Button Gwinnett (/ɡwɪˈnɛt/ gwin-ET; March 3, 1735 – May 19, 1777) was a British-born American Founding Father who, as a representative of Georgia to the Continental Congress, was one of the signers (first signature on the left) of the United States Declaration of Independence.[1] Gwinnett was also, briefly, the provisional president of Georgia in 1777, and Gwinnett County (now a major suburb of metropolitan Atlanta) was named for him. He was named in honor of his mother’s cousin, Barbara Button, who became his godmother.[2][3] Gwinnett was killed in a duel by rival Lachlan McIntosh following a dispute after a failed invasion of East Florida.
Button Gwinnett | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 8th Governor of Georgia | |
| In office February 22, 1777 – May 8, 1777 | |
| Preceded by | Archibald Bulloch |
| Succeeded by | John Adam Treutlen |
| Member of the Continental Congress from Georgia | |
| In office 1776–1777 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | March 3, 1735 Down Hatherley, England |
| Died | May 19, 1777 (aged 42) near Savannah, Province of Georgia, British America |
| Spouse | Ann Bourne |
| Signature |  |
Early life and education
edit
Gwinnett was born in 1735 in the parish of Down Hatherley in the county of Gloucestershire, England, to a Welsh father, the Reverend Samuel Gwinnett, (Gwinnett deriving from the Welsh kingdom of Gwynedd) and his wife, Anne. He was the third of his parents' seven children, born after his older sister Anna Maria and his older brother Samuel. There are conflicting reports as to his exact birthdate, but he was baptized in St Catherine's Church in Gloucester on April 10, 1735. It is believed that he attended the College School, held in Gloucester Cathedral (now called The King's School) as did his older brother, but there is no surviving evidence to substantiate this. He started his career apprenticed to his uncle William Gwinnett, a greengrocer in Gloucester, then moved to Wolverhampton in Staffordshire in 1754 after obtaining a further apprenticeship with an ironmonger there named John Weston Smith. On 19 April 1757 he married Ann Bourne, daughter of a greengrocer, at St. Peter's Church, Wolverhampton. In 1762, the couple, who parented three daughters, departed Wolverhampton and emigrated to America.[4]
Gwinnett's business activities took him from Newfoundland to Jamaica. Never very successful, he moved to Savannah, Georgia, in 1765, and opened a store. When that venture failed, he bought (on credit) St. Catherine's Island,[5] as well as a large number of slaves,[6] in order to attempt to become a planter. Though his planting activities were also unsuccessful, he did make a name for himself in local politics and was elected to the Provincial Assembly.[7]
Political career
editGwinnett did not become a strong advocate of colonial rights until 1775, when St. John's Parish, which encompassed his lands, threatened to secede from Georgia because of the colony's conservative response to the events of the times. During his tenure in the Assembly, Gwinnett's chief rival was Lachlan McIntosh, and Lyman Hall was his closest ally.[8]
Gwinnett was appointed to represent Georgia at the Continental Congress, where he voted in favor of the Declaration of Independence, adopted by Congress on July 2, 1776. He signed the famous parchment copy on August 2, 1776. After signing the Declaration, he was accompanied as far as Virginia by Carter Braxton, another of the signers, carrying a proposed state constitution drawn up by John Adams. During his service in the Continental Congress, Gwinnett was a candidate for a brigadier general position to lead the 1st Regiment in the Continental Army but lost out to McIntosh. The loss of the position to his rival embittered Gwinnett greatly.
Gwinnett served in the Georgia state legislature, and in 1777 he wrote the original draft of Georgia's first state constitution. He became Speaker of the Georgia Assembly, a position he held until the death of the President (Governor) of Georgia Archibald Bulloch. Gwinnett was elevated to the vacated position by the Assembly's Executive Council.[9] In this position, he sought to undermine the leadership of McIntosh. Tensions between Gwinnett and McIntosh reached a boiling point when the General Assembly voted to approve Gwinnett's attack on British Florida in April 1777.[10]
Death
editAs acting Delegate of the Congress from Georgia and commander-in-chief of Georgia's military, Gwinnett was the superior of his rival McIntosh. Gwinnett had McIntosh's brother arrested and charged with treason. He also ordered McIntosh to lead an invasion of British-controlled East Florida, which failed. Gwinnett and McIntosh blamed each other for the defeat, and McIntosh publicly called Gwinnett "a scoundrel and lying rascal".[11] Gwinnett then challenged McIntosh to a duel, which they fought on May 16, 1777, at a plantation owned by deposed Royal Governor James Wright.[12] The two men exchanged pistol shots at twelve paces, and both were wounded.[13] Gwinnett died of his wounds on May 19, 1777, and is believed to have been buried in Savannah's Colonial Park Cemetery.[14][15] McIntosh, although wounded, recovered and went on to live until 1806. He was not charged in connection with Gwinnett's death.
