Major General Charles Hunter Gerhardt (June 6, 1895 – October 9, 1976) was a senior United States Army officer who fought in both World War I and World War II. During the latter, he commanded the 29th Infantry Division from 1943 until the end of the war and during part of the occupation of Germany. The division's most famous combat operations were the Omaha Beach landings of June 6, 1944 (his 49th birthday), otherwise known as D-Day, and the taking of the French crossroads town of Saint-Lô in July 1944.
Charles Hunter Gerhardt | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Nickname(s) | "Uncle Charlie" |
| Born | June 6, 1895 Lebanon, Tennessee, United States[1] |
| Died | October 9, 1976 (aged 81) Winter Park, Florida |
| Buried | Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia, United States |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Service |  United States Army |
| Years of service | 1917–1952 |
| Rank |  Major General |
| Service number | 0-5259 |
| Unit |  Cavalry Branch |
| Commands | 56th Cavalry Brigade 91st Infantry Division 29th Infantry Division |
| Battles / wars | World War I World War II |
| Awards | Army Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star Legion of Merit Bronze Star |
| Relations | Charles Gerhardt (father) |
Early life and military career
edit
Gerhardt grew up in the army as the son of Charles Gerhardt, a career officer who retired as a brigadier general. The younger Gerhardt attended the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, in 1913, where he earned a reputation as a skilled football, baseball and polo player. In 1916, Gerhardt quarterbacked for West Point to a 30-10 upset win over Notre Dame, which was led by the famed freshman George Gipp. It was Notre Dame's only loss that year.[2]
Gerhardt's West Point class graduated on April 6, 1917, the day America officially declared war. Graduation was six weeks earlier than intended because of the U.S. entry into the war. Subsequently, Gerhardt was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Cavalry Branch of the United States Army.[3] Among those he graduated alongside were men such as Matthew Ridgway, Mark W. Clark, J. Lawton Collins, Ernest N. Harmon, Norman Cota, William W. Eagles, Laurence B. Keiser, Frederick Augustus Irving, John T. Cole, Augustus M. Gurney, Elbert L. Ford, John M. Devine, Charles S. Kilburn, Harold R. Jackson, Basil H. Perry, Albert C. Smith, Clare Hibbs Armstrong, Daniel Noce, Aaron Bradshaw Jr. Harris M. Melasky, William C. McMahon and William Kelly Harrison, Jr., all of whom would, like Gerhardt, later become general officers, with Ridgway and Collins in particular becoming U.S. Army Chief of Staff.[2]
Promoted to first lieutenant on May 15,[3] his first posting upon his graduation was with a cavalry unit in Texas. However, he later served as a staff officer with the headquarters of the 89th Division on the Western Front as part of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). He ended the war as aide-de-camp to Major General William M. Wright, commander of the 89th Division.[2][3]
As part of the occupation force after the Armistice, Gerhardt played quarterback for the 89th Division squad that won the AEF football championship in March 1919. Paul Withington of the Army Medical Corps was the right guard, team captain and coach. Future head football coaches Bob Higgins, Adrian Lindsey and George Clark were also members of the squad.[4]
Between the wars
editRemaining in the army during the interwar period, Gerhardt taught tactics back at the Military Academy from February 1926 to August 1931.[5] In 1932, he was selected as a judge in the equestrian events for the 1932 Olympic Games held in Los Angeles.[6] Gerhardt then attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, graduating in May 1933.[5] On July 1, 1940, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.[7]
World War II
edit
By the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent American entry into World War II, Gerhardt was in command of the 56th Cavalry Brigade, having been in command since September 13 after receiving a promotion to the temporary rank of brigadier general on July 10, 1941.[7]
He was again promoted, now to the two-star rank of major general, on June 26, 1942,[7] eight months after Pearl Harbor, he was the first Commanding General (CG) of the 91st Infantry Division, an all draftee division, at Camp White, Oregon.
