Antonio Lotti (5 January 1667 – 5 January 1740) was an Italian composer of the Baroque era.
Antonio Lotti | |
|---|---|
| Born | 5 January 1667 |
| Died | 5 January 1740 (aged 73) |
| Occupation | composer |
| Spouse | Santa Stella |
| Father | Matteo |
Biography
editLotti was born in Venice, although his father Matteo was Kapellmeister at Hanover at the time.[1] Oral tradition says that in 1682, Lotti began studying with Lodovico Fuga and Giovanni Legrenzi, both of whom were employed at St Mark's Basilica, Venice's principal church, although there is no documentary evidence.[2]
Venice
editLotti made his career at St Mark's, first as an alto singer (from 1689), then as assistant to the second organist, then as second organist (from 1692), then (from 1704) as first organist, and finally (from 1736) as maestro di cappella, a position he held until his death.[citation needed]
Because of the paucity of solid scholarship until recent decades, older reference books cite a good deal of misinformation regarding Lotti's biography. Cicogna's 1834 Delle inscrizioni Veneziane and Francesco Caffi’s 1854 Storia della Musica relied on oral tradition more than a century old to name works that Lotti supposedly composed for the Ospedale degl’ Incurabili.[3][4]
Later studies built upon that assertion to name Lotti as one of the supposed maestri of the Incurabili. The 2001 New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians went a step further to try to extrapolate when Lotti's period of employment at the Incurabili would supposedly have been, building on a house of cards.[5]
However, recent studies establish that there is no documentary evidence whatsoever of any such employment ever taking place.[6] The most current and most comprehensive studies by Caroline Giron-Panel and Pier Gillio establish conclusively that Lotti was not formally employed by the Incurabili, and that there is no evidence of his having composed any music for that institution, even on informal terms.[7][8]
According to one nineteenth-century biographer, Lotti was a notable teacher, with Domenico Alberti, Benedetto Marcello, Giovanni Battista Pescetti, Baldassare Galuppi, Giuseppe Saratelli and Jan Dismas Zelenka among those believed to have been his pupils, although evidence is lacking in some cases.[9] He was married to the noted soprano Santa Stella.[citation needed]
What is indeed well-documented is Lotti's employment at various other Venetian institutions, including the Scuola dello Spirito Santo, one of the scuole piccole. The governing body of the scuola, the Provveditori di Comun, contracted Antonio Lotti in 1695 to provide music at the scuola for the annual feast of Pentecost and the two days after for total of at least eight years.[10] More significantly, he redistributed the balance between singers and instrumentalists in a way that reflects a change of musical texture and style in the sacred music performed there.[citation needed]
In 1717 he was given leave to go to Dresden.[citation needed]
Dresden
editThere is one more venue for which Lotti is known to have composed sacred music, namely, the Dresden court of Friedrich Augustus I, Elector of Saxony) where Lotti was in residence from 1717 to 1719. While in Venice, the king had engaged Lotti specifically to compose for the Italian opera troupe that he had assembled.[11] But the Electorate seems to have gone to lengths to keep the visiting Italians away from the resident chapel musicians, particularly from Kapellmeister Johann Christoph Schmidt.[citation needed]
“The king also authorized some appointments only under the condition “that this not disturb anything among the orchestra.” The electoral prince was even forced, when the Italians were already in Dresden, to declare outright in a letter to the Count [Christian Heinrich von Watzdorf, minister of domestic affairs] that he would take [the Italians] into his special protection and protect them against any ill will... “about which, the King has declared that His Majesty will afford them every possible protection, whatever it takes, that [Court Chapel master Johann Christoph Schmidt] should have no business with them.”[12]
In Dresden he also composed operas, including Giove in Argo, Teofane and Li quattro elementi (all with librettos by Antonio Maria Lucchini).[13] Other works written in Venice include Giustino; Trionfo dell'Innocenza; the first act of Tirsi, Achille Placato, Teuzzone, Ama più che non si crede, Il comando inteso e tradito, Sidonio, Isaccio tiranno, La forze de sangue, Il Tradimento traditore di sé stesso, L'Infedeltà punita, Poresenna, Irene Augusta, Polidoro, Foca superbo, Alessandro Severo, Il Vincitore Generossi and Odii del Sangue delusi.[citation needed]
Return to Venice
editHe returned to his job at San Marco in Venice in 1719 and remained there until his death in 1740.[14]
Compositions
edit
Lotti wrote in a variety of forms, producing masses, cantatas, madrigals, around thirty operas, and instrumental music. Some of his sacred choral works are unaccompanied (a cappella) but many of them are composed in the concertato style with strings, basso continuo, and occasionally oboes and trumpets. His more progressive works foreshadow the galant style, considered a transition between the established Baroque and emerging Classical styles.[citation needed]
Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and Jan Dismas Zelenka all had copies of Lotti's Missa Sapientiae, a Kyrie–Gloria Mass (Kyrie in G minor, Gloria in G major).[15][16][17]
No longer attributed to Lotti:
- The Magnificat in C major, BWV Anh. 30 used to be attributed to Lotti,[18][19] but appears to have been composed by Pietro Torri.[20][21]
- The Kyrie–Gloria Mass for double choir, BWV Anh. 167, for which Lotti was suggested as composer in the second half of the 19th century,[22][23] an attribution that was thought possible until the late 20th century,[18][19] has more recently been attributed to other composers.[24][25]
References
edit- ^ Hansell & Termini: 'Lotti, Antonio', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 16 March 2008), [1] Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Dubowy, Norbert (2000). "Bemerkungen zur Kirchenmusik von Antonio Lotti". Händel-Jahrbuch. 46: 85–99.
