The Beerhouse Act 1830 (11 Geo. 4 & 1 Will. 4. c. 64) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which liberalised the regulations governing the brewing and sale of beer. It was modified by subsequent legislation and finally repealed in 1993. It was one of the Licensing Acts 1828 to 1886.
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act to permit the general Sale of Beer and Cyder by Retail in England. |
|---|---|
| Citation | 11 Geo. 4 & 1 Will. 4. c. 64 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 23 July 1830 |
| Commencement | 23 July 1830 |
| Repealed | 5 November 1993 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amended by | |
| Repealed by | Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1993 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Alehouse Act 1828 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
| |
| Long title | An act to regulate the granting of Licences to Keepers of Inns, Alehouses, and Victualling Houses, in England. |
| Citation | 9 Geo. 4. c. 61 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 15 July 1828 |
| Commencement | 15 July 1828 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repeals/revokes | |
| Amended by | Licensing Act 1872 |
Status: Repealed | |
Background
editIn an effort to reduce smuggling, Parliament reversed the 1751 Gin Act in 1825, and agreed to reduce the duty on spirits in England by nearly 40%. Consumption of spirits, particularly gin, rose sharply and gin shops began to develop into gin houses and gin palaces. In response, alehouses and inns also began to evolve into purpose-built commercial enterprises.[1] In an effort to tighten regulation of drinking establishments, Parliament enacted the Alehouse Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 61), which established general annual licensing meetings, to be held in every city, town, division, county, and riding, for the purposes of granting licences to sell exciseable liquors to be drunk on the premises.[2]
However, continued concern about the evolution of drinking establishments, and alarm at the prospect of a return to the Gin Craze, led to Parliament enacting the Beerhouse Act of 1830. Unlike the earlier Alehouse Act, it attempted to use deregulation to encourage a return to a more supervised system of alcohol consumption, and promote the consumption of a beer, which was considered to be a more wholesome beverage than spirits.[3]
The act
editThe act created a new tier of drinking establishment, the beerhouse, by enabling any ratepayer to brew and sell beer or cider in their own domestic dwelling upon payment of an annual licence costing two guineas (around £300 in today's money).[4] Drinking establishments had been regulated by local magistrates since 1552,[5] but the new beerhouses were placed outside of their jurisdiction. Licensees were prohibited from selling wine or spirits, but were exempted from beer duty; meaning that large profits were possible.
The intention of the act was to promote the return of a more supervised system of alcohol consumption and encourage people to drink beer, instead of strong spirits, by increasing competition and lowering prices.[6] It resulted in the opening of tens of thousands of new public houses and breweries throughout the country, particularly in the rapidly expanding industrial centres of the north of England, and the price of beer halved by 1838.[7][a] According to the act, Parliament considered it was
"expedient, for better supplying the Public with Beer in England [and] to give greater facilities for the Sale thereof than are at present afforded by Licenses to Keepers of Inns, Alehouses and Victualling Houses."[2]
Legacy
editThe act's supporters hoped that, by increasing competition in the brewing and sale of beer, and thus the lowering its price, the population might be weaned off more alcoholic drinks such as gin.[8] But it proved to be controversial, as it removed the lucrative monopoly many local magistrates had to regulate local trade in alcohol, and as it did not apply retrospectively to those who already ran public houses. It was also denounced as promoting drunkenness.[9]
By 1841, licences under the new law had been issued to 45,500 commercial brewers.[9] One factor in the act was the dismantling of provisions for detailed recording of licences, which were restored by subsequent regulatory legislation: the Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 and the Wine and Beerhouse Act Amendment Act 1870.[2] The act was often amended, notably in 1834 and 1840.[10]
The passage of the act during the reign of King William IV led to many taverns and public houses being named in his honour, and he remains "the most popular monarch among pub names".[11]
Repeal
editThe final remaining provisions of the act were repealed on 11 November 1993, by the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1993 (c. 50), s. 1(1), Sch. 1 Pt. XIII Group I.[12][13]
See also
editExternal links
edit- Beerhouse Act of 1830, full text.
References
edit- ^ "The Brewery History Society" (PDF). Retrieved 10 October 2024.
- ^ a b c Crispe Whiteley 1874.
- ^ "Beer Houses". AMLWCH History. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007.
- ^ "CPI Inflation Calculator". Retrieved 10 October 2024.
- ^ "National Archives, Victuallers and Alehouse Keepers". Retrieved 10 October 2024.
- ^ Putnam 2004, p. 36.
- ^ a b Richardson 1982.
- ^ Winskill 1881, p. 447.
- ^ a b Putnam 2004, p. 27.
- ^ Troup 1897.
- ^ Putnam 2004, p. 37.
- ^ "Beerhouse Act 1830 (repealed 5.11.1993)". www.legislation.gov.uk.
- ^ "1993 c. 50 Schedule 1, Part XIII". Retrieved 30 July 2011.
Notes
edit- ^ In Manchester and Salford alone there were 27 breweries in 1827, which had increased to 75 by 1873.[7]
Bibliography
edit- Crispe Whiteley, George (1874). The Licensing Acts 1872–74. Knight & Company.*Putnam, Roger (2004), The Beer and Breweries of Britain, Shire Books, ISBN 0-7478-0606-3
- Mason, Nicholas. (2001) “‘The Sovereign People are in A Beastly State’: The Beer Act Of 1830 and Victorian Discourse on Working-Class Drunkenness.” Victorian Literature and Culture 29, no. 1 (2001): 109–27.
- Richardson, Neil (1982), "Introduction", Manchester Breweries of Times Gone By, N. Richardson, ISBN 978-0-9506257-4-4
- Troup, C. E. (1897). Judicial Statistics, England and Wales. Great Britain Home Office.*Winskill, Peter Turner (1881), The Comprehensive History of the Rise and Progress of the Temperance Reformation from the Earliest Period to September 1881, Mackie, Brewtnall