Charles Edward Dvorak (November 27, 1878 – December 18, 1969) was an American track and field athlete who specialized in the pole vault. He attended the University of Michigan where he competed for the Michigan Wolverines men's track and field team from 1900 to 1904. He participated in the 1900 Summer Olympics where he was a favorite in the pole vault. However, he missed the competition after being told by officials that the finals would be held on a Sunday. He won a special silver medal in a consolation competition. In 1903, he set a world's record in the pole vault with a jump of 11 feet, 11 inches.(This mark doesn't appear in the progression of World or American Records). Dvorak returned to international competition and won the gold medal in the pole vault at the 1904 Summer Olympics. Dvorak later served as a high school football, basketball and track coach in Seattle, Washington, where he died in 1969 at age 91.[1]
 Charles Dvorak from 1901 Michiganensian | ||||||||||||||||||
| Personal information | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Charles Edward Dvorak | |||||||||||||||||
| Born | November 27, 1878 Chicago, Illinois, U.S. | |||||||||||||||||
| Died | December 18, 1969 (aged 91) Seattle, Washington, U.S. | |||||||||||||||||
| Sport | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sport | Track and field | |||||||||||||||||
| Event | Pole vault | |||||||||||||||||
| College team | University of Michigan | |||||||||||||||||
| Club | Chicago Athletic Association | |||||||||||||||||
Medal record
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Early years
editDvorak was born in Chicago in 1878. He was the son of Frank E. and Antoinette (Hrdlicka) Dvorak.[2] Dvorak attended the Lewis Institute in Chicago, considered the first junior college in the United States.[2][3] The Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States credits Dvorak as being one of the earliest Americans of Czech descent to achieve significant success in athletics.[4]
University of Michigan
edit
In approximately 1898,[5] Dvorak transferred to the University of Michigan as a junior in the Department of Literature, Science and Arts.[3] While attending Michigan over the following six years, Dvorak was captain of the track team,[6] vice-president of the Republican Club, athletic editor of the University of Michigan Daily, editor of the U. of M. Republican, and a member of the Comedy Club, the Board of Control, the Gymnasium Team, the Social Committee, the Fencing Club, and the Hawks.[7][8]
Before enrolling at Michigan, Dvorak had competed in the pole vault, achieving a height of 9 feet, 6 inches. At Michigan, Dvorak worked with track coach Keene Fitzpatrick, who has been credited with inventing modern pole-vaulting technique.[9] Fitzpatrick taught Dvorak to grasp the pole with his hands close together, resulting in a significant increase in the heights Dvorak was able to clear.[3]
In 1901, Dvorak won the first Western Conference pole vault championship with a jump of 11 feet, 6 inches. After the 1901 season, Dvorak received his bachelor's degree as a member of the University of Michigan's literary class of 1901.[8] He returned in the fall as a student in Michigan's law department,[6] earning his law degree in 1904.[7] Dvorak was a member of four consecutive Western Conference championship track teams from 1901 to 1904 and was the conference pole vault champion in both 1901 and 1903.[10] He won the 1903 conference championship with a vault of 11 feet, 9 inches,[11] breaking the intercollegiate record of 11 feet, 6-1/2 inches held by Chapman of Drake.[12]
In May 1903, Dvorak set a world's record in the pole vault with a jump of 11 feet, 11 inches.[13][14] He reportedly often cleared 12 feet in practice.[15]
1900 Summer Olympics
edit