- ^ Francesco Caffi, Storia della musica sacra nella gia' cappella ducale di San Marco in Venezia dal 1318 al 1797 p. 335
- ^ Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna Delle inscrizioni Veneziane, 1824, vol 4 p. 115
- ^ Sven Hansell and Olga Termini. "Lotti, Antonio." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, accessed October 3, 2016,
- ^ Norbert Dubowy, Bemerkungen zur Kirchenmusik von Antonio Lotti, Händel-Jahrbuch 46 (2000), 85-99
- ^ Caroline Giron-Panel, Musique et musiciennes à Venise. Histoire sociale des ospedali (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles) p. 633.
- ^ Pier Giuseppe Gillio L’attività musicale negli ospedali di venezia nel settecento p. 337-338.
- ^ Caffi, Francesco (1854). Storia della musica sacra nella già Cappella ducale di San Marco in Venezia dal 1318 al 1797. Viniziano. Milano: Bollettino bibliografico musicale.
- ^ Jonathan Glixon Far il buon concerto: Music at the Venetian Scuole Piccole in the Seventeenth Century, Journal of Seventeenth Century Music, Vol. 1, No.1 (1995)
- ^ Janice Stockigt, Jan Dismas Zelenka: A Bohemian Musician at the Court of Dresden, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 39
- ^ Moritz Fürstenau, Zur Geschichte der Musik und des Theaters am Hofe der Kurfürsten von Sachsen (Leipzig, 1861-61), 2: 99-100
- ^ Hansell & Termini: 'Lotti, Antonio', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 16 March 2008), www.grovemusic.com
- ^ *Boni, Filippo de' (1852). Biografia degli artisti ovvero dizionario della vita e delle opere dei pittori, degli scultori, degli intagliatori, dei tipografi e dei musici di ogni nazione che fiorirono da'tempi più remoti sino á nostri giorni. Seconda Edizione.. Venice; Googlebooks: Presso Andrea Santini e Figlio. p. 584.
- ^ Bach's copy of Lotti's Missa Sapientiae: D-B Mus.ms. 13161 at Bach Digital website; RISM 452021710
- ^ Handel's copy of Lotti's Missa Sapientiae: RISM 804002380 (Kyrie) and RISM 804002379 (Gloria)
- ^ Zelenka's copy (and arrangement) of Lotti's Missa Sapientiae: RISM 211010063, RISM 450063895 and RISM 118547
- ^ a b Wolff 1968.
- ^ a b Dürr & Kobayashi 1998, p. 460.
- ^ Torri 2013, p. 4.
- ^ RISM 467019500
- ^ Bitter 1865, p. 112.
- ^ Spitta 1880, p. 509.
- ^ Wollny 2015, p. 132.
- ^ Bach Digital Work 01478
Sources
edit- Bitter, Karl Hermann (1865). "F. Die lateinischen kurzen Messen" [F. The Latin short masses]. Johann Sebastian Bach (in German). Vol. II (1st ed.). Berlin: Schneider. pp. 111–134.
- Dürr, Alfred; Kobayashi, Yoshitake, eds. (1998). Bach Werke Verzeichnis: Kleine Ausgabe – Nach der von Wolfgang Schmieder vorgelegten 2. Ausgabe [Bach Works Catalogue: Small Edition – After Wolfgang Schmieder's 2nd edition] (in German). Kirsten Beißwenger (collaborator). (BWV2a ed.). Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel. ISBN 978-3-7651-0249-3. Preface in English and German.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Spitta, Philipp (1880). Johann Sebastian Bach (in German). Vol. II. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.
- Torri, Pietro (2013). Thielemann, Arne (ed.). Magnificat in C: BWV Anh. 30. Stuttgarter Bach-Ausgaben. Vol. Full score. Bach, Johann Sebastian (arranger); Horn, Paul (basso continuo realization). Stuttgart: Carus. 35.012.
- Wolff, Christoph (1968). Stile antico in der Musik Johann Sebastian Bachs: Studien zu Bachs Spätwerk [Stile antico in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach: Studies on Bach's late work]. Beihefte zum Archiv für Musikwissenschaft (in German). Vol. VI. Wiesbaden: Steiner. OCLC 651793960.
- Wollny, Peter (2015). "Vom „apparat der auserleßensten kirchen Stücke" zum „Vorrath an Musicalien, von J. S. Bach und andern berühmten Musicis": Quellenkundliche Ermittlungen zur frühen Thüringer Bach-Überlieferung und zu einigen Weimarer Schülern und Kollegen Bachs". Bach-Jahrbuch 2015 [Bach Yearbook 2015]. Bach-Jahrbuch (in German). Vol. 101. Neue Bachgesellschaft. Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. ISBN 978-3-374-04320-0. ISSN 0084-7682.
External links
edit- A detailed biography and list of sacred choral music
- Film "Antonio Lotti. Works for choir a cappella" on YouTube
- Free scores by Antonio Lotti in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
- Free scores by Antonio Lotti at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
- . Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913.
- Lotti's Gaude Maria performed by Ars Poliphonica (live video) on YouTube