Wikipedia

Guangxi

For other uses, see Guangxi (disambiguation).

Guangxi,[a] officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in South China and bordering Vietnam (Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, Lạng Sơn, and Quảng Ninh Provinces) and the Gulf of Tonkin. Formerly a province, Guangxi became an autonomous region in 1958. Its current capital is Nanning.[5]

Guangxi
广西
Kwangsi
Autonomous region
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region
Chinese transcription(s)
 • PinyinGuǎngxī zhuàngzú zìzhìqū
 • JyutpingGwong2 sai1 Zong3 zuk6 Zi6 zi6 keoi1
 • Abbreviation桂 (Guì; Gwai3)
Zhuang transcription(s)
 • Standard ZhuangGvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih
 • AbbreviationGvei
Clockwise from the top:
Location of Guangxi within China
Location of Guangxi within China
CountryChina
Named for
  • 广 guǎng – 'wide'
  • 西 xī – 'west'
  • lit. 'western expanse'
Capital (and largest city)Nanning
Divisions14 prefectures, 109 counties, 1396 townships
Government
 • TypeAutonomous region
 • BodyGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional People's Congress
 • Party SecretaryLiu Ning
 • Congress ChairmanLiu Ning
 • Government ChairmanLan Tianli
 • CPPCC ChairmanSun Dawei
 • National People's Congress Representation89 deputies
Area
 • Total
237,600 km2 (91,700 sq mi)
 • Rank9th
Highest elevation
(Kitten Mountain)
2,141 m (7,024 ft)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total
50,126,804
 • Rank11th
 • Density210/km2 (550/sq mi)
  • Rank20th
Demographics
 • Ethnic composition
 • Languages and dialectsZhuang, Yue languages (mainly Cantonese), Southwestern Mandarin, Pinghua
ISO 3166 codeCN-GX
GDP (2023)[2]CN¥ 2,720 billion (19th)
US$ 386 billion
GDP per capitaCN¥ 54,005 (29th)
US$ 7,664
GDP per growthIncrease 4.1%
HDI (2022)0.751[3] (26th) – high
Website(in Chinese) Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Guangxi
Guangxi in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) characters
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese广西
Traditional Chinese廣西
Hanyu PinyinGuǎngxīⓘ
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGuǎngxīⓘ
Bopomofoㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄒㄧ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhGoangshi
Wade–GilesKuang3-hsi1
Yale RomanizationGwǎngsyī
IPA[kwàŋ.ɕí]
Wu
Romanization[Kuaon上si平] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 11) (help)
Hakka
RomanizationKóng-sî
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationGwóngsāi
JyutpingGwong2 sai1
IPA[kʷɔ̌ːŋ.sɐ́i]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJKńg-sai
Teochew Peng'imKuáng-sai
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUCGuōng-să̤
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Simplified Chinese广西壮族自治区
Traditional Chinese廣西壯族自治區[4]
Hanyu PinyinGuǎngxī zhuàngzú zìzhìqū
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGuǎngxī zhuàngzú zìzhìqū
Bopomofoㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄒㄧ ㄓㄨㄤˋ ㄗㄨˊ ㄗˋ ㄓˋ ㄑㄩ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhGoangshi Juanqtzwu Tzyhjyhchiu
Wade–GilesKuang3-hsi1 Chuang4-tsu2 Tzŭ4-chih4-chʻü1
Yale RomanizationGwǎngsyī Jwàngdzú Dz̀jr̀chyū
IPA[kwàŋ.ɕí ʈʂwâŋ.tsǔ tsɹ̩̂.ʈʂɻ̩̂.tɕʰý]
Wu
Romanization[Kuaon上si平 tsaon去zoh入 zy去zy去chiu平] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 11) (help)
Hakka
RomanizationKóng-sî Tsong-tshu̍k Tshṳ-tshṳ-khî
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationGwóngsāi Jongjuhk Jihjihkēui
JyutpingGwong2 sai1 Zong3 zuk6 Zi6 zi6 keoi1
IPA[kʷɔŋ˧˥.sɐj˥ tsɔŋ˧.tsʊk̚˨ tsi˨.tsi˨.kʰɵɥ˥]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJKńg-sai Chàng-cho̍k Chū-tī-khu
Teochew Peng'imKuáng-sai Tsàng-tsôk Tsĕu-tī-khu
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUCGuōng-să̤ Cáung-cŭk Cê̤ṳ-dê-kṳ̆
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetQuảng Tây
Chữ Hán廣西
Chữ Nôm區自治民族壯廣西
Zhuang name
ZhuangGvangjsih
1957 orthographyGvaŋзsiƅ
Sawndip广西佈僮自治区