In 1900, funds were solicited from faculty, students, alumni and Ann Arbor businessmen to send Dvorak, three other Michigan track athletes, and Coach Fitzpatrick to the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris.[16] In Paris, Dvorak missed the event finals following a controversy over the scheduling of certain event finals for a Sunday. Several American athletes agreed they would not violate Sabbath. The pole vault, in which Dvorak was a favorite, was one of the events scheduled for Sunday.[17] Two of the Americans (Dvorak and Bascom Johnson) nevertheless went to the Racing Club grounds where the event was to be held. They were told not to worry, that the event had been rescheduled.[18] The officials later changed their decision, and the event was held after Dvorak and Johnson had left.[17] Irving Baxter won the competition with a jump of 10 feet, 10 inches.[19] Because of the confusion, a special, albeit unofficial, competition was arranged for the athletes who had not participated in the Sunday event. Dvorak took the silver medal in the special competition with a jump of 11 feet, 1-3/4 inches.[19][20][21]
On his return from Paris, Fitzpatrick praised the American athletes and criticized Paris officials for holding key event finals on a Sunday: "The Americans showed themselves superior in every kind of track athletics. They won practically everything. We felt keenly the breach of faith in holding the Paris games on Sunday, but we could do nothing more than make a formal protest."[22]
An entirely different account of Dvorak's disqualification was published in October 1900 by The Michigan Alumnus. According to the latter account, Dvorak's "form in vaulting had been a revelation to the Frenchmen. Each day cries of 'Bravo! Bravo!' could be heard as Charlie swung over an eleven foot jump with the greatest ease."[23] However, on the day of the finals, Dvorak and the Princeton vaulters chose not to cross the patch where the 100 meters run was occurring and therefore did not arrive at the standards until the other contestants had made their first trial jump. According to this account, Dvorak and the Princeton vaulters were not allowed to participate due to their late arrival.[23]
Use of bamboo pole
editDvorak is also known as the first pole vaulter to use a bamboo pole in lieu of the traditional, heavier ash or hickory poles.[19] He first used a bamboo pole at the 1900 Summer Olympics. The hickory pole he had brought with him from Ann Arbor broke on a practice vault. One observer recalled, "we heard a ripping, tearing noise, and looking around saw him lying on the ground beside his pole, which was broken and useless."[23] In spite of the "severe jarring" received in the fall, Dvorak borrowed a light bamboo pole from a Danish competitor and used it to complete his participation in the consolation event.[3][21][23][24] Dvorak's coach, Keene Fitzpatrick, opined that Dvorak would have been able to reach a height close to 12 feet if he had not been forced to jump with a new, unfamiliar pole.[3] Dvorak worked with a bamboo pole for approximately a year from 1902 to 1903, though he discarded the bamboo pole for his old pole when he broke the world's record in May 1903.[14]
In 1963, Dvorak, at age 84, was interviewed by Life magazine about the controversy over the introduction that year of fiberglass poles. Dvorak shared his recollection about murmurs that were exchanged when the bamboo pole was introduced. With respect to the use of fiberglass poles, he stated that he "doesn't know what all the hollering is about."[25]
1904 Summer Olympics
edit
Dvorak returned to international competition as a member of the United States Olympic team at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis. While no other vaulter jumped higher than 11 feet, Dvorak won the gold medal with a jump of 11 feet, 6 inches on September 3, 1904—the final day of competition in the St. Louis games.[26] The vault set a new Olympic record,[19] and was described in a press account as follows:
There was an unusually fine field in the pole vault contest. Five men broke the Olympic record before the event narrowed down to the final jumps, with three men eligible. Charles E. Dvorak of the C.A.A. then demonstrated his class, and from the 11-foot mark he competed alone, the other four men being tied at that mark. Dvorak's best was 11 feet 6 inches breaking the Olympic record of 10 feet 9-9/10 inches held by I. K. Baxter of the University of Pennsylvania, set at the Paris Olympiad.[27]
Coaching, farming and legal career
editAfter retiring from athletic competition, Dvorak worked over the next 35 years as a lawyer, apple farmer, civil servant, athletic coach and teacher.
