The dominant liberal peacebuilding critiques tends to focus on ‘states’ and the failure of interventions in rebuilding them. Consequently, a standardised critique has emerged largely because the critics apply a broad brush across a diverse range of contexts, programmes, issues and activities as illustrated by the lack of scrutiny on mine action and emerging contexts such as Somaliland. The liberal peacebuilding critics critique the standardised ‘one size fits all approach’ employed by interveners, yet they take the same approach. I therefore argue for the need to broaden the critique to include other elements and contexts of peacebuilding. I demonstrate that as an intervention mine action has intrinsic peacebuilding potential. However, the way mine action is implemented both globally and in Somaliland reflects the same dominant characteristics of the liberal peacebuilding critique i.e.; it is externally led; uses technical and standardised formulaic approaches; disregards local cont...

The mine action sector has struggled to demonstrate the socioeconomic benefits of mine clearance. Previous academic studies have made important contributions but have been limited in offering in-depth discussions of causal pathways. This paper seeks to fill that gap. It proposes a new framework, the Mine Clearance and Peacebuilding Synergies (MPS) framework that combines the Humanitarian Mine Action Peacebuilding Palette, the Mine Action- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework and theoretical considerations from the Infrastructure as Peacebuilding framework to interrogate this interaction. Using Somaliland's post-conflict reconstruction as a case study, we analyze qualitative and quantitative data to map both the direct and indirect benefits of mine clearance in relation to infrastructure development. We find that mine clearance can influence both economic and physical reconstruction through its impact on dominant economic sectors as well as critical strategic infrastruc...

The way in which societies conceptualise peace, and therefore peacebuilding, is dependent on various factors, including the society itself, its history, cultural and social foundations, the legacies of violence and peacebuilding initiatives. Drawing on interviews with various constituents in Somaliland, this article will demonstrate how bottom-up narratives and understandings of peace and peacebuilding have been shaped by the legacy of war and shared history of the reconciliation process, which was led by the elders. Similarly, this conceptualisation of peace defines what activities are considered as peacebuilding. However, the extent of this conceptualisation does not extend to mine action; an activity that was initiated by the elders during the post-war reconciliation process, and whose outcomes, such as facilitating mobility, safety and security, were outlined as peace indicators by those interviewed. Thus, while mine action has intrinsic peacebuilding potential, it is not concep...

The paper express the political relationship between Mubarak regime and the Muslim Brotherhood movements in Egypt. it address the dynamic of authoritarian regime in manipulating the public opinion, legislation to protect t he regime control in Egypt.

The Chapter will explain the fundamentalist ideology with a political perspective and despite the fact that most of the authors’ and writers were concern about the word of terrorist which fit exactly with the Human security’ freedom from fear but the chapter will argue that the word terrorist of the Egypt case is not a clear and complicated to considered as terrorist.. The chapter argued that most of the attacks were carried by the Islamist were targeted the regime and regime elites or oppose to the western domination in the region and especially Egypt. It shows the different tactics were used by the regime to oppress the Islamist.

The Chapter will explain the fundamentalist ideology with a political perspective and despite the fact that most of the authors’ and writers were concern about the word of terrorist which fit exactly with the Human security’ freedom from fear but the chapter will argue that the word terrorist of the Egypt case is not a clear and complicated to considered as terrorist.. The chapter argued that most of the attacks were carried by the Islamist were targeted the regime and regime elites or oppose to the western domination in the region and especially Egypt. It shows the different tactics were used by the regime to oppress the Islamist.