Guangxi's location, in mountainous terrain in the far south of China, has placed it on the frontier of Chinese civilization throughout much of Chinese history. The current name "Guang" means "expanse" and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 AD. It was given provincial level status during the Yuan dynasty, but even into the 20th century, it was considered an open, wild territory. The abbreviation of the region is "桂" (Hanyu pinyin: Guì; Zhuang: Gvei), which comes from the name of the city of Guilin, the provincial capital during both the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty.

Guangxi contains the largest population of China's ethnic minorities after Yunnan, in particular, the Zhuang people, who make up 34% of the population. Various regional languages and dialects such as Pinghua, Zhuang, Kam, Cantonese, Hakka, and Min are spoken alongside Mandarin Chinese.[6]

Name

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"Guǎng" (simplified Chinese: 广; traditional Chinese: 廣) means 'expanse' or 'vast', and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226.[7] Guangxi and neighboring Guangdong literally mean 'expanse west' and 'expanse east'. Together, Guangxi and Guangdong are called Liangguang (Liangkwang; traditional Chinese: 兩廣; simplified Chinese: 两广; pinyin: liǎng guǎng; Cantonese Yale: léuhng gwóng; lit. 'Two Expanses', Vietnamese: Lưỡng Quảng). During the Song dynasty, the Two Guangs were formally separated as Guǎngnán Xīlù (廣南西路; 广南西路; 'vast south west region') and Guǎngnán Dōnglù (廣南東路; 广南东路; 'vast south east region'), which became abbreviated as Guǎngxī Lù (廣西路; 广西路) and Guǎngdōng Lù (廣東路; 广东路).

Guangxi was also previously spelled as Kwangsi in postal and Wade–Giles romanizations. The spelling of the province was replaced by the pinyin spelling of Guangxi in 1958 and has been widely used internationally after 1986.[citation needed] The official name was also known as Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region in a number of Western publications outside of China published in the 1950s to 1970s.[8]

History

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Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as the Baiyue ("Hundred Yue", Vietnamese: Bách Việt), the region first became part of China during the Qin dynasty. In 214 BC, the Han Chinese general Zhao Tuo (Vietnamese: Triệu Đà) claimed most of southern China for Qin Shi Huang before the emperor's death. The ensuing civil war permitted Zhao to establish a separate kingdom at Panyu known as Nanyue ("Southern Yue"). Alternatively submissive to and independent of Han dynasty control, Southern Yue expanded colonization and sinicization under its policy of "Harmonizing and Gathering the Hundred Yue" (和集百越) until its collapse in 111 BC during the southward expansion of the Han dynasty.[9]

The name "Guangxi" can be traced to the "Expansive" or "Wide" province (廣州) of the Eastern Wu, which controlled southeastern China during the Three Kingdoms period. Guilin formed one of its commanderies.[citation needed]

Under the Tang dynasty, the Zhuang moved to support Piluoge's kingdom of Nanzhao in Yunnan, which successfully repulsed imperial armies in 751 and 754. Guangxi was then divided into an area of Zhuang ascendancy west of Nanning and an area of Han ascendancy east of Nanning.[citation needed]

After the collapse of the Southern Zhao, Liu Yan established the Southern Han (Nanhan) in Xingwangfu (modern Guangdong). Although this state gained minimal control over Guangxi, it was plagued by instability and annexed by the Song dynasty in 971. The name "Guangxi" itself can be traced to the Song, who administered the area as the Guangnanxi ("West Southern Expanse") Circuit. Harassed by both Song and the Jiaozhi in modern Vietnam, the Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao led a revolt in 1052 for which he is still remembered by the Zhuang people. His independent kingdom was short-lived, however, and the tattooed Song general Di Qing returned Guangxi to China.[citation needed]

The Yuan dynasty established control over Yunnan during its conquest of the Dali Kingdom in 1253 and eliminated the Southern Song following the Battle of Yamen in 1279. Rather than ruling Lingnan as a subject territory or military district, the Mongolians then established Guangxi ("Western Expanse") as a proper province. The area nonetheless continued to be unruly, leading the Ming dynasty to employ the different local groups against one another. At the Battle of Big Rattan Gorge between the Zhuang and the Yao in 1465, 20,000 deaths were reported.[citation needed]

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, parts of Guangxi were ruled by the powerful Cen (岑) clan. The Cen were of Zhuang ethnicity and were recognized as tusi or local rulers by the Chinese emperors.

