The Fourth Council of Constantinople was the eighth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held in Constantinople from 5 October 869, to 28 February 870. It was poorly attended, the first session by only 12 bishops and the number of bishops later never exceeded 103.[1] In contrast the pro-Photian council of 879–80 was attended by 383 bishops.[2] The Council met in ten sessions from October 869 to February 870 and issued 27 canons.
| Fourth Council of Constantinople (869–870) | |
|---|---|
 Cesare Nebbia's painting of the 869–870 Fourth Council of Constantinople | |
| Date | 869–870 |
| Accepted by | Catholic Church |
Previous council | Second Council of Nicaea |
Next council | First Council of the Lateran |
| Convoked by | Emperor Basil I and Pope Adrian II |
| President | papal legates |
| Attendance | 20–25 (first session 869), 102 (last session 870) |
| Topics | Photius' patriarchate |
Documents and statements | Deposition of Photius, 27 canons |
| Chronological list of ecumenical councils | |
The council was called by Emperor Basil I the Macedonian, with the support of Pope Hadrian II.[3] It deposed and anathemized Photius,[4] a layman who had been appointed as Patriarch of Constantinople, and reinstated his predecessor Ignatius.
The Council also reaffirmed the decisions of the Second Council of Nicaea in support of icons and holy images and required the image of Christ to have veneration equal with that of the gospel book.[5]
A later council, the Eastern Orthodox Fourth Council of Constantinople, was held after Photios had been reinstated on the order of the emperor. Today, the Catholic Church recognizes the council in 869–870 as "Constantinople IV", while the Eastern Orthodox Churches recognize the councils in 879–880 as "Constantinople IV" and revere Photios as a saint. Whether and how far the Greek Fourth Council of Constantinople was confirmed by Pope John VIII is a matter of dispute.[6][7][8] There is substantial evidence that he did in fact accept it, anathematising the council of 869 in his Letters to the Emperors Basil, Leo and Alexander, which were read in the second session of the 879/80 council,[9][10] his letter to Photios[11] [12] and his Commonitorium.[13][14] Francis Dvornik has argued that subsequent popes accepted the council of 879 as binding, only choosing the council of 869–70 as ecumenical 200 years later after the Great Schism due to issues with certain canons (namely the implicit condemnation of the filioque).[15] Siecienski disagrees with Dvornik's assessment.[16] The previous seven ecumenical councils are recognized as ecumenical and authoritative by both Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Christians.[17]
Background
editWith the coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III in 800, the papacy had acquired a new protector in the West. This freed the pontiffs to some degree from the power of the emperor in Constantinople but it also led to a schism, because the emperors and patriarchs of Constantinople interpreted themselves as the true descendants of the Roman Empire.[citation needed]
After the Byzantine emperor summarily dismissed St. Ignatius of Constantinople as patriarch of that city, Pope Nicholas I refused to recognize his successor Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople. Photios did not at this stage raise the Filioque issue.[18] The Council condemned Photius and defrocked his supporters in the clergy.
Photian schism
editIn 858, Photius, a noble layman from a local family, was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople, the most senior episcopal position save only that of Rome. Emperor Michael III had deposed the previous patriarch, Ignatius. Ignatius refused to abdicate, setting up a power struggle between the Emperor and Pope Nicholas I. The 869–870 Council condemned Photius and deposed him as patriarch and reinstated his predecessor Ignatius.[19] It also ranked Constantinople before the other three Eastern patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem.[citation needed]
Support for icons and holy images
editOne of the key elements of the Council was the reaffirmation of the decisions of the Second Council of Nicaea in support of icons and holy images. The council thus helped stamp out any remaining embers of Byzantine iconoclasm. Specifically, its third Canon required the image of Christ to have veneration equal with that of the gospel book:[20]
We decree that the sacred image of our Lord Jesus Christ, the liberator and Savior of all people, must be venerated with the same honor as is given the book of the holy Gospels. For as through the language of the words contained in this book all can reach salvation, so, due to the action which these images exercise by their colors, all wise and simple alike, can derive profit from them. For what speech conveys in words, pictures announce and bring out in colors.
The council also encouraged the veneration of the images of the Virgin Mary, angels and saints:[5]
If anyone does not venerate the image of Christ our Lord, let him be deprived of seeing him in glory at his second coming. The image of his all pure Mother and the images of the holy angels as well as the images of all the saints are equally the object of our homage and veneration.
Notes
edit- ^ "Constantinople, Fourth Council of | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
- ^ Richard Price, 'Constantinople III and Constantinople IV: Minorities posing as the Voice of the Whole Church', Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 49 (2018/2019) 134.
- ^ "Photius." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- ^ "Fourth Council of Constantinople". Papal Encyclicals. 5 October 0869. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
- ^ a b Steven Bigham, 1995 Image of God the Father in Orthodox Theology and Iconography ISBN 1-879038-15-3 p. 41
- ^ Fr. Francis Dvornik argues that Pope accepted the acts of the council and annulled those of the Council of 869–870. Other Catholic historians, such as Warren Carroll, dispute this view, arguing that the pope rejected the council.
- ^ Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010) says that the Pope only gave a qualified assent to the acts of the council. See "The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy" p. 104.
- ^ Schaff, Philip opines that the Pope, deceived by his legates about the actual proceedings, first applauded the Emperor but later denounced the council. See "The Conflict of the Eastern and Western Churches and Their Separation."
- ^ Mansi vol xvii, cls. 400D & 401BC
- ^ Dositheos op. cit. pp. 281f
- ^ Mansi vol. xvii cl. 416E
- ^ Dositheos op. cit. p. 292
- ^ Mansi vol. xvii, cl. 472AB. See also cls. 489/490E
- ^ Dositheos op. cit. pp. 345, 361
- ^ Dvornik, F. (1948). "The Photian Schism in Western and Eastern Tradition". The Review of Politics. 10 (3): 310–331. doi:10.1017/S0034670500042959. JSTOR 1404567. S2CID 145772692.
- ^ Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010). The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195372045.
- ^ Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (2017-09-01) [1999]. "ecumenical councils". The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 171–2. doi:10.1002/9781405166584. ISBN 978-1-4051-6658-4.
- ^ Dvornik, The Photian Schism, 122–128
- ^ Karl Rahner, 2004 Encyclopedia of theology ISBN 0-86012-006-6 p. 389
- ^ Gesa Elsbeth Thiessen, 2005 Theological aesthetics ISBN 0-8028-2888-4 p. 65
References
edit- Cross, F. L. (ed.). The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press (2005).
- Dvornik, Francis (1948). The Photian Schism: History and Legend. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010). The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537204-5.
- "Acts of the 869 Fourth Council of Constantinople". 5 October 0869.