Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective, Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley, Mario Diani, Eds. Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 2001 (2007).
Posle Tokvila, Debata o gradjanskom drustvu i drustvenom kapitalu u uporednoj perspektivi, Bob Edvards, Majkl Foli i Mario Dajani (prir.), s engleskog preveo Milan Brdar Izdavacka knjizarnica Zorana Stojanovica, Novi Sad, Serbia, 2004.
Universities in Troubled Times: Innovations in Teaching, Research and Service for the 21st Century
Universities Respond to Troubled Times: Innovations in Teaching, Research, and Service for the 21... more Universities Respond to Troubled Times: Innovations in Teaching, Research, and Service for the 21st Century.
A two-issue series of the American Behavioral Scientist, Sam Marullo and Bob Edwards, Editors.
1999. “Universities in Troubled Times: Institutional Responses” 42:(5): 743-901.
2000. “Service Learning Movement: Response to Troubled Times in Higher Education” 43:(5):741-912.
Social Capital, Civil Society and Contemporary Democracy
"Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate. A two issue series of the American Behavioral Scien... more "Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate. A two issue series of the American Behavioral Scientist, Bob Edwards and Michael W. Foley, Editors.
1997. “Social Capital, Civil Society and Contemporary Democracy.” Vol. 40(5): 547-677.
1998. “Civil Society and Social Capital in Comparative Perspective.” Vol. 42(1): 1-139."
All articles from these two volumes of American Behavioral Scientist except those authored by Edwards and Foley/Foley and Edwards were reprinted in Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective, 2001 (2007) Edited by Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley and Mario Diani. New Hanover: University Press of New England.
An unabridged translation of "Beyond Tocqueville" into Serbo-Croatian is available as "Posle Tokvila." See below.
"
Studies of hurricane evacuation have often noted that women are more likely than men to evacuate,... more Studies of hurricane evacuation have often noted that women are more likely than men to evacuate, yet few examined those differences and tried to explain them. This paper undertakes a series of bivariate and multivariate analyses to examine the relationship between evacuation and gendered variations in socioeconomic status, care-giving roles in the household, evacuation incentives, exposure to risks, and perception of risk. A series of hypotheses are developed and tested in order to help explain why women are more likely than men to evacuate. The data used come from a cross-sectional survey of 1,050 coastal North Carolina households affected by Hurricane Bonnie, which made landfall near Wilmington, N. C., on August 25, 1998. Results from a series of bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses indicate that women are more likely to evacuate than men because of socially constructed gender differences in care-giving roles, access to evacuation incentives, exposure to risk, and perceived risk. We find, in part, that women are more likely to evacuate because, compared to men, they live at greater exposure to risk and have a heightened perception of risk. Yet, those men who are at greater risk and do perceive heightened risk are more likely to evacuate than women with comparable risk exposure and perception. Future studies of disaster response should distinguish clearly between the intention to evacuate and the capacity to do so.
Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) posits that the key to social movement organizations' (SMOs') ... more Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) posits that the key to social movement organizations' (SMOs') success is their ability to mobilize resources. Yet there has been little research verifying this claim. This study uses the case of post-Soviet rural Lithuania to test the link between human, social, material, and organizational resources of SMOs and three types of organizational impacts: issue awareness, local support, and media coverage. Using original data from 165 rural advocacy organizations that spans the period of 2004 to 2006, we demonstrate that the effects of different resources vary in significance and strength for differentoutcomes. Furthermore, no single resource type consistently predicts all impacts. This research contributes to RMT by (1) identifying which resource types predict specific organizational impacts, (2) extending RMT to the unique context of post-Soviet Lithuania, and (3) illuminating the relationship between resources and impacts for an understudied unit of analysis (small, newly founded nonprofessionalized organizations).
This paper examines how threatening economic conditions and preexisting community resources facil... more This paper examines how threatening economic conditions and preexisting community resources facilitated the spread of Occupy Wall Street protest groups to more than 600 counties in the continental United States in 2011. Using a generalized linear mixed model, we find that economic threats and accessible resources are complementary facilitators of movement mobilization. But contrary to the expectations based on earlier media and scholarly accounts, the “disruptive threats” caused by the Great Recession failed to predict the formation of Occupy groups. Instead, groups were more likely to mobilize in counties that had the “positional threats” of relatively higher income inequality and relatively lower median incomes in comparison to state norms. However, the effect of positional economic threats was nuanced as counties with lower than average unemployment more likely had groups mobilized. In addition, resources continue to demonstrate empirical importance in explanations of social move...