The Qing dynasty left the region alone until the imposition of direct rule in 1726, but the 19th century was one of constant unrest. A Yao revolt in 1831 was followed by the Jintian Uprising, the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion, in January 1851 and the Da Cheng Rebellion in April 1854. The execution of St. Auguste Chapdelaine by local officials in Guangxi provoked the Second Opium War in 1858 and the legalization of foreign interference in the interior. Although Louis Brière de l'Isle was unable to invade its depot at Longzhou, the Guangxi Army saw a great deal of action in the 1884 Sino-French War. Largely ineffective within Vietnam, it was still able to repulse the French from China itself at the Battle of Zhennan Pass (modern Friendship Pass) on 23 March 1885.[citation needed]

Following the Wuchang Uprising, Guangxi seceded from the Qing Empire on 6 November 1911. The Qing governor, Shen Bingdan, initially remained in place but was subsequently removed by a mutiny commanded by General Lu Rongting. General Lu's Old Guangxi clique overran Hunan and Guangdong as well and helped lead the National Protection War against Yuan Shikai's attempt to re-establish an imperial government. Zhuang's loyalty made his Self-Government Army cohesive but reluctant to move far beyond its own provinces. Subsequent feuding with Sun Yat-sen led to defeat in the 1920 and 1921 Guangdong–Guangxi War. After a brief occupation by Chen Jiongming's Cantonese forces, Guangxi fell into disunity and profound banditry for several years[10] until Li Zongren's Guangxi Pacification Army established the New Guangxi clique dominated by Li, Huang Shaohong, and Bai Chongxi.[citation needed]

Successful action in Hunan against Wu Peifu led to the Zhuang GPA becoming known as the "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Li also repulsed Tang Jiyao's revolt and joined the Northern Expedition establishing control over other warlords by the Republic of China. His was one of the few Kuomintang units free from serious Chinese Communist Party (CCP) influence and was therefore employed by Chiang Kai-shek for the Shanghai massacre of 1927. Within the People's Republic of China, Guangxi is also noted for the Baise Uprising, a failed CCP revolt led by Chen Zhaoli and Deng Xiaoping in 1929.[citation needed]

In 1937, the Guangxi Women's Battalion was founded as a response to Soong Mei-ling's appeal for women to support the Sino-Japanese War.[11][12] Reports on the size of the battalion vary from 130 students,[13] to 500,[14] to 800.[11]

Being in the far south, Guangxi did not fall during the Chinese Civil War, but joined the People's Republic in December 1949, two months after its founding.[citation needed]

In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline (Qinzhou, Lianzhou (now Hepu County), Fangchenggang and Beihai) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965.[citation needed]

The Guangxi Massacre, during the Cultural Revolution, involved the killing of 100,000 to 150,000 in the region in 1967 and 1968.[15][16]

While some development of heavy industry occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, the region remained largely a scenic tourist destination.[citation needed] Even the economic growth of the 1990s seemed to leave Guangxi behind. However, in recent years, there has been a growing amount of industrialization and increasing concentration on cash crops. Per capita GDP has risen as industries in Guangdong transfer production to comparatively lower-wage areas in Guangxi.[citation needed]

During the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War, Guangxi communities were important to the Chinese war effort.[17]: 101  They supplied logistical support to the People's Liberation Army, including food and housing.[17]: 101  Militia members from Guangxi performed tasks including building roads, bridges, trenches, other logistical efforts, and caring for the wounded.[17]: 101 

Geography

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Map of southern China

Located in the southern part of the country, Guangxi is bordered by Yunnan to the west, Guizhou to the north, Hunan to the northeast, and Guangdong to the east and southeast.[18][19] It is also bordered by Vietnam in the southwest and the Gulf of Tonkin in the south.[18][19] Its proximity to Guangdong is reflected in its name, with "Guang" (simplified Chinese: 广; traditional Chinese: 廣; pinyin: Guǎng) being used in both names.[18]

