Wikipedia

Daisy Buchanan

Daisy Fay Buchanan is a fictional character in F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel The Great Gatsby. The character is a wealthy socialite from Louisville, Kentucky who resides in the fashionable town of East Egg on Long Island during the Jazz Age. She is narrator Nick Carraway's second cousin, once removed, and the wife of polo player Tom Buchanan, with whom she has a daughter. Before marrying Tom, Daisy had a romantic relationship with Jay Gatsby. Her choice between Gatsby and Tom is one of the novel's central conflicts. She was described by Fitzgerald as a "golden girl".[2]

Daisy Buchanan
The Great Gatsby character
Daisy Buchanan as portrayed by actress Lois Wilson in The Great Gatsby (1926)
First appearanceThe Great Gatsby (1925)
Created byF. Scott Fitzgerald
Based onGinevra King[1]
Portrayed bySee list
In-universe information
Full nameDaisy Fay Buchanan
GenderFemale
SpouseTom Buchanan
Significant otherJay Gatsby
ChildrenPammy Buchanan
RelativesNick Carraway (cousin)
OriginKentucky
NationalityAmerican

Fitzgerald based the character on socialite Ginevra King.[1] Fitzgerald and King shared a passionate romance from 1915 to 1917, but their relationship stagnated after King's father warned the writer that "poor boys shouldn't think of marrying rich girls".[3] After their relationship ended, Fitzgerald enlisted in the United States Army amid World War I.[4] While Fitzgerald served in the army, King's father arranged her marriage to Bill Mitchell, a polo player who partly served as the model for Tom Buchanan.[5] Following King's separation from Mitchell,[6] Fitzgerald attempted to reunite with King in 1938.[7] The reunion proved a disaster due to Fitzgerald's alcoholism.[7] Scholar Maureen Corrigan notes that "because she's the one who got away, Ginevra—even more than [his wife] Zelda—is the love who lodged like an irritant in Fitzgerald's imagination, producing the literary pearl that is Daisy Buchanan".[8]

The character of Daisy Buchanan has been identified as personifying the cultural archetype of the flapper.[9] Flappers were young, modern women who bobbed their hair, wore short skirts, drank alcohol and had premarital sex.[10][11][12] Despite the newfound societal freedoms attained by flappers in the 1920s,[13] Fitzgerald's novel examines the continued limitations upon women's agency during this period.[14] Although early critics viewed Daisy as a "monster of bitchery",[15] later scholars posited that the character exemplifies the marginalization of women in the elite milieu that Fitzgerald depicts.[16] The ensuing contest of wills between Tom and Gatsby reduces Daisy to a trophy wife whose sole existence is to augment her possessor's status.[17] As such, she is the target of both Tom's callous domination and Gatsby's dehumanizing adoration.[18]

The character has appeared in various media related to the novel, including stage plays, radio shows, television episodes, and films. New York actress Florence Eldridge originated the role of Daisy on the stage when she starred in the 1926 Broadway adaptation of Fitzgerald's novel at the Ambassador Theatre in New York City.[19] That same year, screen actress Lois Wilson played the role in the now lost 1926 silent film adaptation.[20] During the subsequent decades, the role has been played by many actresses, including Betty Field, Phyllis Kirk, Jeanne Crain, Mia Farrow, Mira Sorvino, Pippa Bennett-Warner, and Carey Mulligan, among others.

Inspiration for the character

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Further information: Ginevra King and F. Scott Fitzgerald
 
Fitzgerald based the character of Daisy Buchanan on Chicago socialite Ginevra King. Fitzgerald's failed pursuit of King inspired the thwarted romance between Gatsby and Daisy.

Fitzgerald based the character of Daisy Buchanan on Chicago socialite Ginevra King,[21][22] whom he met on a visit back home in St. Paul, Minnesota while enrolled as a student at Princeton.[23] The 18-year-old aspiring writer fell deeply in love with the 16-year-old King.[24][25] According to biographer Nancy Milford, Ginevra was "a rich and wildly popular visitor from Chicago, who at sixteen had the social ease of a young duchess. A beauty with dark curling hair and large brown romantic eyes, she had an air of daring and innocent allure. To Fitzgerald, Ginevra King was the embodiment of a dream, and he was immediately and completely captivated."[26]

Fitzgerald and King shared a passionate romance from 1915 to 1917,[27] and King wrote in her diary that she was "madly in love" with him.[28] During this time, Fitzgerald visited Ginevra at her family's estate in the upper-class enclave of Lake Forest, Illinois.[3][29] As Lake Forest "was off-limits to Black and Jewish people," the appearance of a middle-class Irish Catholic parvenu such as Fitzgerald in the predominantly White Anglo-Saxon Protestant area likely caused a stir and upset Ginevra's parents.[30] Ginevra's imperious father, stockbroker Charles Garfield King, purportedly told an out-of-place Fitzgerald that "poor boys shouldn't think of marrying rich girls".[3]

 
Ginevra King's father arranged her marriage to Bill Mitchell, the son of a wealthy business associate. Bill Mitchell partly served as the model for Daisy's husband, Tom Buchanan.