The Palgrave Handbook of Volunteering, Civic Participation, and Nonprofit Associations, 2016
Associations provide institutionalized opportunities for social exchange and the strengthening of... more Associations provide institutionalized opportunities for social exchange and the strengthening of pro-social attitudes and social skills. Social capital – such as trust, norms, and networks – is a by-product of associational involvement. In trustful relationships transaction costs are decreased for all participants because fewer resources are required for compliance. In this way, social capital provides an attractive solution to the collective-good dilemma. The causal relation between associational involvement and social capital is mainly explained by learning processes. Positive effects are especially expected from bridging social capital based on involvement in heterogeneous networks that reinforce tolerance, openness, and outer-directedness. Bonding social capital in homogenous networks strengthens feelings of exclusivity and inner-directedness. Increasingly, attention is drawn to feasible dark sides of and to modes of negative social capital.
Resource Mobilization Theory and Social and Political Movements
We argue that the broader Resource Mobilization (RM) approach remains very relevant to analyzing ... more We argue that the broader Resource Mobilization (RM) approach remains very relevant to analyzing the full spectrum of contemporary social and political movements, and strongly recommend that contemporary analysts take a fresh look at resource mobilization theory. The first major section of this paper examines how RM has been used in recent research before considering briefly why it has been under-utilized. The second major section articulates a contemporary reformulation of a core portion of RM related specifically to resources. That section begins by differentiating a five-fold categorization of resource types that extends well beyond considerations of money, people and formal organizations, which have predominated in recent research. We then discuss the analytical importance of two key resource attributes (how fungible and proprietary resources are) before turning our attention to the broader issue of how movements gain access to resources. Four major mechanisms of resource access characteristic of social and political movements are delineated. Finally, we discuss the important concept of the exchange relationships through which specific movement actors gain access to particular resources and the constraints (or facilitations) various kinds of exchange relations can place on movements. We conclude by sketching new lines of research and contending that the RM approach is well-suited for analyzing the full spectrum of contemporary movements.
The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, 2013
Resource mobilization theory (RMT) developed during the 1970s as a new generation of scholars sou... more Resource mobilization theory (RMT) developed during the 1970s as a new generation of scholars sought to understand the emergence, significance, and effects of the social movements of the 1960s (see Jenkins 1983; McAdam, McCarthy, & Zald 1988; Edwards & McCarthy 2004). Rejecting both the view held by some earlier movement scholars that social movement actors were deviant or anomic, and the pluralist assumption that all parties willing to engage in the political process have a reasonable chance that their grievances will be heard and addressed, resource mobilization scholars sought to understand how rational and often marginalized social actors mobilized effectively to pursue their desired social change goals
Editors' Introduction: Service-Learning Pedagogy as Universities' Response to Troubled Times
American Behavioral Scientist - AMER BEHAV SCI, 2000
This is second in a two-issue series conceptualized as documenting educational innovations in hig... more This is second in a two-issue series conceptualized as documenting educational innovations in higher education that could be seen as responses of colleges and universities to changing economic, political, and social forces. This issue's authors diagnose a number of different problems in the current practices of colleges and universities and prescribe pedagogical initiatives that link students to the community through service learning, which is the integration of community service activities into the curriculum through intentional analytical processes. The authors of these articles are pushing the theoretical and praxis boundaries of service learning to tackle challenging issues such as how to best enhance the student's learning experience to create self-motivated learners who become civic participants, how to structure programs and practices to best support such work, and how to alter institution- and discipline-driven reward systems to promote and sustain faculty involvement in service learning.
Environmental Justice, Swine Production and Farm Loss in North Carolina
Sociological Spectrum, 2000
Since the early 1990s, North Carolina has been the fastest growing swine-producing state in the c... more Since the early 1990s, North Carolina has been the fastest growing swine-producing state in the country and the leading innovator in vertically integrated, industrially structured hog farming. Although the growth and concentration of swine production has been associated ...
