The succession of kings at the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt is a matter of great debate and confusion. There are very few contemporary records that can be relied upon, due to the nature of the Amarna Period and the reign of Akhenaten and his successors and possible co-regents. It is known that Akhenaten reigned for seventeen years, and it was previously believed that in the last 3 or 4 years, he had two co-regents: Smenkhkare, who was possibly his brother or son, and Neferneferuaten, who was either one of his daughters or his Great Royal Wife Nefertiti. It is unknown in which order they followed each other, and neither of their reigns lasted long, for Tutankhamun succeeded not long after Akhenaten's death.
The last dated appearance of Akhenaten and the Amarna family is in the tomb of Meryre II, and dates from second month, year 12 of his reign.[1] After this the historical record is unclear, and only with the succession of Tutankhamun is it somewhat clarified.
However, the coregency theory has been called into question by the December 2012 announcement of the discovery of a Year 16 III Akhet day 15 inscription dated explicitly to Akhenaten's reign which mentions, in the same breath, the presence of Queen Nefertiti--or the "Great Royal Wife, His Beloved, Lady of the Two Lands, Neferneferuaten Nefertiti"–in its third line.[2] The badly legible five line text, found in a limestone quarry at Deir el-Bersha "mentions a building project in Amarna"–Egypt's political capital under Akhenaten and was deciphered and published by Athena Van der Perre in a 2014 article.[3] This means that Nefertiti was still Akhenaten's living wife late in this pharaoh's 16th year (and second last year);[4] thus, the Amarna pharaohs Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten could only have succeeded to the throne in Akhenaten's 16th year in a brief 9 month coregency or have had an independent reign of their own over Egypt which lasted for around two full years after this king's death.
The royal line of the dynasty died out with Tutankhamun, for two foetuses found buried in his tomb are likely to have been his daughters, according to a 2008 investigation.[5]
Sources
editThe Coregency Stela, found in a tomb in Amarna possibly shows his queen Nefertiti as his coregent, ruling alongside him.
References
edit- ^ James P. Allen. "The Amarna Succession" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 1, 2013. Retrieved 2008-06-23., reprinted from Brand, Peter and Cooper, Louise, Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 37), (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2009).
- ^ Athena Van der Perre, "Nofretetes (vorerst) letzte dokumentierte Erwähnung," in: Im Licht von Amarna - 100 Jahre Fund der Nofretete. [Katalog zur Ausstellung Berlin, 07.12.2012 - 13.04.2013]. (December 7, 2012-April 13, 2013) Petersberg, pp.195-197
- ^ Athena Van der Perre, The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti, Journal of Egyptian History. 7 (1), (2014) pp.72-73
- ^ Athena Van der Perre, The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti, Journal of Egyptian History. 7 (1), (2014) pp.77
- ^ Khanna, Aditi (2008-09-01). "Bodies found in the tomb of 'boy king' Tutankhamun's tomb are twin daughters". Times Online. London. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved 2008-09-01.