After her family's intervention doomed their relationship, a suicidal Fitzgerald dropped out of Princeton and enlisted in the United States Army amid World War I.[4][31] While Fitzgerald served in the army, King's father arranged her marriage to William "Bill" Mitchell [wd], the son of his wealthy business associate John J. Mitchell.[32][33] An avid polo player, Bill Mitchell became the director of Texaco, one of the most successful oil companies of the era,[34] and he partly served as the model for Thomas "Tom" Buchanan in The Great Gatsby.[5] Ginevra informed Fitzgerald of her arranged marriage to Mitchell via a letter which he received while stationed in Alabama.[35][36][37]

According to scholar James L. W. West, "Ginevra's marriage to Bill Mitchell was a dynastic affair very much approved by both sets of parents. In fact Bill's younger brother, Clarence, would marry Ginevra's younger sister Marjorie a few years later."[38] By consenting to marry the son of her father's affluent business associate and thus cement a business alliance between the two powerful Chicago families, an obedient Ginevra "made the same choice Daisy Buchanan did, accepting the safe haven of money rather than waiting for a truer love to come along."[23]

Despite his marriage to Zelda Sayre which Fitzgerald described as a disappointment,[39][40] Fitzgerald continued to yearn for King as an unobtainable ideal who embodied the elusive American dream.[41] For the remainder of his life, Fitzgerald remained so in love with King that "he could not think of her without tears coming to his eyes".[42][43] Scholar Maureen Corrigan wrote that "because she's the one who got away, Ginevra—even more than Zelda—is the love who lodged like an irritant in Fitzgerald's imagination, producing the literary pearl that is Daisy Buchanan".[8]

In 1937, King separated from Bill Mitchell after an unhappy marriage.[6] A year later, Fitzgerald tried to reunite with King when she visited Hollywood in 1938.[7] Their reunion proved a disaster due to Fitzgerald's alcoholism, and a disappointed King returned to Chicago.[7] Her second husband, John T. Pirie Jr., was a business tycoon and owner of the Chicago department retailer Carson Pirie Scott & Company.[44] Reflecting in later years upon her romance with Fitzgerald, King remarked: "Goodness, what a self-centered little ass I was!"[45] "I was too thoughtless in those days," she recalled, "and too much in love with love to think of consequences."[46] She died in 1980 at the age of 82 at her family's estate in Charleston, South Carolina.[44]

To a far lesser extent,[8] Fitzgerald partly based Daisy on his wife Zelda, a Southern belle who reminded him of Ginevra.[47][48] Like Zelda, Daisy hails from a rich Southern family.[49] Biographer Nancy Milford notes that Zelda came from the very heart of the Confederate establishment in the Deep South.[50] Zelda was the daughter of Anthony D. Sayre, an Alabama politician and white supremacist who authored the infamous 1893 Sayre Act which disenfranchised black Alabamians for seventy years and ushered in the racially segregated Jim Crow period in the state.[51][52] Her father's uncle was John Tyler Morgan, a Confederate general and the Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama.[53] During her idle youth, Zelda's affluent family employed half-a-dozen domestic servants, many of whom were African-American.[54] Consequently, much like Daisy, Zelda was unaccustomed to domestic labor or responsibilities of any kind.[55][56]

"I woke up out of the ether with an utterly abandoned feeling, and asked the nurse right away if it was a boy or a girl. She told me it was a girl, and so I turned my head away and wept. 'All right,' I said, 'I'm glad it's a girl. And I hope she'll be a fool—that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.'

—F. Scott Fitzgerald, Chapter I, The Great Gatsby[57]

The character of Daisy Buchanan speaks one sentence in the novel partly drawn from Fitzgerald's wife Zelda, although greatly altered.[58] When their daughter Frances "Scottie" Fitzgerald was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, on October 26, 1921, Fitzgerald recorded verbatim his wife's rambling as she emerged from the anesthesia:

"Oh, God... I'm drunk. Mark Twain. Isn't she smart—she has the hiccups. I hope it's beautiful and a fool—a beautiful little fool."[58]

Fitzgerald partly used this anesthetized rambling for a remark by Daisy about the birth of her daughter Pammy.[58] However, the remark which appears in The Great Gatsby includes an additional observation written by Fitzgerald himself four years later: "That's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool."[59] This additional sentence identifying with the plight of women in 1920s America illustrates a statement made by Fitzgerald in a 1935 letter to an acquaintance that his mind was "half feminine".[60][16] Although born "masculine,"[61] Fitzgerald stated that he was "half feminine—at least my mind is... Even my feminine characters are feminine Scott Fitzgeralds."[62]

Fictional character biography

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Further information: The Great Gatsby

"She's got an indiscreet voice," I remarked."It's full of—" I hesitated.

