гьединго унеб букӀана ГӀагараб Машрикъалда, Африкаялда ва Азиялъул бутӀаялда. тарихалда бищун хвел цӀикӀкӀарал конфликтазул цояб, жиндир заманалда, кьурал къиматазда рекъон, рагъда 9 миллион чӀвараб, 5 миллионалдаса цӀикӀкӀун ватӀанчилъиял гӀадамал оккупация, бомбагъинаби, ракъи ва унтаби сабаблъун хвараб.[4] ГӀусманияз гьабураб геноцид ва рагъул заманалъ комбатантазул багъа-бачариялъ тӀибитӀизабураб 1918 соналъул Испан гриппалъул пандемия сабаблъун тӀолго дунялалда хвана чанго миллион чи.[5][6]
1914 соналъ КӀудиял къуватлъаби рикьун рукӀана цоцаде данде чӀараб кӀиго алянсалде: Лъабгоязул Антанта, жинда гъорлӀ КӀудияб Британия, Франсия ва Россия ругеб, ва Лъабгоязул Алянс, Германиялдасаги, Австриягин Гьунгариялдасаги, Италиялдасаги гӀуцӀараб. Балкъаназда букӀараб хӀалуцин ботӀроде бахана 1914 соналъул 28 юналда Босниялдаса сербав Гаврило Принципица Австриягин Гьунгариялъул варисав, эрцгерцог Франц Фердинанд чӀван хадуб. Австриягин Гьунгариялъ гӀайиб гӀунтӀизабуна Сербиялде, ва цоцада рухьарал алянсаз къуватлъаби цӀана дипломатиял дандрайиязул сериялде, жал юлалъул кризис абун лъалел. Австриягин Гьунгариялъ рагъ лъазабуна Сербиялда; Россия бахъана Сербия цӀунизе, в 4 августалде конфликт тӀибитӀана Германиялде, Парансалде ва КӀудияб Британиялде гьезул колониалиял империялгун цадахъ. Новембералда ГӀусманияб империялъги, Германиялъги Австриялъги гӀуцӀана Централиял къуватлъаби, 1915 соналъул априлалда абуни Италия (жиб Централиял къуватлъабазул цояб букӀараб) ана КӀудияб Британиялъулги, Франсиялъулги, Россиялъулги, Сербиялъулги рахъалде Алянсалъул къуватлъи хӀисабалда.
КӀиго фронталда рагъда цебе 1914 соналъ германиязул стратегия, Шлиффенил план абун жиндир цӀар араб,[7] букӀана цин Франсиялда тӀад бергьенлъи босизе, хадур жидерго къуватал бакъбаккуде рехизе ва Россия рагъулӀа бахъизе. Гьелъул жо ккечӀо Франсиялде цереин Марнаялда чӀезабиялъ; 1914 соналъул ахиралде кӀиябго рахъ цоцаде данде чӀун букӀана бакътӀерхьул фронталда — гьеб букӀана Ла-Маншалдаса Швейцариялде щвезегӀан халатбахъараб траншеязулаб мухъ, жиб 1917 соналде щвезегӀанги кӀудияб хисичӀеб. Гьелде дандеккун, бакъбаккул фронт букӀана хисардулеб: Австриягин Гьунгариялъ ва Россиялъ цин рахъулел рукӀана чӀахӀиял территориял, хадур гьел гьезухъа унел рукӀана. Цогидал кӀвар бугел театразда гъорлӀе унел рукӀана ГӀагараб Машрикъ, Алпазулаб фронт ва Балкъанал, рагъулӀе Булгарияги, Руманияги, Грецияги цӀан.