In July 1943, taking over from Major General Leonard T. Gerow, he assumed command of the 29th Infantry Division, a National Guard formation which was then stationed in South West England in preparation for the Allied invasion of Normandy and had been there since October 1942. In preparation for the invasion, scheduled for the spring of 1944, the division trained extensively in amphibious operations.[8]
Major General Gerhardt was a hard taskmaster, a strict disciplinarian and considered by many of his men to be a martinet, who often became upset at small things such as a soldier not having the chinstrap of his helmet buckled. One famous story has him admonishing a soldier on the day after D-Day for dropping peels from the orange he was eating on the ground. He was intolerant of any dirt or mud being on the trucks, and would make soldiers stop and clean a truck under almost any circumstance. Major General Gerhardt was, however, a superb and driven trainer of soldiers and expected the same from his subordinates. He led the 29th Infantry Division throughout the fighting in Western Europe, from D-Day (June 6, 1944) until the end of World War II in Europe on Victory in Europe Day (May 8, 1945).[8]
Gerhardt was one of the European Theater's more controversial commanders. His critics held that he was lacking as a military tactician and careless with the lives of his men; often pointing to the astonishingly high casualty rate of the 29th Division, which, from June 6, 1944, to May 8, 1945, suffered over 20,600 men killed, wounded or missing. It was said that Gerhardt actually commanded three divisions: one on the field of battle, one in the hospital and one in the cemetery. He was also considered somewhat loose morally, as evidenced by a house of prostitution he established for his men near Rennes, France, which Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, the U.S. 12th Army Group commander, did not approve of and ordered closed. It was only open for five hours. Gerhardt personally approved the sign, which read, "Blue and Gray Corral; Riding Lessons 100 Francs." Blue and Gray was the nickname of the division which consisted of men from both sides of the Mason-Dixon Line. Gerhardt usually walked the line between approval and disapproval with his superior officers. After the war, he was demoted to colonel for reasons thought to be a combination of the 29th Division's high casualty rate and his moral lapses.
Postwar
editFollowing the war Gerhardt served as the United States Defense Attaché to Brazil and in a post at Fort Meade, Maryland. He was able to retire at his highest held rank of major general in 1952.
He died on October 9, 1976 in Winter Park, Florida, at the age of 81[9] and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.[10]
Awards
editHis awards include:
His foreign awards include:
- Croix de Guerre (Belgium)[12]
- Order of the Crown (Belgium)[12]
- Order of Military Merit (Brazil)[12]
- Croix de Guerre with palm (France)[9][12]
- Legion of Honour (France)[12]
- Order of Orange-Nassau (the Netherlands)[12]
- Order of War for the Fatherland (Soviet Union)[9][12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Fact Sheets on U.S. Army Divisions". 1945.
- ^ a b c "West Point Association of Graduates". Archived from the original on 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2016-12-24.
- ^ a b c http://digital-library.usma.edu/digital/collection/p16919coll3/id/17602 [bare URL]
- ^ Cart, Doran L. (Autumn 2006). "Kansas Football "Over There"" (PDF). Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains. Vol. 29, no. 3. pp. 194–199. Retrieved 2024-08-07.
- ^ a b Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York since its establishment in 1802: Supplement, 1930–1940. Vol. VIII. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, The Lakeside Press. April 1941. p. 329. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
- ^ "Fact Sheets on U.S. Army Divisions". 1945.
- ^ a b c "Biography of Major General Charles Hunter Gerhardt (1895−1976), USA". generals.dk.
- ^ a b "Allied Leaders Ashore on D-Day | HistoryOnTheNet". Archived from the original on 2016-12-25. Retrieved 2016-12-24.
- ^ a b c "Charles Hunter Gerhardt". Assembly. Vol. XXXVII, no. 4. March 1979. p. 122. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
- ^ "Burial Detail: Gerhardt, Charles H". ANC Explorer.
- ^ a b c "Valor awards for Charles H. Gerhardt".
- ^ a b c d e f g h Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York since its establishment in 1802: Supplement, 1940–1950. Vol. IX. The Association of Graduates, U.S. Military Academy. December 1955. p. 227. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
Bibliography
edit- Balkoski, Joseph (2005). Beyond the Beachhead: The 29th Infantry Division in Normandy. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0811738446.
- 29 Let's Go! A History of the 29th Infantry Division in World War II, by Joseph Ewing [ISBN missing]