"Her voice is full of money," he said suddenly.

That was it. I'd never understood before. It was full of money—that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals' song of it.... High in the white palace the king's daughter, the golden girl....

—F. Scott Fitzgerald, Chapter VII, The Great Gatsby[2]

Daisy Fay was raised in luxury in Louisville, Kentucky, during the Jim Crow period.[63] In 1917, although she had many suitors from her privileged social class, she entered into a month-long relationship with impoverished doughboy Jay Gatsby which ended with them promising to marry each other. While Gatsby served in World War I, Daisy married the wealthy polo player Thomas "Tom" Buchanan. The couple moved to East Egg, an "old money" enclave on Long Island, where they resided in a cheerful red-and-white Georgian Colonial mansion overlooking Manhasset Bay.[64]

After her cousin Nick Carraway arrived at the neighboring nouveau riche town of West Egg, he met Gatsby who had become a millionaire and moved to Long Island to reunite with Daisy. Gatsby threw extravagant soirées at his mansion, hoping she might attend. Nick arranged a private conversation between Daisy and Jay at his cottage in West Egg. The two met for the first time in five years and began an affair.[65]

 
The struggle for Daisy's love between Gatsby and Tom culminates at the twenty-story Plaza Hotel.

Later at the Buchanan residence, Daisy, Tom, and Gatsby—as well as her friends Nick and Jordan Baker—decided to visit the 20-story Plaza Hotel, a château-like edifice in New York City with an architectural style inspired by the French Renaissance.[66] Tom embarked in Gatsby's yellow Rolls-Royce with Jordan and Nick, while Daisy and Gatsby drove alone in Tom's blue coupé. After reaching the hotel, Tom and Gatsby had a confrontation regarding Daisy's infidelity. Though Gatsby insisted that Daisy never loved Tom, Daisy admitted that she loved both Tom and Gatsby. The confrontation ended with Daisy leaving with Gatsby in his yellow car, while Tom departed with Nick and Jordan.[67]

Tom's mistress, Myrtle Wilson, previously had seen Tom driving Gatsby's yellow car in the "valley of ashes", a sprawling refuse dump.[68] When she saw it approach that evening on its way back to East Egg, she presumed it was being driven by Tom and ran in front of it in hopes of reconciling with him. Daisy ran her over. Gatsby stopped the car by applying the emergency brake and then took over driving from Daisy, fleeing the scene of the accident.[69]

Gatsby assured Daisy that he would take the blame for Myrtle's death. Tom informed Myrtle's husband, George Wilson, that Gatsby killed Myrtle. A distraught George traveled to Gatsby's mansion in West Egg and shot Gatsby dead before turning the weapon on himself. After Gatsby's murder, Daisy, Tom, and their daughter departed East Egg, leaving no forwarding address.[70]

Critical analysis

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See also: Flappers and Jazz Age
 
A depiction of a flapper as illustrated by Ellen Pyle for the cover of the Saturday Evening Post (1922).

The character of Daisy Buchanan has been identified by scholars as personifying the Jazz Age archetype of the flapper.[9] Flappers were young, modern women who bobbed their hair, wore short skirts, drank alcohol and had premarital sex.[10][11][12] Despite the newfound societal freedoms attained by flappers in the 1920s,[13] Fitzgerald's work examines the continued limitations upon women's agency during this period.[14] In this context, although early critics viewed the character of Daisy to be a "monster of bitchery",[15] later scholars posit the character exemplifies the marginalization of women in the elite milieu that Fitzgerald depicts.[16]

In the 1940s and 1950s, scholars and critics condemned Daisy as an irredeemable villain.[18] Critic Marius Bewley deplored the character's "vicious emptiness," Robert Ornstein dubbed her "criminally immoral," Alfred Kazin judged her to be "vulgar and inhuman," and Leslie Fiedler regarded her as a "dark destroyer" who purveys "corruption and death".[18] In these earlier critiques, Gatsby was likened unto an innocent and Daisy equated with "foul dust [that] floated in the wake of his dreams".[18]

Revisionist opinions about the character emerged over time in the 1960s and 1970s. Writing in 1978, scholar Leland Person wrote that Daisy is more of a hapless victim than a manipulative victimizer.[18] Described by Fitzgerald as a "golden girl",[2] she is the target first of Tom's callous domination and next of Gatsby's dehumanizing adoration.[18] She involuntarily becomes the holy grail at the center of Gatsby's unrealistic quest to be steadfast to a youthful concept of himself.[18] The ensuing contest of wills between Tom and Gatsby reduces Daisy to a trophy wife whose sole existence is to augment her possessor's status.[17]