Алянсалъ рагъулабгин ралъдалаб блокада лъеялъ лӀугьараб дефицит сабаблъун, 1917 соналъул авалалда Германиялъ гӀорхъи гьечӀеб лъекьаб рагъ байбихьана, гьелъул хӀасилалда 1917 соналъул 6 априлалда церегӀан нейтралиял рукӀарал Цолъарал Штататал рагъулӀе лӀугьана. 1917-лъул Октобералъул революциялъул хӀасилалда Россиялда хӀакимлъм бахъана болшевиказ ва рекъел хъвана 1918 соналъул марталда Брест-Литовскалда хъвараб сепаратияб къотӀиялда рекъон, гьелдалъун германиязул аскаразул кӀудияб къадар эркенлъана бакъбаккул фронталдаса. Гьел бакътӀерхьул фронталде реххулаго, Германиялъул генералияб штабалъул хьул букӀана тӀубан бергьенлъи босизе, американ кумекалъ рагъалъел иналде асар гьабилалде, ва гьез байбихьана германиязул ихдалилаб гьужум 1918 соналъул марталда. Байбихьуда битӀ ккканиги, кватӀичӀого гьеб чӀчӀезабуна захӀматал камиязги ачуяб дандечӀеялъги; августалда алянсчагӀаз байбихьана нускъойил гьужум, германиязул аскар хӀалуцун данде чӀолеб букӀаниги, гьелда тӀокӀаб кӀвечӀо гьезул тӀаде рачӀин чӀезабизе.[8]
1918 соналъул ахиралда Централиял къуватлъабаз байбихьана рикьа-риххун ине; 29 септембералда Булгариялъ хъвана рекъел, 31 октобералъ — гӀусманияз, 3 новембералъ абуни — Австриягин Гьунгариялъ. Живго цо ххутӀарав, рокъоб революциягун ва аскар питнадиналда хӀинкъараб хӀалгун дандчӀварав Вилгьелм кайзерас инкар гьабуна тахидаса 9 новембералда, ва цӀияб герман хӀукуматалъ заманалъе рекъел хъвана 1919 соналъул 11 новембералда, рагъелазе ахирги лъун. 1919-лъул Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференциялъ къурал къуватлъабазда хъвазаруна батӀи-батӀиял къотӀи-къаял, жидер бищун цӀар араблъун Версалалъулаб къотӀи букӀараб. Россиялъул, Германиялъул, ГӀусманиязул ва Австриягин Гьунгариялъул империял риххиялъ лӀугьана гӀемерал революциял, гӀуцӀана чиядарачӀел пачалихъал, гьезда гъорлӀ Полша, Чехословакия ва Югославия. Жакъа къоялъги тӀасан бахӀс бугел гӀиллаби, рагъазда гьоркьоб периодалъ баккараб хисарди инабизе бажарунгутӀи сабаблъана КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ байбихьиялъе 1939 соналъ.
ЦӀарал
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Цебетарих
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Багьанаби
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Рагъул ин
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Сербиялъул кампания
Цералъул рагъ
29 июля-11 август-Австро-Венгриял Аскар гlарада бай байбихьана северияб цадахъ севералъул бакътIерхьул рахъалдехунисалги Сербиялда, хадуб кlвана гlарада бай гьабизе, бан системагун понтонных мостазул ахчихъа Сава и Дрина
ХӀасилал
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Технология
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Рагъулал такъсирал
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Солдатияб хӀалбихьи
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Рагъалъул рахъкквей
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Рагъалде дандечӀей
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Рагъулаб хъулухъалде ахӀи
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Дагъистаниял Дунялалъул ТIоцебесеб рагъалда
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Дагъистаналъул чотIахъабазулин (яги ГIалхулаб дивизия) цIар лъураб кIиго полк машгьурлъана гьеб рагъда букIана. Амма гьенир хъулухъ гьабулел рукIун руго дагъистаниял гурелги, Кавказалъул цогидал халкъалги[9].
1852 соналдаго гIурус пачаясул генерал Аргутинский-Долгоруковас кьураб гIакълу букIун буго пачаясе гьеб – имам Шамилида дандечIезелъун хас гьабун дагъистанияздасан полк гIуцIизе. Гьедин гьелда гъорлъе рачун руго Шамилидаса рази гьечIел магIарулалги, бидулалги, имамасе хиянатлъарал чагIиги.
Гьедин гьеб полк дунялалъул тIоцебесеб рагъдаго гIадин, гIурусазулгун япониязул рагъдаги, гIурусазулгун турказул рагъдаги гIахьаллъун буго.
Гьенив гIахьаллъарал дагъистаниязул цоявлъун шагIир ХъахӀабросолъа МахӀмудги ккола[9].
Дипломатия
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Ирс ва ракӀалде щвей
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Ралагье гьединго
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалда хурхарал темабазул сияхӀ
- ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъул рагъалъул хӀакъалъулӀ хъвай
Баянкьелал
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- ^ ГӀурус Республика 1917 соналдаса. Болшевиказул хӀукуматалъ хъвана сепаратияб рекъел Централиял Къуватлъаигун гьебго соналъул новембералда яръидгӀуцӀун хӀакимлъи бахъун дагьабго заман иналде.