Scholars of nonprofits, interest groups, civic associations, and social movement organizations em... more Scholars of nonprofits, interest groups, civic associations, and social movement organizations employ samples of organizations derived from directories or other available listings. In most cases, we are unable to evaluate the representativeness of these samples. Using data on the population of environmental organizations in North Carolina, we assess the methodological strengths and weaknesses of widely used strategies. We find that reliance on any single source yields bias on theoretically important characteristics of organizations. We show that scholars can reduce bias significantly by combining sources, creating what we call a “peak list” compiled from different types of sources. Compared to any single source, our peak list differed less from the population on the thirty-one organizational characteristics including geographical coverage, issues, discursive frames, targets, and organizational demographics such as age, organizational form, and resources. From these analyses, we offe...
Editors' IntroductionUniversities in Troubled Times—Institutional Responses
American Behavioral Scientist, 1999
The rapid pace of change under way in America's colleges and universities has sparked a wide-... more The rapid pace of change under way in America's colleges and universities has sparked a wide-ranging and often heated public debate about the social role and responsibilities of higher education in American society. From small, private liberal arts colleges in economically distressed urban areas to state-supported land-grant and research institutions, schools nationwide are taking these challenges head-on often with government,
Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective, Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley, Mario Diani, Eds. Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 2001 (2007).
Posle Tokvila, Debata o gradjanskom drustvu i drustvenom kapitalu u uporednoj perspektivi, Bob Edvards, Majkl Foli i Mario Dajani (prir.), s engleskog preveo Milan Brdar Izdavacka knjizarnica Zorana Stojanovica, Novi Sad, Serbia, 2004.
Universities in Troubled Times: Innovations in Teaching, Research and Service for the 21st Century
Universities Respond to Troubled Times: Innovations in Teaching, Research, and Service for the 21... more Universities Respond to Troubled Times: Innovations in Teaching, Research, and Service for the 21st Century.
A two-issue series of the American Behavioral Scientist, Sam Marullo and Bob Edwards, Editors.
1999. “Universities in Troubled Times: Institutional Responses” 42:(5): 743-901.
2000. “Service Learning Movement: Response to Troubled Times in Higher Education” 43:(5):741-912.
Social Capital, Civil Society and Contemporary Democracy
"Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate. A two issue series of the American Behavioral Scien... more "Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate. A two issue series of the American Behavioral Scientist, Bob Edwards and Michael W. Foley, Editors.
1997. “Social Capital, Civil Society and Contemporary Democracy.” Vol. 40(5): 547-677.
1998. “Civil Society and Social Capital in Comparative Perspective.” Vol. 42(1): 1-139."
All articles from these two volumes of American Behavioral Scientist except those authored by Edwards and Foley/Foley and Edwards were reprinted in Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective, 2001 (2007) Edited by Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley and Mario Diani. New Hanover: University Press of New England.
An unabridged translation of "Beyond Tocqueville" into Serbo-Croatian is available as "Posle Tokvila." See below.
"
Studies of hurricane evacuation have often noted that women are more likely than men to evacuate,... more Studies of hurricane evacuation have often noted that women are more likely than men to evacuate, yet few examined those differences and tried to explain them. This paper undertakes a series of bivariate and multivariate analyses to examine the relationship between evacuation and gendered variations in socioeconomic status, care-giving roles in the household, evacuation incentives, exposure to risks, and perception of risk. A series of hypotheses are developed and tested in order to help explain why women are more likely than men to evacuate. The data used come from a cross-sectional survey of 1,050 coastal North Carolina households affected by Hurricane Bonnie, which made landfall near Wilmington, N. C., on August 25, 1998. Results from a series of bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses indicate that women are more likely to evacuate than men because of socially constructed gender differences in care-giving roles, access to evacuation incentives, exposure to risk, and perceived risk. We find, in part, that women are more likely to evacuate because, compared to men, they live at greater exposure to risk and have a heightened perception of risk. Yet, those men who are at greater risk and do perceive heightened risk are more likely to evacuate than women with comparable risk exposure and perception. Future studies of disaster response should distinguish clearly between the intention to evacuate and the capacity to do so.
Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) posits that the key to social movement organizations' (SMOs') ... more Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) posits that the key to social movement organizations' (SMOs') success is their ability to mobilize resources. Yet there has been little research verifying this claim. This study uses the case of post-Soviet rural Lithuania to test the link between human, social, material, and organizational resources of SMOs and three types of organizational impacts: issue awareness, local support, and media coverage. Using original data from 165 rural advocacy organizations that spans the period of 2004 to 2006, we demonstrate that the effects of different resources vary in significance and strength for differentoutcomes. Furthermore, no single resource type consistently predicts all impacts. This research contributes to RMT by (1) identifying which resource types predict specific organizational impacts, (2) extending RMT to the unique context of post-Soviet Lithuania, and (3) illuminating the relationship between resources and impacts for an understudied unit of analysis (small, newly founded nonprofessionalized organizations).