As an upper-class White Anglo-Saxon Protestant woman, Daisy adheres to societal expectations and gender norms such as fulfilling the roles of dutiful wife, nurturing mother, and charming socialite.[14] Many of Daisy's choices—culminating in the fatal car crash and misery for all those involved—can be partly attributed to her prescribed role as a "beautiful little fool" who is reliant on her husband for socioeconomic security.[71] Her decision to remain with Tom, despite her feelings for Gatsby, is ascribable to the wealth and security that her marriage provides.[15]

Notwithstanding this scholarly reevaluation, many readers continue to regard Daisy as an antagonist or an antiheroine.[72] Often listed as among the most "polarizing female characters in American literature,"[73] readers frequently vilify Daisy for the consequences of her actions, such as directly and indirectly causing the deaths of several characters.[72] Writer Ester Bloom has opined that Daisy is not technically the story's villain, but "she still sucks, and if it weren't for her, a couple of key players in the book would be alive at the end of it."[74]

Despite such widespread antipathy, many readers sympathize with the character.[75] Writer Katie Baker observed that, although Daisy lives and Gatsby dies, "in the end, both Gatsby and Daisy have lost their youthful dreams, that sense of eternal possibility that made the summertimes sweet. And love her or hate her, there's something to pity in that irrevocable fact."[76] Dave McGinn listed the character as one who needed their side of the story told, and he wondered what her thoughts were on the love triangle between her, Gatsby and Tom.[77]

Daisy as a reference point

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See also: Affluenza

They were careless people, Tom and Daisy—they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made...

—F. Scott Fitzgerald, Chapter IX, The Great Gatsby[78]

Both Daisy Buchanan and her husband Tom are often invoked in popular discourse in the context of careless indifference by affluent persons.[79] Amid the 2016 United States presidential election, New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd likened Hillary Clinton and Bill Clinton to Daisy and Tom Buchanan due to their perceived carelessness in the political arena.[80] Dowd wrote: "And that's the corkscrew way things go with the Clintons, who are staying true to their reputation as the Tom and Daisy Buchanan of American politics. Their vast carelessness drags down everyone around them, but they persevere, and even thrive."[80]

Four years later, in October 2020, the response of Donald Trump's administration to the COVID-19 pandemic was compared by New York Times writer Ian Prasad Philbrick to the careless indifference of Daisy and Tom Buchanan.[81] The "blasé Buchanans in the novel's final pages," Philbrick wrote, "seemed to fit an administration that has attempted to downplay the pandemic, even after Trump and other top Republicans tested positive for Covid-19."[81]

Daisy has been cited as a role model for young women who aspire to attain wealth and to live life for the moment.[82] "You should take Daisy's advice: be a 'fool'," urged writer Carlie Lindower, "Be a fool and covet only what is on the surface—the pearls, the furs, the immaculate lawn—because any deeper than that is murky territory filled with misguided ideals and broken pillars of feminism."[82] Similarly, Inga Ting of The Sydney Morning Herald posited that Daisy's materialistic ambitions are both understandable and rational as indicated by peer-reviewed academic studies.[83] "Men want beauty," Ting opined, "women want money".[83]

The character of Daisy Buchanan is often referenced in popular culture in terms of Jazz Age and flapper aesthetics.[84] In the wake of Baz Luhrmann's 2013 film which featured Daisy with a bob cut, certain versions of the hairstyle were retroactively associated with the character.[84] Consequently, the character's physical description has become synonymous with 1920s glamour.[85]

Portrayals

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Stage

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Florence Eldridge (first) originated the role of Daisy Buchanan on the Broadway stage in 1926. Lois Wilson (second) was the first screen actress to portray Daisy in the lost 1926 film. Jeanne Crain (third) and Betty Field (fourth) portrayed Daisy in later adaptations.

The first actress to portray Daisy Buchanan in any medium was 24-year-old Florence Eldridge who starred in the 1926 Broadway adaptation of Fitzgerald's novel at the Ambassador Theatre in New York City.[19] Directed by George Cukor,[86] the production delighted audiences and garnered rave reviews from theater critics.[19] The play ran for 112 performances and then paused when its lead actor James Rennie traveled to the United Kingdom to visit an ailing family member.[19] As F. Scott Fitzgerald was vacationing in Europe at the time, he never saw the 1926 Broadway play,[19] but his agent Harold Ober sent him telegrams which quoted the many positive reviews of the production.[19] A year later, Elderidge married film actor Fredric March in 1927.