Armour Institute and Chicago law practice
editIn 1905, he was hired to coach the Armour Institute track team in Chicago.[15] He also established a law office in Chicago at the Chamber of Commerce Building at 140 Washington Street.[28]
University of Idaho
editIn January 1908, Dvorak was hired as the athletic director and track coach at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho.[10][29][30] At the time of his hiring, a wire service report noted, "Dvorak probably is better fitted for the position than any other available man in the northwest. He is an all-round athlete, has been connected with track for many years, and is thoroughly in touch with the game."[31]
Legal and farming positions in Washington
editDvorak spent the months of August and September 1908 in the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming.[32] He had previously announced plans to spend the summer prospecting with an old miner.[29] In the fall of 1908, he moved to Spokane, Washington.[32]
In 1910, Dvorak was employed in helping to organize the Union Title and Trust Company of Okanogan County, Washington. He was placed in charge of the company's legal and trust work.[33]
In 1912, Dvorak moved from Molson, Washington, to Marcus, Washington.[34] From at least 1913 to 1914, he was also the proprietor of Sunny Slope Farm, an apple raising business at Bossburg, Washington.[35][36]
From at least 1914 to 1917, he was the Chief Deputy Assessor of Stevens County, Washington, at Colville, in the northeastern part of the state.[36][37]
In February 1918, Dvorak and his wife had a son, Robert Larry Dvorak (1918–1986), who was born in Spirit Lake, Idaho.[38]
Franklin High School (Seattle)
editIn 1920, Dvorak moved to Seattle, Washington, where he was hired as the coach of all athletic teams at Franklin High School.[39] He was the football coach at Franklin in 1920 and 1921.[40] At Franklin, Dvorak coached African-American athlete Brice Taylor, who went on to become an All-American football player at the University of Southern California.[41] A report on Dvorak in December 1921 noted: "He is coaching the Franklin High School football team and is very much of a success at it. He is very much admired by pupils and associates."[42]
Roosevelt High School (Seattle)
editBy 1925, Dvorak had moved from Franklin High School to Roosevelt High School in Seattle,[43] where he served for many years as the football, basketball and track coach.[44] The players coached by Dvorak at Roosevelt High include Washington State Cougars football great Harry Speidel.[45] In 1927, Spalding's Official Pacific Coast Interscholastic Foot Ball Guide reported that "Charles Dvorak, the renowned player of former years on Yost's University of Michigan team," was coach at Roosevelt High School.[46] Dvorak compiled an overall record of 42-27-18 in 15 years as a high school football coach.[47] In 1934, Dvorak retired from coaching football to devote his time to basketball and track.[44] Later reports in 1937 and 1941 indicated that he was still a teacher and coach at Roosevelt High School.[48][49]
Death and posthumous honors
editDvorak died in 1969 at age 91. His last place of residence was in Seattle.[50]
In 2008, Dvorak was posthumously inducted into the Michigan Track and Field Hall of Fame.[51]
References
edit- ^ "Charles Dvorak". Olympedia. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ a b The Delta Upsilon Decennial. Delta Upsilon. 1902. p. 724.
- ^ a b c d e "Michigan's Coach and Captains: Charles Edward Dvorak". The Michigan Alumnus. November 1901. pp. 60–61.
- ^ George B. Kirsch; Othello Harris; Claire E. Nolte (2000). Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports. Greenwood Press. p. 123.
- ^ Calendar of the University of Michigan. University of Michigan. 1898. p. 281.
- ^ a b "Dvorak Track Captain". The Michigan Alumnus. July 1901. p. 428.
- ^ a b Michiganensian. 1904. p. 91.
- ^ a b Michiganensian. University of Michigan. 1901. p. 47.
- ^ "Keene Fitzpatrick Dies in Princeton". Reno Evening Gazette (Associated Press wire report). 1944-05-23.
- ^ a b Bruce Madej (1997). Michigan: Champions of the West. Sports Publishing LLC. p. 15. ISBN 1-57167-115-3.
- ^ James E. Sullivan (July 1903). "Records and Notable Performances". Outing: The Illustrated Magazine of Sport, Travel, Adventure and Country Life, Vol. 42. p. 520.
- ^ "Michigan Wins Conference Meet and Owns Spalding Cup". The Michigan Alumnus, volume 9. June 1903. p. 439.