Large portions of Guangxi are hilly and mountainous.[18][19] The northwest portion of Guangxi includes part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,[18] the Jiuwan Mountains and the Fenghuang Mountains both run through the north,[18] the Nanling Mountains form the region's north-east border,[citation needed] and the Yuecheng[18] and Haiyang Mountains both branch from the Nanling Mountains.[citation needed] Also in the north are the Duyao Mountains.[citation needed] The Duyang Mountains run through the west of Guangxi.[18] Near the center of the region are the Da Yao and Da Ming Mountains.[citation needed] On the southeastern border are the Yunkai Mountains.[citation needed] Guangxi's highest point is Kitten Mountain, in the Yuecheng Mountains, at 2,141 metres (7,024 ft).[19]

Karst landforms,[20] characterized by steep mountains and large caverns,[18] are common in Guangxi, accounting for 37.8 percent of its total land area.[19]

Guangxi is also home to several river systems, which flow into several different bodies of water: the Qin River and the Nanliu River both flow into the Gulf of Tonkin, several tributary rivers flow into the larger Xiang River in neighbouring Hunan province, and the Xi River system flows southeast through the autonomous region into the South China Sea.[18]

Xi River system schematic
(italics indicates rivers outside Guangxi)
He River (贺江) Xi River
Li River Gui River (桂江)[18]
Beipan River Hongshui River[18] Qian River[18] Xun River[18]
Nanpan River
Rong River Liu River[18]
Long River
You River[18] Yong River Yu River[18]
Zuo River[18]

Along the border with Vietnam there is the Ban Gioc–Detian waterfall (pinyin: Dé Tiān Pùbù), which separates the two countries.

About one-quarter of Guangxi's area is forested.[18]

Human geography

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Major cities in Guangxi include Nanning, Liuzhou, Guilin, and Beihai. Notable towns include Longmen [zh], Sanjiang, and Yangshuo.[clarification needed] The Xi River system provides waterways which connect to the Pearl River Delta. Important seaports along Guangxi's short coastline on the Gulf of Tonkin include Beihai, Qinzhou, and Fangchenggang. Pinglu Canal was constructed to connect Xi River system and coastal Guangxi.[21]

Climate

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Guangxi has a subtropical climate.[19] Summers are generally long, hot, and humid, lasting from April to October.[18] Winters are mild, and snow is rare.[18] The autonomous region's average annual temperature ranges from 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) to 23.5 °C (74.3 °F),[19] with January temperatures typically ranging from 4 °C (39 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F),[18] and July temperatures typically ranging from 27 °C (81 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F).[18]

Due to frequent rain-bearing monsoon winds, average annual precipitation is quite high in Guangxi, ranging from 1,080 millimetres (43 in) in drier zones to 1,730 millimetres (68 in) in wetter zones.[18] The region also experiences monsoons, blowing from south-southwest from late April to the beginning of October.[citation needed] Most of the precipitation occurs between May and August.[18] Microbursts can also occasionally occur in the extreme south of the region, from July to September.[18] This is caused by typhoons blowing from the South China Sea.[18]

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Administrative divisions

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Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Guangxi and List of township-level divisions of Guangxi

Guangxi is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities:

Administrative divisions of Guangxi
Division code[22] Division Area in km2[23] Population 2020[24] Seat Divisions[25]
Districts Counties Aut. counties CL cities
450000 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 236,700.00 50,126,804 Nanning city 41 48 12 10
450100 Nanning city 22,099.31 8,741,584 Qingxiu District 7 4 1
450200 Liuzhou city 18,596.64 4,157,934 Liubei District 5 3 2
450300 Guilin city 27,667.28 4,931,137 Lingui District 6 8 2 1
450400 Wuzhou city 12,572.44 2,820,977 Changzhou District 3 3 1
450500 Beihai city 3,988.67 1,853,227 Haicheng District 3 1
450600 Fangchenggang city 6,181.19 1,046,068 Gangkou District 2 1 1
450700 Qinzhou city 10,820.85 3,302,238 Qinnan District 2 2
450800 Guigang city 10,605.44 4,316,262 Gangbei District 3 1 1
450900 Yulin city 12,828.11 5,796,766 Yuzhou District 2 4 1
451000 Baise city 36,203.85 3,571,505 Youjiang District 2 7 1 2
451100 Hezhou city 11,771.54 2,007,858 Babu District 2 2 1
451200 Hechi city 33,487.65 3,417,945 Yizhou District 2 4 5
451300 Laibin city 13,391.59 2,074,611 Xingbin District 1 3 1 1
451400 Chongzuo city 17,345.47 2,088,692 Jiangzhou District 1 5 1