In the footsteps of Florence Eldridge, many actresses have portrayed Daisy Buchanan on the stage. In 1958, Robyn Cotner portrayed Daisy in the first musical adaptation of Fitzgerald's novel.[87][88] In 1999, Dawn Upshaw portrayed the character in John Harbison's operatic adaptation of the work performed at the New York Metropolitan Opera,[89] and Heidi Armbruster portrayed Daisy in Simon Levy's 2006 stage adaptation. Armbruster's performance, according to critic Quinton Skinner, was "full of loony momentary enthusiasms and a dangerous sensuality, though by the second act, Armbruster's perf [sic] veers toward hollow mannerisms."[90] Daisy was portrayed by Monte McGrath in a 2012 version of the same play, and her performance was met with acclaim.[91] Madeleine Herd played Daisy in a 2015 adaptation by Independent Theater Productions.[92] In 2023, Eva Noblezada played Daisy in The Great Gatsby: A New Musical,[93] and, in 2024, Charlotte MacInnes played the role in Florence Welch's musical Gatsby: An American Myth.[94]

Film

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A number of actresses have portrayed Daisy Buchanan in cinematic adaptations of Fitzgerald's novel. The first cinematic adaptation of The Great Gatsby was a silent film produced in 1926 and featured Lois Wilson as Daisy.[95] In contrast to later adaptations, the film treatment and screenplay were both written by women.[95] The treatment was by Elizabeth Meehan, and the screenplay was by Becky Gardiner.[95] Reviewers praised Warner Baxter's portrayal of Gatsby and Neil Hamilton's portrayal of Nick Carraway, but some found Lois Wilson's interpretation of Daisy to be needlessly unsympathetic.[20] Other critics raved that Wilson reached "heights of emotional acting in the picture which she never before attained" and did "the best acting of her career."[96] Reportedly, F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda loathed the 1926 film adaptation of his novel and walked out midway through a viewing of the film at a theater.[97] "We saw The Great Gatsby at the movies," Zelda later wrote to an acquaintance, "It's ROTTEN and awful and terrible and we left."[98] The film is considered lost.[99]

In 1949, a second cinematic adaptation was undertaken starring Betty Field as Daisy.[100] In contrast to the 1926 adaptation, the 1949 adaptation was filmed under the strictures of the Hollywood Production Code, and the novel's plot was altered to appease Production Code Administration censors.[101] According to screenwriter Richard Maibaum, critics were conflicted about Field's performance as Daisy: "Some thought she was perfect, others that she was subtly wrong."[102] Critic Lew Sheaffer wrote in The Brooklyn Daily Eagle that Field performed "the difficult feat of making a strong impact" as Gatsby's "vague, shilly-shallying sweetheart."[103] Boyd Martin of The Courier-Journal opined that Field was "convincing in showing the shallowness of Daisy's character",[104] whereas Wanda Hale of The New York Daily News complained that Field gave "such a restrained, delicate performance that you have to use some imagination to understand her weakness."[105]

 
 
Mia Farrow (first) played Daisy in the 1974 film. Carey Mulligan (second) played the role in the 2013 film.

In 1974, Mia Farrow portrayed Daisy in the third cinematic adaptation.[106] The film received poor reviews,[107] and Farrow's performance as Daisy was met with a mixed reception.[108] Bruce Handy of Vanity Fair praised Farrow as being "full of vain flutter and the seductive instant intimacy of the careless rich".[109] Vincent Canby of The New York Times, in an otherwise negative review of the film, complimented Farrow's performance as "just odd enough to be right as Daisy, a woman who cannot conceive of the cruelties she so casually commits".[110] Roger Ebert lamented that Farrow played Daisy as "all squeaks and narcissism and empty sophistication."[111] Gene Siskel complained that Farrow interpreted Daisy to be a "skittish child-woman" who bore little resemblance to Fitzgerald's character.[112] Upon viewing the 1974 film, Fitzgerald's daughter Frances "Scottie" Fitzgerald criticized Farrow's performance.[106] Although she praised Farrow as a "fine actress," Scottie noted that Farrow couldn't convey the "Southern nature" of Daisy's character.[106]

In 2013, Carey Mulligan portrayed Daisy in the fourth cinematic adaptation.[113] Mulligan had two 90-minute auditions, which she found to be fun and served as her initial encounters with Leonardo DiCaprio, who portrayed Gatsby.[114] Mulligan partly based her performance on the Kardashian family in regards to "looking very present, presentational, and perfect."[115] She was familiar with the dislike some readers of The Great Gatsby had for the character but felt she could not "think that about her, because I can't play her thinking she's awful."[116] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter in his review of the 2013 film wrote that viewers had their own ideas about Daisy's character and would debate whether Mulligan "has the beauty, the bearing, the dream qualities desired for the part, but she lucidly portrays the desperate tear Daisy feels between her unquestionable love for Gatsby and fear of her husband."[117] Critic Jonathan Romney of The Independent praised Mulligan's "reassuringly candid presence" which he described as "weary, wan, with a dash of Blanche DuBois."[118]