- ^ Цолъарал Штатаз ратификация гьабичӀо цониги Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференциялда хъварал къотӀаби.
- ^ Булгариял гъорлӀлъана Централиял къуватлъабазда 1915 соналъул 14 октобералда.
- ^ ГӀусманияб империял раилъана Германиялъулгун балъгояб алянсалъе 1914 соналъул 2 августалда 1914. Гьеб рагъулӀе лӀугьна Централиял Къуватлъабазул рахъалда 1914 соналъул 29 октобералда.
- ^ Цолъарал Штатаз Австриягин Гьунгариялда рагъ лъазабуна 7 декембералда 1917 соналъул.
- ^ Австрия рикӀкӀанеб букӀана Австриягин Гьунгариялъул ирсилал пачалихъазул цояблъун.
- ^ Цолъарал Штатаз Германиялъе рагъ лъазабуна 6 априлалда, 1917-лъул.
- ^ Гьунгария рикӀкӀанеб букӀана Австриягин Гьунгариялъул ирсилал пачалихъазулцояблъун.
- ^ Although the Treaty of Sèvres was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire, the Allied Powers and the Republic of Turkey, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne.
- ^ Died in 1916 of pneumonia, succeeded by Charles (Karl) I of Austria
- ^ Died in July 1918 and succeeded by Mehmed VI
- ^ Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies
- ^ Figures are for Britain and her colonies; the dominions and India are listed separately
МугъчӀваял
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- ^ a b Tucker & Roberts 2005, гь. 273
- ^ a b Mougel, Nadège. "World War I casualties" (PDF). Centre européen Robert Schuman. Архивация (PDF) оригиналалдаса 2 February 2021. Щвей 5 June 2020.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=ва|archive-date=(help) - ^ Nash, Jay Robert (1976). Darkest Hours. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-59077-526-4. Архивация оригиналалдаса 19 April 2019. Щвей 1 July 2018.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|access-date=ва|archive-date=(help) - ^ Gilbert 1994, гь. xv.
- ^ Spreeuwenberg 2018, гьл. 2561–2567.
- ^ Williams 2014, гьл. 4–10.
- ^ Zuber 2011, гьл. 46–49.
- ^ Sheffield 2002, гь. 251.
- ^ a b Даку Зургъалов (19.03.2022). "Дагъистаниял Дунялалъул ТIоцебесеб рагъалда". Онлайн-журнал «Ориент». avariya.wixsite.com/orient. Щвей 2022-04-04.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)
Библиография
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Ингилис мацӀалда
Иццал
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- Axelrod, Alan (2018). How America Won World War I. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4930-3192-4.
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{{cite magazine}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - Ball, Alan M. (1996). And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20694-6., reviewed in Hegarty, Thomas J. (March–June 1998). "And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930". Canadian Slavonic Papers. Архивация оригинал (9 May 2013).
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=ва|archive-date=(help) Archived 9 май 2013 at the Wayback Machine (via Highbeam.com) - Barrett, Michael B (2013). Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253008657.
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{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|access-date=ва|archive-date=(help) - Clark, Christopher (2013). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-219922-5.
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{{cite magazine}}: Check date values in:|access-date=,|date=, ва|archive-date=(help) - Karp, Walter (1979). The Politics of War (1st ред.). ISBN 978-0-06-012265-2. OCLC 4593327.
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{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|access-date=ва|archive-date=(help) - Lehmann, Hartmut; van der Veer, Peter, редл. (1999). Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01232-2. OCLC 39727826.
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{{cite encyclopedia}}: Check date values in:|access-date=ва|archive-date=(help) - Price, Alfred (1980). Aircraft versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1980. London: Jane's Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7106-0008-0. OCLC 10324173. Deals with technical developments, including the first dipping hydrophones
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{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=,|date=, ва|archive-date=(help) - Roden, Mike. "The Lost Generation – myth and reality". Aftermath – when the Boys Came Home. Архивация оригинал (1 December 2009). Щвей 6 November 2009.
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He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavro's arrest—this photograph shows the arrest of Behr.
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{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=ва|archive-date=(help) - Speed, Richard B, III (1990). Prisoners, Diplomats and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-26729-1. OCLC 20694547.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Spreeuwenberg, P (2018). "Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic". American Journal of Epidemiology. 187 (12): 2561–2567. doi:10.1093/aje/kwy191. PMC 7314216. PMID 30202996.