These 14 prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 111 county-level divisions (41 districts, 10 county-level cities, 48 counties, and 12 autonomous counties). At the year-end of 2021, the total population is 48.85 million.[26]

Urban areas

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Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[27] 2010 Urban area[28] 2020 City proper
1 Nanning 4,939,523 2,660,833[b] 8,741,584
2 Liuzhou 2,204,841 1,410,712[c] 4,157,934
3 Guilin 1,361,244 844,290[d] 4,931,137
4 Guigang 921,440 658,887 4,316,262
5 Yulin 877,561 547,924 5,796,766
6 Qinzhou 771,052 489,139 3,302,238
7 Beihai 673,483 463,388 1,853,227
8 Wuzhou 665,910 424,734[e] 2,820,977
9 Guiping 652,210 508,212 see Guigang
10 Beiliu 573,761 652,853 see Yulin
11 Hezhou 560,686 379,889[f] 2,007,858
12 Laibin 531,511 315,875 2,074,611
13 Baise 513,983 185,497[g] 3,571,505
14 Hechi 504,030 197,858[h] 3,417,945
15 Fangchenggang 416,752 278,955 1,046,068
16 Cenxi 397,639 337,052 see Wuzhou
17 Pingguo 277,500 [i] see Baise
18 Chongzuo 265,077 113,539 2,088,692
19 Dongxing 155,538 92,267 see Fangchenggang
20 Jingxi 150,456 [j] see Baise
21 Lipu 146,753 [k] see Guilin
22 Heshan 48,873 66,118 see Laibin
— Yizhou see Hechi 155,365[h] see Hechi
  1. ^ /ɡwɑːŋˈʃiː/, gwahng-SHEE; [kwàŋ.ɕí] ⓘ; alternately romanized as Kwangsi or Kwanghsi; Chinese: 广西; Zhuang: Gvangjsih
  2. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Wuming (Wuming County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Liujiang (Liujiang County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Lingui (Lingui County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Longxu by splitting from parts of Cangwu County. The new district areas from Cangwu County not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  6. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Pinggui by splitting from parts of Zhongshan County and parts of Babu. The new district areas from Zhongshan County not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  7. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Tianyang (Tianyang County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  8. ^ a b New district established after 2010 census: Yizhou (Yizhou CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  9. ^ Pingguo County is currently known as Pingguo CLC after 2010 census.
  10. ^ Jingxi County is currently known as Jingxi CLC after 2010 census.
  11. ^ Lipu County is currently known as Lipu CLC after 2010 census.

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[29] 7,879,000—    
1928[30] 13,648,000+73.2%
1936–37[31] 13,385,000−1.9%
1947[32] 14,636,000+9.3%
1954[33] 19,560,822+33.6%
1964[34] 20,845,017+6.6%
1982[35] 36,420,960+74.7%
1990[36] 42,245,765+16.0%
2000[37] 43,854,538+3.8%
2010[38] 46,026,629+5.0%
2020[39] 50,126,804+8.9%

Ethnic groups

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The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group in Guangxi. Han Chinese populations in Guangxi largely live along the autonomous region's southern coast and eastern portions.[19] Of these, the main subgroups are those that speak Yue and Southwestern Mandarin varieties of Chinese. Qinzhou and Goulou Yue are spoken in the southern and eastern regions, respectively. Pinghua is spoken in Nanning and Guilin. There are Hakka-speaking regions in Luchuan County, Bobai County and in some areas bordering Vietnam.