Legacy
editGwinnett's autograph is highly sought by collectors as a result of a combination of the desire by many top collectors to acquire a complete set of autographs by all 56 signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, and the extreme rarity of the Gwinnett signature; there are 51 known examples,[16] since Gwinnett was fairly obscure prior to signing the Declaration and died shortly afterward. Only ten of those are in private hands.[17] A letter containing his signature sold for a record $51,000 in 1927; a record that stood for over 45 years.[18] In 1979, a record $100,000 was paid for a receipt signed by Gwinnett.[19]
Gwinnett County, Georgia, a suburban county outside Atlanta, is named after him[20] and he is one of the three Georgia signers of the Declaration of Independence honored with the Signers Monument in Augusta.[21]
SS Button Gwinnett was a Liberty ship launched 2 May 1943 and scrapped in 1968.[22][better source needed]
References in popular culture
editThe 1953 Isaac Asimov short story "Button, Button" concerns an attempt to obtain a genuine (and therefore valuable) signature of Gwinnett by means of a device that can move objects through time.
The sale of a document containing Gwinnett's signature was part of the plot in a 1971 Mannix episode, "A Button for General D."[23]
During a media tour to promote his musical, Hamilton, Lin-Manuel Miranda performed a parody musical called “Button!” on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. In it, Stephen Colbert plays Gwinnett as he engages in a rap battle with John Adams (played by Miranda).[24]
Fallout series
editThe 2008 action role-playing game Fallout 3 features a powdered wig-wearing robot inside the National Archives Building that believes itself to be Button Gwinnett, guarding the Declaration of Independence. In the side quest "Stealing Independence", the player can either take the declaration, optionally destroying the robot in the process, or help it and forge a copy.[25]
The 2015 sequel, Fallout 4, features a Boston-based beer company called the "Button Gwinnett Brewery" and its front of house restaurant, "The Gwinnett Restaurant". The company's founder, a local brewer named Button Gwinnett, is named after the respective founding father. In game, the player can consume one of the brewery's products, Gwinnett stout alcohol, and find the brewery in the South Boston neighborhood.[26]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Bernstein, Richard B. (2011) [2009]. "Appendix: The Founding Fathers: A Partial List". The Founding Fathers Reconsidered. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199832576.
- ^ "Who's Got Button's Bones?". AMERICAN HERITAGE. Archived from the original on 2022-07-01. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- ^ "Button Gwinnett of Georgia: Merchant, Planter, Second Continental Congress Delegate, Council of Safety Member, and Declaration of Independence Signer – Constituting America". constitutingamerica.org. 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- ^ "Great Lives: Rouguish ironmonger became a founding father of the States". Shropshire Star. 20 December 2021. pp. 22–23.Article by Mark Andrews, part of series on worthies associated with the English Midlands.
- ^ "Gwinnett House (Saint Catherines Island, Ga.)". John Linley, Box 19. Georgia Archives. Retrieved 24 May 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "National Park Service - Signers of the Declaration (Button Gwinnett)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-02-13. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
- ^ Jackson, Harvey H. (2010). American National Biography. London: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^ Russell, David Lee (2006). Oglethorpe and colonial Georgia : a history, 1733-1783. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. p. 84. ISBN 0786422335. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^ "Gwinnett, Button, Appointment as President and Commander-in-Chief of the State of Georgia, Mar. 4, 1777". Commissions, State Officers Appointments, Assembly, Colony of Georgia, RG 49-1-10. Georgia Archives. Retrieved 23 May 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Jackson, Harvey H. (1979). Lachlan McIntosh and the politics of Revolutionary Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 64. ISBN 082030459X. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^ "To George Washington from George Walton, 5 August 1777". Founders Online. National Archives. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^ Brooking, Greg (2014). ""Of Material Importance": Governor James Wright and the Siege of Savannah". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 98 (4). Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^ Fleming, Thomas H. (2011). "When politics was not only nasty… but dangerous". American Heritage. 61 (1). Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^ Lanman, Charles (1887). Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States. New York: J. M. Morrison. p. 177.
- ^ Robertson, William J. (December 1946). Coulter, E. Merton (ed.). "Rare Button Gwinnett". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 30 (4): 297–307. JSTOR 40577025. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
- ^ "Gwinnett, Button, Signature". Memorials and Quit Rents, Assembly, Colony of Georgia, RG 49-1-17. Georgia Archives. Retrieved 24 May 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Buttons Not Buttons". Radiolab. WNYC. Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
- ^ McWhirter, Norris; McWhirter, Ross (1972). Guinness Book of World Records. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 198. ISBN 0-8069-0004-0. Retrieved March 5, 2024 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ McWhirter, Norris (1982). Guinness Book of World Records. Bantam Books. p. 225. ISBN 0-553-20356-8. Retrieved March 5, 2024 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 146. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
- ^ "The Signers' Monument". georgiahistory.com. Georgia Historical Society. June 16, 2014. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
- ^ "Liberty Ships built by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II". Retrieved 1 November 2024.
- ^ "A Button for General D." Internet Movie Database. IMDB. Archived from the original on 2021-07-23. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
- ^ "Stephen Colbert and Lin-Manuel Miranda Have Epic Hip-Hop Throwdown in Button Musical Sketch (Video)". Playbill. 2015-12-12.
- ^ "Stealing Independence". Ign.com. May 18, 2014.
- ^ "Gwinnett Brewery". Ign.com. November 3, 2016.
External links
edit- United States Congress. "Button Gwinnett (id: G000542)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- Biography of Button Gwinnett Archived 2011-07-01 at the Wayback Machine
- Georgia Signers of the Declaration of Independence
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
- Biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856
- Button Gwinnett at Find a Grave
- Button Gwinnett historical marker