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{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|access-date=ва|archive-date=(help) - Hammond's Frontier Atlas of the World War. C. S. Hammond & Company. 1916. Containing Large Scale Maps of All the Battle Fronts of Europe and Asia, Together With a Military Map of the United States.
Тариххъвай ва ракӀалде щвеял
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ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- American Battle Monuments Commission (1938). American Armies and Battlefields in Europe: A History, Guide, and Reference Book. US Government Printing Office. OCLC 59803706.
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{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - (12th ред.). 1922. Comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events since 1911 with thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony.
- Fortescue, Granville Roland. London in Gloom over Gallipoli; Captain Fortescue in Book and Ashmead-Bartlett in Lecture Declare Campaign Lost, The New York Times (28 October 1915).
- Hirschfeld, Gerhard; ва цгл., редл. (2012). Brill's Encyclopedia of the First World War.
- Jenkins, Burris A. (2009). Facing the Hindenburg Line. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-1-110-81238-7.
- Goldrick, James (1995). "10. The Battleship Fleet: The Test of War, 1895–1919". Гъоркь: Hill, J. R. (ред.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. New York: Oxford University Press. гьл. 299–318. ISBN 978-0-19-211675-8.
- Larsen, Daniel (2014). "Intelligence in the First World War: The state of the field". Intelligence and National Security. 29 (2): 282–302. doi:10.1080/02684527.2012.727070. S2CID 154714213.
- Lyons, Michael J. (1999). World War I: A Short History (2nd ред.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-020551-3.
- Meltzer, Allan H. (2003). A History of the Federal Reserve – Volume 1: 1913–1951. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. гьл. 65–90. ISBN 978-0-226-52000-1.
- Moon, John Ellis van Courtland (July 1996). "United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II: A Captive of Coalition Policy?". The Journal of Military History. 60 (3): 495–511. doi:10.2307/2944522. JSTOR 2944522.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - Page, Thomas Nelson. "Chapter XI: Italy's Attitude in the Beginning of the War". Italy and the World War. Brigham Young University. cites "Cf. articles signed XXX in La Revue de Deux Mondes, 1 and 15 March 1920"
- Prior, Robin (1999). The First World War. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35256-2.
- Repington, Charles à Court (1920). The First World War, 1914–1918. Том 2. London: Constable. ISBN 978-1-113-19764-1 – via archive.org.
- Sisemore, James D. (2003). The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned (MMAS thesis). US Army Command and General Staff College. Архивация оригинал (4 March 2009). Щвей 1 March 2021.
{{cite thesis}}: Check date values in:|access-date=ва|archive-date=(help) - Symonds, Craig L. (2016). The U.S. Navy: A Concise History. New York: Oxford University Press. гьл. 68–70. ISBN 978-0-19-939494-4.
- Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1963). The First World War: An Illustrated History. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-399-50260-6. OCLC 2054370.
- Wilgus, William John (1931). Transporting the A.E.F. in Western Europe, 1917–1919. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 1161730.
- Winegard, Timothy. "Here at Vimy: A Retrospective – The 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge". Canadian Military Journal. 8 (2).
КъватӀисел регӀелал
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Халип:Spoken Wikipedia Халип:Sister project links
- Records on the outbreak of World War I from the UK Parliamentary Collections
- The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. Graphic color photos, pictures and music
- A multimedia history of World War I
- European Newspapers from the start of the First World War and the end of the war
- WWI Films on the European Film Gateway
- The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive
- World War I British press photograph collection – A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections
- Personal accounts of American World War I veterans, Veterans History Project, Library of Congress.
Анимациониял картаби
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- "Europe plunges into war" Archived 4 юн 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Europe at the end of the war Archived 4 юн 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Библиотекабазул гидал
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- ЦӀияб Зеландиялъул Националияб Библиотека (инг.)
- ЦӀияб Жанубияб Велсалъул Пачалихъияб Библиотека (инг.)
- ЦШ-ялъул Конгресалъул Библиотека (инг.)
- Индианаялъул Университеталъул Блумингтон (инг.) Archived 5 юн 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- Ню Йоркалъул Университет (инг.) Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
- Албертаялъул Университет (инг.)
- California State Library, California History Room. Collection: California. State Council of Defense. California War History Committee. Records of Californians who served in World War I, 1918–1922.
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