Television

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Phyllis Kirk portrayed Daisy in a 1955 episode of the television series Robert Montgomery Presents adapting The Great Gatsby.[119] Reviewers were lukewarm towards Kirk's interpretation of Daisy noting that her performance was "fine" and more than adequate as "the distraught lady across the bay".[120] Three years later, Jeanne Crain played Daisy in a 1958 episode of the television series Playhouse 90.[121]

Mira Sorvino played Daisy in the 2000 television adaptation.[107] Produced on a small budget, the adaptation suffered from low production values.[122] Sorvino's performance was roundly criticized.[123] Natasha Joffe of The Guardian wrote that Sorvino's "voice is supposed to be full of money, but is just moany. Why would Gatsby love her? She looks like a drowned goose and her hats are like they've been made out of old pants."[123] Similarly, John Crook of The Fremont Tribune wrote that Sorvino was "seriously miscast as Daisy".[124] In 2007, Tricia Paoluccio portrayed Daisy in an American Masters television episode titled "Novel Reflections: The American Dream".

Radio

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Irene Dunne[verification needed] starred as Daisy in an adaptation broadcast on Family Hour of Stars on January 1, 1950,[125] and Pippa Bennett-Warner played Daisy in the 2012 two-part Classic Serial production.[126]

List

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Year Title Actor Format Distributor Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic
1926 The Great Gatsby Florence Eldridge Stage Broadway (Ambassador Theatre) — —
1926 The Great Gatsby Lois Wilson Film Paramount Pictures 55% (22 reviews)[127] —
1949 The Great Gatsby Betty Field Film Paramount Pictures 33% (9 reviews)[128] —
1950 The Great Gatsby Irene Dunne[verification needed] Radio Family Hour of Stars — —
1955 The Great Gatsby Phyllis Kirk Television Robert Montgomery Presents — —
1956 The Great Gatsby Robyn Cotner Musical Yale Dramatic Association — —
1958 The Great Gatsby Jeanne Crain Television Playhouse 90 — —
1974 The Great Gatsby Mia Farrow Film Paramount Pictures 39% (36 reviews)[129] 43 (5 reviews)[130]
1999 The Great Gatsby Dawn Upshaw Opera New York Metropolitan Opera — —
2000 The Great Gatsby Mira Sorvino Television A&E Television Networks — —
2006 The Great Gatsby Heidi Armbruster Stage Guthrie Theater — —
2012 The Great Gatsby Pippa Bennett-Warner Radio BBC Radio 4 — —
2013 The Great Gatsby Carey Mulligan Film Warner Bros. Pictures 48% (301 reviews)[131] 55 (45 reviews)[132]
2023 The Great Gatsby Eva Noblezada Musical Broadway (Paper Mill Playhouse/Broadway Theatre) — —
2024 Gatsby: An American Myth Charlotte MacInnes Musical American Repertory Theater — —