Guangxi has over 16 million Zhuangs, the largest minority ethnicity in China. Over 90 percent of Zhuang in China live in Guangxi, especially in the central and western regions. High concentrations of Zhuang people can be found in Nanning, Liuzhou, Chongzuo, Baise, Hechi, and Laibin.[19] The highest concentration of ethnic Zhuang people is found in the county-level city of Jingxi, with a 2021 publication by the People's Government of Guangxi stating that Jingxi's population is 99.7% Zhuang.[19]

The autonomous region also has sizable populations of indigenous Yao, Miao, Kam, Mulam, Maonan, Hui, Gin, Yi, Sui and Gelao peoples.[19] Other ethnic minorities in Guangxi include the Manchu, Mongol, Korean, Tibetan, Hlai, and Tujia people.[19]

Ethnic makeup of the Guanxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (2020 Seventh National Census)[40]
Ethnicity Han Chinese Zhuang Yao Miao Dong Mulao Maonan Hui Bouyei Gin Other nationalities
Population 31,318,824 15,721,956 1,683,038 578,122 362,580 180,185 73,199 35,347 31,303 29,326 112,924
Percentage (%) 62.48 31.36 3.36 1.15 0.72 0.36 0.15 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.23
Proportion of minority population (%) － 83.59 8.95 3.07 1.93 0.96 0.39 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.60

Religion

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Religion in Guangxi[41][note 1]

  Chinese ancestral religion (40.48%)
  Christianity (0.26%)
  Other religions or not religious people[note 2] (59.26%)

The predominant religions in Guangxi among the Han Chinese are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. The large Zhuang population mostly practices the Zhuang folk religion centered around the worship of their ancestral god Buluotuo (布洛陀). According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 40.48% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration, while 0.26% of the population identifies as Christian.[41]

The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 59.26% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects. The Yao, another numerous ethnic group inhabiting the province, mostly practices a form of indigenised and conservative Taoism.

 
Wenmiao (Temple of the God of Culture, Confucius) in Gongcheng.
 
Shrine of Zhou Wei in Gongcheng.
 
Wumiao (Temple of the God of War, Guandi) in Gongcheng.

Today, there are 21 mosques in Guangxi[42] This may include:

Politics

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Further information: Nationalist Government
Further information: List of current Chinese provincial leaders

Economy

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View of Nanning, the capital and economic center of Guangxi.

Important crops in Guangxi include rice, maize and sweet potatoes. Cash crops include sugar cane, peanuts, tobacco, and kenaf.

85 percent of the world's star anise is grown in Guangxi. It is a major ingredient in the antiviral oseltamivir.[44]

Guangxi is one of China's key production centers for nonferrous metals. The region holds approximately 1/3 of all tin and manganese deposits in China.[45]

Liuzhou is the main industrial center and a major motor vehicle manufacturing center. General Motors have a manufacturing base here in a joint venture as SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile. The city also has a large steel factory and several related industries. The local government of Guangxi hopes to expand the region's manufacturing sector, and during the drafting of China's Five Year Plan in 2011, earmarked 2.6 trillion RMB for investment in the region's Beibu Gulf Economic Zone(See Below).[45]

In recent years Guangxi's economy has languished behind that of its wealthy neighbor and twin, Guangdong. Guangxi's 2017 nominal GDP was about 2039.63 billion yuan (US$302.09 billion) and ranked 17th in China. Its per capita GDP was 38,102 yuan (US$5,770).[46]

Due to its lack of a major manufacturing industry in comparison to other provincial-level regions, Guangxi is the fourth most energy efficient provincial-level region in China, helping to further boost its green image.[47]

As the only coastal region in China with close proximity to Southeast Asia, Guangxi holds a strategic position in China's trade with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).[48]

Economic and technological development zones

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A commercial street in Guilin
  • Beihai Silver Beach National Tourist Holiday Resort
  • Beihai Export Processing Zone

Approved by the State Council, Beihai Export Processing Zone (BHEPZ) was established in March 2003. Total planned area is 1.454 square kilometres (0.561 sq mi). The first phase of the developed area is 1.135 square kilometres (0.438 sq mi). It was verified and accepted by the Customs General Administration and eight ministries of the state, on 26 December 2003. It is the Export Processing Zone nearest to ASEAN in China and also the only one bordering the sea in western China. It is situated next to Beihai Port.[49]