This paper examines how threatening economic conditions and preexisting community resources facil... more This paper examines how threatening economic conditions and preexisting community resources facilitated the spread of Occupy Wall Street protest groups to more than 600 counties in the continental United States in 2011. Using a generalized linear mixed model, we find that economic threats and accessible resources are complementary facilitators of movement mobilization. But contrary to the expectations based on earlier media and scholarly accounts, the “disruptive threats” caused by the Great Recession failed to predict the formation of Occupy groups. Instead, groups were more likely to mobilize in counties that had the “positional threats” of relatively higher income inequality and relatively lower median incomes in comparison to state norms. However, the effect of positional economic threats was nuanced as counties with lower than average unemployment more likely had groups mobilized. In addition, resources continue to demonstrate empirical importance in explanations of social move...
The Palgrave Handbook of Volunteering, Civic Participation, and Nonprofit Associations, 2016
Associations provide institutionalized opportunities for social exchange and the strengthening of... more Associations provide institutionalized opportunities for social exchange and the strengthening of pro-social attitudes and social skills. Social capital – such as trust, norms, and networks – is a by-product of associational involvement. In trustful relationships transaction costs are decreased for all participants because fewer resources are required for compliance. In this way, social capital provides an attractive solution to the collective-good dilemma. The causal relation between associational involvement and social capital is mainly explained by learning processes. Positive effects are especially expected from bridging social capital based on involvement in heterogeneous networks that reinforce tolerance, openness, and outer-directedness. Bonding social capital in homogenous networks strengthens feelings of exclusivity and inner-directedness. Increasingly, attention is drawn to feasible dark sides of and to modes of negative social capital.
Resource Mobilization Theory and Social and Political Movements
We argue that the broader Resource Mobilization (RM) approach remains very relevant to analyzing ... more We argue that the broader Resource Mobilization (RM) approach remains very relevant to analyzing the full spectrum of contemporary social and political movements, and strongly recommend that contemporary analysts take a fresh look at resource mobilization theory. The first major section of this paper examines how RM has been used in recent research before considering briefly why it has been under-utilized. The second major section articulates a contemporary reformulation of a core portion of RM related specifically to resources. That section begins by differentiating a five-fold categorization of resource types that extends well beyond considerations of money, people and formal organizations, which have predominated in recent research. We then discuss the analytical importance of two key resource attributes (how fungible and proprietary resources are) before turning our attention to the broader issue of how movements gain access to resources. Four major mechanisms of resource access characteristic of social and political movements are delineated. Finally, we discuss the important concept of the exchange relationships through which specific movement actors gain access to particular resources and the constraints (or facilitations) various kinds of exchange relations can place on movements. We conclude by sketching new lines of research and contending that the RM approach is well-suited for analyzing the full spectrum of contemporary movements.
The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, 2013
Resource mobilization theory (RMT) developed during the 1970s as a new generation of scholars sou... more Resource mobilization theory (RMT) developed during the 1970s as a new generation of scholars sought to understand the emergence, significance, and effects of the social movements of the 1960s (see Jenkins 1983; McAdam, McCarthy, & Zald 1988; Edwards & McCarthy 2004). Rejecting both the view held by some earlier movement scholars that social movement actors were deviant or anomic, and the pluralist assumption that all parties willing to engage in the political process have a reasonable chance that their grievances will be heard and addressed, resource mobilization scholars sought to understand how rational and often marginalized social actors mobilized effectively to pursue their desired social change goals
Editors' Introduction: Service-Learning Pedagogy as Universities' Response to Troubled Times
American Behavioral Scientist - AMER BEHAV SCI, 2000
This is second in a two-issue series conceptualized as documenting educational innovations in hig... more This is second in a two-issue series conceptualized as documenting educational innovations in higher education that could be seen as responses of colleges and universities to changing economic, political, and social forces. This issue's authors diagnose a number of different problems in the current practices of colleges and universities and prescribe pedagogical initiatives that link students to the community through service learning, which is the integration of community service activities into the curriculum through intentional analytical processes. The authors of these articles are pushing the theoretical and praxis boundaries of service learning to tackle challenging issues such as how to best enhance the student's learning experience to create self-motivated learners who become civic participants, how to structure programs and practices to best support such work, and how to alter institution- and discipline-driven reward systems to promote and sustain faculty involvement in service learning.