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Diamond 2012; Bleil 2008, p. 38.
  2. ^ a b c Fitzgerald 1925, p. 144.
  3. ^ a b c Smith 2003; Corrigan 2014, p. 61.
  4. ^ a b Mizener 1951, p. 66; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 80, 82.
  5. ^ a b Bruccoli 2002, p. 86; Noden 2003.
  6. ^ a b McKinney 2017; Noden 2003.
  7. ^ a b c d West 2005, pp. 86–87; Corrigan 2014, p. 59; Smith 2003.
  8. ^ a b c Corrigan 2014, p. 58.
  9. ^ a b Conor 2004, p. 301: "Fitzgerald's literary creation Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby was identified with the type of the flapper. Her pictorial counterpart was drawn by the American cartoonist John Held Jr., whose images of party-going flappers who petted in cars frequented the cover of the American magazine Life during the 1920s".
  10. ^ a b Conor 2004, pp. 209–210, 221: "More than any other type of the Modern Woman, it was the Flapper who embodied the scandal which attached to women's new public visibility, from their increasing street presence to their mechanical reproduction as spectacles".
  11. ^ a b Fitzgerald 1945, p. 16, "Echoes of the Jazz Age": The flappers, "if they get about at all, know the taste of gin or corn at sixteen".
  12. ^ a b Fitzgerald 1945, pp. 14–15, "Echoes of the Jazz Age": "Unchaperoned young people of the smaller cities had discovered the mobile privacy of that automobile given to young Bill at sixteen to make him 'self-reliant'. At first petting was a desperate adventure even under such favorable conditions, but presently confidences were exchanged and the old commandment broke down".
  13. ^ a b Conor 2004, p. 209.
  14. ^ a b c Person 1978, pp. 250–57.
  15. ^ a b c Person 1978, p. 253.
  16. ^ a b c Person 1978, pp. 250–57; Donahue 2013.
  17. ^ a b Person 1978, p. 256.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Person 1978, p. 250.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Tredell 2007, p. 95.
  20. ^ a b Green 1926.
  21. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 123–124; Lawton 2016; Smith 2003.
  22. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 72: "Fitzgerald's "longing for Ginevra went into Gatsby's timeless and untouchable love for Daisy Fay".
  23. ^ a b Noden 2003.
  24. ^ Smith 2003.
  25. ^ Mizener 1972.
  26. ^ Milford 1970, p. 28.
  27. ^ Smith 2003, p. E1; Corrigan 2014, p. 61.
  28. ^ West 2005, p. 35: Contrary to later claims by Ginevra's family, Ginevra wrote in her diary that she was "madly in love with" Fitzgerald: "Oh it was so wonderful to see him again," she wrote on February 20, 1916, "I am madly in love with him. He is so wonderful".
  29. ^ Dreier, Mollenkopf & Swanstrom 2004, p. 37: "Lacking the outward signs of high status that the landed nobility of Europe once enjoyed, wealthy American families have long maintained social distance from the 'common people' by withdrawing into upper-class enclaves. Often located on forested hills far from the stench and noise of the industrial distracts, places like Greenwich, Connecticut; Lake Forest, Illinois; and Palm Beach, Florida, are 'clear material statement[s] of status, power, and privilege.'"
  30. ^ Diamond 2022: "Boundaries have always been paramount in Lake Forest. The town was off-limits to Black and Jewish people for decades, and even during the First World War a middle-class Catholic like Fitzgerald showing up could have caused a stir."
  31. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 84: "Like all infantry lieutenants at the time, Fitzgerald expected to be killed in battle. He began writing a novel in training camp, hoping to leave evidence of his genius."
  32. ^ Noden 2003: "On July 15, 1918, [Ginevra] writes to tell [Fitzgerald] that on the following day she will announce her engagement to William Mitchell, in what her granddaughter believes was something of an arranged marriage between two prominent Chicago families."
  33. ^ Chicago Tribune Staff 1987, p. 30; Bruccoli 2000, pp. 9–11, 246; Bruccoli 2002, p. 86; West 2005, pp. 66–70; Engagement Announcement 1918, p. 15.
  34. ^ Mitchell Obituary 1987, p. 30; Chicago Tribune Staff 1987, p. 30; West 2005, p. 69.
  35. ^ Smith 2003, p. E1: "A year later Ginevra wrote that she was engaged to Bill Mitchell, another wealthy young Chicagoan who was the son of a business associate of her father's. She said she wanted Fitzgerald to be the first to know."
  36. ^ West 2005, pp. 67–69; Engagement Announcement 1918, p. 15.
  37. ^ Chicago Tribune Staff 1987, p. 30; Bruccoli 2000, pp. 9–11, 246; Bruccoli 2002, p. 86.
  38. ^ West 2005, p. 67.
  39. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 479: Fitzgerald wrote in 1939, "You [Zelda] submitted at the moment of our marriage when your passion for me was at as low ebb as mine for you. ... I never wanted the Zelda I married. I didn't love you again till after you became pregnant."
  40. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 102: "Victory was sweet, though not as sweet as it would have been six months earlier before Zelda had rejected him. Fitzgerald couldn't recapture the thrill of their first love".