  • Dongxing Border Economic Cooperation Area
  • Guilin National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Guilin Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in May 1988. In 1991, it was approved as a national-level industrial zone. It has an area of 12.07 square kilometres (4.66 sq mi). Encouraged industries include electronic information, biomedical, new materials, and environmental protection.[50]

  • Nanning Economic & Technological Development Area

Established in 1992, Nanning Economic and Technological Development Zone was approved to be a national-level zone in May 2001. Its total planned area of 10.796 square kilometres (4.168 sq mi). It is located in the south of Nanning. It has become the new developing zone with fine chemical engineering, auto parts, aluminum processing, biological medicine and other industries.[51]

  • Nanning National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Nanning Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1988 and was approved as a national-level industrial zone in 1992. The zone has a planned area of 43.7 square kilometres (16.9 sq mi), and it encourages industries that do electronic information, bioengineering and pharmaceutical, mechanical and electrical integration, and the new materials industry.[52]

  • Pingxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone

In 1992, Pinxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone was established. It has a total area of 7.2 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi). It focuses on the development of hardware mechanical and electrical products, daily-use chemical processing, services, and the international logistics-based storage and information industry.[53]

  • Yongning Economic Development Zone

Investment

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Seventy-one Taiwanese ventures started up in Guangxi in 2007, with contracts bringing up to US$149 million of investment, while gross exports surpassed US$1 billion. There are a total of 1182 Taiwan ventures in Guangxi, and by the end of 2006, they have brought a total of US$4.27 billion of investment into the autonomous region. During the first half of 2007, 43 projects worthy of RMB2.6 billion (US$342 million) have already been contracted between Guangxi and Taiwan investors. Cooperation between Guangxi and Taiwan companies mainly relates to manufacturing, high-tech electronic industries, agriculture, energy resources, and tourism.[citation needed]

Power

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Guangxi Power Grid invested 180 million yuan in 2007 in projects to bring power to areas that still lacked access to electricity. The areas affected include Nanning, Hechi, Bose and Guigang. Around 125,000 people have gained access to electricity. The money has been used to build or alter 738 10-kilovolt distribution units with a total length of wire reaching 1,831.8 kilometers.[citation needed]

Due to a lack of investment in construction in the power grid net in rural areas, more than 400 villages in Guangxi Province were not included in the projects. Around 500,000 cannot participate in the policy known as "The Same Grid, the Same Price". Guangxi Power Grid will invest 4.6 billion yuan in improving the power grid during the 11th Five Year Plan.[citation needed]

Guangxi Power Grid invested 2.5 billion yuan in building an electric power system in the first half of 2007. Of the total investment, 2.3 billion yuan has been put into the project of the main power grid. So far, four new transformer substations in Guangxi are in various stages of completion. Wenfu substation went into operation in the city of Hechi in January 2007, and since then it has become a major hub of the electrical power system of the surrounding three counties. When the Cangwu substation was completed, it doubled the local transformer capacity. In June 2007, the new substation in Chongzuo passed its operation tests. And in the same month, Qiulong commenced production too. This shall support the power supply system of Qiulong City, as well as the northern part of the Guangxi region, and facilitate the nationwide project to transmit power from west to east.[citation needed]

Beibu Gulf Economic Zone

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See also: Beibu Gulf Economic Rim

In late February 2008, the central government approved China's first international and regional economic cooperation zone in Guangxi. The construction of the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone began in 2006. With the approval, the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone will be formally incorporated into national development strategies.[citation needed]

The Beibu Gulf Economic Zone covers six coastal cities along the Beibu Gulf. It integrates the cities of Nanning, the region's capital, Beihai, Qinzhou, Fangchenggang, Chongzuo and Yulin. The state will adopt policies and measures to support mechanism innovation, rational industry layout, and infrastructure construction in the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone.[citation needed]

Guangxi has pledged a 100 billion yuan (US$14 billion) investment over the next five years[when?] for building and repairing 2,500 km (1,600 mi) railways to form a network hub in the area. Beibu Gulf Zone will serve as the logistics base, business base, processing and manufacturing base, and information exchange center for China-ASEAN cooperation. Beibu Gulf Zone promises broad prospects for further development and its growth potential is rapidly released. But the shortage of talent and professionals in petrochemicals, iron and steel, electricity, finance, tourism, port planning, logistics and marine industries are bottlenecks.[citation needed]