Environmental Justice, Swine Production and Farm Loss in North Carolina
Sociological Spectrum, 2000
Since the early 1990s, North Carolina has been the fastest growing swine-producing state in the c... more Since the early 1990s, North Carolina has been the fastest growing swine-producing state in the country and the leading innovator in vertically integrated, industrially structured hog farming. Although the growth and concentration of swine production has been associated ...
Scholars of nonprofits, interest groups, civic associations, and social movement organizations em... more Scholars of nonprofits, interest groups, civic associations, and social movement organizations employ samples of organizations derived from directories or other available listings. In most cases, we are unable to evaluate the representativeness of these samples. Using data on the population of environmental organizations in North Carolina, we assess the methodological strengths and weaknesses of widely used strategies. We find that reliance on any single source yields bias on theoretically important characteristics of organizations. We show that scholars can reduce bias significantly by combining sources, creating what we call a “peak list” compiled from different types of sources. Compared to any single source, our peak list differed less from the population on the thirty-one organizational characteristics including geographical coverage, issues, discursive frames, targets, and organizational demographics such as age, organizational form, and resources. From these analyses, we offe...
Editors' IntroductionUniversities in Troubled Times—Institutional Responses
American Behavioral Scientist, 1999
The rapid pace of change under way in America's colleges and universities has sparked a wide-... more The rapid pace of change under way in America's colleges and universities has sparked a wide-ranging and often heated public debate about the social role and responsibilities of higher education in American society. From small, private liberal arts colleges in economically distressed urban areas to state-supported land-grant and research institutions, schools nationwide are taking these challenges head-on often with government,
Gender and Leadership in the Lithuanian Rural Community Movement
... GENDER AND LEADERSHIP IN THE LITHUANIAN RURAL COMMUNITY MOVEMENT Issues, Activities and Impac... more ... GENDER AND LEADERSHIP IN THE LITHUANIAN RURAL COMMUNITY MOVEMENT Issues, Activities and Impacts 1 Bob EDWARDS, Maria DILLARD & Arunas JUSKA Page 2. 108 • Bob EDWARDS, Maria DILLARD & Arunas JUSKA ...
The writers examined the experiences during Hurricanes Bonnie, Dennis, and Floyd of households in... more The writers examined the experiences during Hurricanes Bonnie, Dennis, and Floyd of households in eastern North Carolina that included a member with a physical disability and contrasted them with those of other households. The writers utilized data from two phone ...
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Books by Bob Edwards
A two-issue series of the American Behavioral Scientist, Sam Marullo and Bob Edwards, Editors.
1999. “Universities in Troubled Times: Institutional Responses” 42:(5): 743-901.
2000. “Service Learning Movement: Response to Troubled Times in Higher Education” 43:(5):741-912.
1997. “Social Capital, Civil Society and Contemporary Democracy.” Vol. 40(5): 547-677.
1998. “Civil Society and Social Capital in Comparative Perspective.” Vol. 42(1): 1-139."
All articles from these two volumes of American Behavioral Scientist except those authored by Edwards and Foley/Foley and Edwards were reprinted in Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective, 2001 (2007) Edited by Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley and Mario Diani. New Hanover: University Press of New England.
An unabridged translation of "Beyond Tocqueville" into Serbo-Croatian is available as "Posle Tokvila." See below.
"
Papers by Bob Edwards
A two-issue series of the American Behavioral Scientist, Sam Marullo and Bob Edwards, Editors.
1999. “Universities in Troubled Times: Institutional Responses” 42:(5): 743-901.
2000. “Service Learning Movement: Response to Troubled Times in Higher Education” 43:(5):741-912.
1997. “Social Capital, Civil Society and Contemporary Democracy.” Vol. 40(5): 547-677.
1998. “Civil Society and Social Capital in Comparative Perspective.” Vol. 42(1): 1-139."
All articles from these two volumes of American Behavioral Scientist except those authored by Edwards and Foley/Foley and Edwards were reprinted in Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective, 2001 (2007) Edited by Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley and Mario Diani. New Hanover: University Press of New England.
An unabridged translation of "Beyond Tocqueville" into Serbo-Croatian is available as "Posle Tokvila." See below.
"