  41. ^ Stepanov 2003.
  42. ^ Mizener 1972, p. 28: "Ginevra gave substance to an ideal Fitzgerald would cling to for a lifetime; to the end of his days, the thought of her could bring tears to his eyes."
  43. ^ Noden 2003; Stevens 2003.
  44. ^ a b Bleil 2008, p. 38; McKinney 2017.
  45. ^ Bleil 2008, p. 33.
  46. ^ Eble 1963, p. 115.
  47. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 150: "Gatsby's love for Daisy was Fitzgerald's love for Zelda — and before her, Ginevra — decked out in a Keatsian prose."
  48. ^ Piper 1965, p. 40: "Zelda was attractive and vivacious and reminded him in many ways of Ginevra King".
  49. ^ Fowler 2013; Milford 1970, p. 3; Wagner-Martin 2004, p. 24; Napier 2008.
  50. ^ Milford 1970, pp. 3–4.
  51. ^ Levitsky & Ziblatt 2018, p. 111; Kousser 1974, pp. 134–137.
  52. ^ Lanahan 1996, p. 444; Warren 2011.
  53. ^ Davis 1924, pp. 45, 56, 59; Milford 1970, p. 5; Svrluga 2016.
  54. ^ Wagner-Martin 2004, p. 24.
  55. ^ Wagner-Martin 2004, p. 24; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 189, 437.
  56. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 111: "Zelda was no housekeeper. Sketchy about ordering meals, she completely ignored the laundry".
  57. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 21.
  58. ^ a b c Bruccoli 2002, p. 156; Mizener 1951, p. 63.
  59. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 21; Bruccoli 2002, p. 156; Mizener 1951, p. 63.
  60. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 259; Fraser 1979, p. 334; Thornton 1979, p. 457; Kerr 1996, p. 406.
  61. ^ Thornton 1979, p. 457: "Being born 'masculine,' but feeling 'half-feminine,' Fitzgerald was personally interested in sexual differentiation from an early age."
  62. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 259; Fraser 1979, p. 334; Thornton 1979, p. 457; Kerr 1996, p. 406; Fessenden 2005, p. 31.
  63. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 24: "From Louisville. Our white girlhood was passed together there. Our beautiful white—"
  64. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 8.
  65. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 112–116.
  66. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 151.
  67. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 162–163.
  68. ^ Lask 1971: The valley of ashes was a landfill in Flushing Meadows, Queens. "In those empty spaces and graying heaps, part of which was known as the Corona Dumps, Fitzgerald found his perfect image for the callous and brutal betrayal of the incurably innocent Gatsby". Flushing Meadows was drained and became the location of the 1939 World's Fair.
  69. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 173.
  70. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 197.
  71. ^ Person 1978, pp. 253, 256.
  72. ^ a b Gray 2013; Wilson 2016; Bloom 2013.
  73. ^ Gray 2013.
  74. ^ Bloom 2013.
  75. ^ Baker 2013; McGinn 2015.
  76. ^ Baker 2013.
  77. ^ McGinn 2015.
  78. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 216.
  79. ^ Dowd 2016; Philbrick 2020.
  80. ^ a b Dowd 2016.
  81. ^ a b Philbrick 2020.
  82. ^ a b Lindower 2013.
  83. ^ a b Ting 2015.
  84. ^ a b Shapland 2013; Jagannathan 2015.
  85. ^ McEntee 2016: "Blunt... channeled 1920s glam à la Daisy Buchanan with a pin curled faux bob, minimal face makeup, dark lashes, and a bright red lip."
  86. ^ Tredell 2007, p. 94.
  87. ^ Wilmington News-Journal 1956, p. 11.
  88. ^ The Reporter Dispatch 1956, p. 6.
  89. ^ Stevens 1999.
  90. ^ Skinner 2006.
  91. ^ Irwin 2012.
  92. ^ Lenny 2015.
  93. ^ Higgins & Hall 2024.
  94. ^ Culwell-Block 2024.
  95. ^ a b c Tredell 2007, p. 96.
  96. ^ Hartford Courant 1926, p. C3.
  97. ^ Howell 2013.
  98. ^ Mellow 1984, p. 281; Howell 2013.
  99. ^ Dixon 2003.
  100. ^ Tredell 2007, p. 98.
  101. ^ Brady 1946; Crowther 1949.
  102. ^ Maibaum 1973.
  103. ^ Sheaffer 1949, p. 4.
  104. ^ Martin 1949, p. 36.
  105. ^ Hale 1949, p. 38.
  106. ^ a b c Tredell 2007, p. 101.
  107. ^ a b Tredell 2007, p. 102.
  108. ^ Canby 1974; Ebert 1974; Siskel 1974, p. 33.
  109. ^ Handy 2013.
  110. ^ Canby 1974.
  111. ^ Ebert 1974.
  112. ^ Siskel 1974, p. 33.
  113. ^ Barsamian 2015.
  114. ^ Peikert 2013.
  115. ^ Miller 2013.
  116. ^ Vancheri 2013; Lindower 2013.
  117. ^ Schillaci 2013.
  118. ^ Romney 2013, p. 46.
  119. ^ Hyatt 2006, pp. 49–50.
  120. ^ Devane 1955, p. 14; Mishkin 1955, p. 24.
  121. ^ Hischak 2012, pp. 85–86.
  122. ^ Tredell 2007, p. 103.
  123. ^ a b Joffe 2000, p. 52.
  124. ^ Crook 2001, p. 17.
  125. ^ Pitts 1986, p. 127.
  126. ^ Forrest 2012.
  127. ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Great Gatsby (1926).
  128. ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Great Gatsby (1949).
  129. ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Great Gatsby (1974).
  130. ^ Metacritic: The Great Gatsby (1974).
  131. ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Great Gatsby (2013).
  132. ^ Metacritic: The Great Gatsby (2013).

Works cited

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