- ^ "Dvorak Breaks Pole Vault Record" (PDF). The New York Times. May 28, 1903.
- ^ a b "Broke World's Record: Dvorak Reaches Nearly 12 Feet in Pole Vault". Detroit Free Press. May 27, 1903.
- ^ a b "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus. March 1905. p. 296.
- ^ Michiganensian. University of Michigan. 1901. p. 183.
- ^ a b "Michigan in the Olympics: 1900 - Paris". Univ. of Michigan.
- ^ John Kieran; Arthur Daley (1973). The Story of the Olympic Games, 776 B.C. to 1972. Lippincott. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-397-00899-5.
- ^ a b c d "Charles Dvorak". Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17.
- ^ David Wallechinsky (2000). The Complete Book of the Olympics. Aurum. p. 127.
- ^ a b John McLean (1900). "The International Games". The Inlander. p. 8.
- ^ "Keene Fitzpatrick Here: Yale's Former Athletic Trainer Visits Scene of His Former Triumphs; Back from the Paris Games; Physical Director of the University of Michigan Football and Athletic Teams Here". New Haven Evening Register. 1900-08-13.
- ^ a b c d "Michigan's Part in the Olympic Games". The Michigan Alumnus, volume 7. October 1900. p. 11.
- ^ Athletic Journal, Volume 51. Athletic Journal Pub. Co. 1945. p. 113.
- ^ "How fair is a flip with the flexible pole?". Life. February 22, 1963. p. 36.
- ^ George R. Matthews (2005). America's First Olympics: The St. Louis games of 1904. University of Missouri Press. p. 154. ISBN 0-8262-1588-2.
- ^ "New York Team Ahead: Award of Olympic Cup Protested by Chicago". The Washington Post. September 4, 1904.
- ^ "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus. October 1905. p. 9.
- ^ a b "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus. March 1908. p. 271.
- ^ "Dvorak Shosen [sic] Track Coach: Michigan Star Will Be at Head of University of Idaho". Des Moines Daily News. January 13, 1908.
- ^ "Dvorak Will Coach Moscow University". The Salt Lake Tribune (Tribune Special Sporting Service). January 12, 1908.
- ^ a b "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus. November 1908. p. 68.
- ^ "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus. April 1910. p. 385.
- ^ "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus. April 1912. p. 346.
- ^ "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus. January 1913. p. 196.
- ^ a b "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus. January 1914. p. 231.
- ^ Catalogue of Delta Upsilon. Delta Upsilon Fraternity. 1917. p. 152.
- ^ "Births". The Michigan Alumnus, volume 25. 2003. p. 49.
- ^ "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus. December 1920. p. 198.
- ^ "Washington HSFB coaches list". The Gridiron Beez.
- ^ "Seattle Prep Coach Studies at U. S. C.". Oakland Tribune. July 13, 1927.
- ^ "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus. December 1921. p. 284.
- ^ "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus, volume 32. 1926. p. 390.
- ^ a b "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus, volume 41. 1934.
- ^ "Seattle Coach Is Attending U.S.C.". Los Angeles Times. July 7, 1927.
- ^ Spalding's Official Pacific Coast Interscholastic Foot Ball Guide, 1927, page 74. Despite the quotations above, the historic roster of University of Michigan football players maintained by the Bentley Historical Library does not list Dvorak as having ever played on Yost's football teams.
- ^ David Maley and Dave Tuengel (September 1, 2010). "WASHINGTON HIGH SCHOOL FOOTBALL CAREER COACHING RECORDS" (PDF). Washington State Coaches Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2010.
- ^ "News from the Classes". The Michigan Alumnus, vol. 43. 1937. p. 451.
- ^ Law school alumni directory, 1860-1941. The University of Michigan Law School. 1941. p. 152.
- ^ "Deaths". The Michigan Alumnus, Volume 76. 1969. p. 37.
- ^ "U-M to Induct 12-Man Class of 2008 Into Hall of Fame". University of Michigan. May 7, 2008. Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