The regional government is also working on speeding up key cooperation projects including transportation, the marine industry, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy development, cross-border tourism, and environmental protection. Beibu Gulf has already attracted several major projects such as Qinzhou oil refinery projects and Stora Enso, a Fortune 500 forest products company based in Finland. In January 2008 trade import and export in the Beibu Gulf zone exceeded US$1.3 billion, a record high.[citation needed]

Bauxite reserves

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In September 2007, China's Ministry of Commerce said that it has found 120 million tons of new bauxite reserves in Guangxi. The ministry said that the new reserves, which are located in Chongzhou in the southern region of Youjiang, have very high-quality bauxite, a raw material for making aluminum. Currently, the proven reserves of bauxite in Guangxi are about 1 billion tons, making the province one of the country's biggest bauxite sources.

Transport

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Rail

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The Guizhou–Guangxi Railway near the Layi Station in Nandan County, Hechi.

The Hunan–Guangxi Railway (Xianggui Line), which bisects the autonomous region diagonally from Quanzhou in the northeast on the border with Hunan to Pingxiang in the southwest on the border with Vietnam, passes through Guangxi's three principal cities, Nanning, Liuzhou and Guilin. Most other railways in Guangxi are connected to the Xianggui Line.

From Nanning, the Nanning–Kunming Railway heads west through Baise to Kunming, Yunnan and the Nanning–Fangchenggang Railway runs south to Qinzhou, Fangchenggang and Beihai on the coast. From Liuzhou, the Guizhou–Guangxi Railway extends northwestward through Hechi to Guizhou and the Jiaozuo–Liuzhou Railway runs due north to Hunan, and eventually Hubei and Henan in central China. From Litang Township on the Xianggui Line between Nanning and Liuzhou, the Litang–Qinzhou Railway runs south to Qinzhou on the coast and the Litang–Zhanjiang Railway (Lizhan Line) extends southeastward through Guigang and Yulin to Zhanjiang, Guangdong.

The Luoyang–Zhanjiang Railway (Luozhan Line), which intersects with the Xianggui Line on the Hunan side of the border at Yongzhou, runs south through Hezhou and Wuzhou in eastern Guangxi and joins the Lizhan Line at Yulin. At Cenxi, a branch of the Luozhan Line heads east to Maoming, Guangdong, forming a second rail outlet from Guangxi to Guangdong.

Roads

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Aviation

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Guangxi has 7 airports in different cities: Nanning, Guilin, Beihai, Liuzhou, Wuzhou, Baise, and Hechi.

Culture

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Main articles: Lingnan culture and Zhuang customs and culture
 
Pagodas in Guilin.

"Guangxi" and neighbouring Guangdong literally mean "Western Expanse" and "Eastern Expanse". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called the "Two Expanses" (simplified Chinese: 两广; traditional Chinese: 兩廣; pinyin: Liǎngguǎng).

Its culture and language are reflected in this. Though now associated with the Zhuang ethnic minority, Guangxi's culture traditionally has had a close connection with Cantonese. Cantonese culture and language followed the Xi River valley from Guangdong and are still predominant in the eastern half of Guangxi today. Outside of this area, there is a huge variety of ethnicities and language groups represented.

Guangxi is known for its ethnolinguistic diversity. In the capital of Nanning, for example, three varieties of Chinese are spoken locally: Southwestern Mandarin, Yue (specifically Cantonese), and Pinghua, in addition to various Zhuang languages and others.[citation needed]

Cuisine

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Main article: Guangxi cuisine

Guangxi cuisine is known as Chinese: 桂菜; pinyin: guìcài however it is not as affluent as its more known neighbours like Sichuan, Hunan or Guangdong. Much of Guangxi's local cuisine is centered around the cuisine of its ethnic minorities. This includes the more well known Luosifen soup, Chinese: 桂林米粉; pinyin: guìlín mǐfěn and a variety of pickled dishes.

Tourism

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Cormorant fisherman on the Li River in Yangshuo County

The major tourist attraction of Guangxi is Guilin, a city famed across China and the world for its spectacular setting by the Li Jiang (Li River) among karst peaks. It also used to be the capital of Guangxi and Jingjiang Princes' City, the old princes' residence, is open to the public. South of Guilin down the river is the town of Yangshuo, which has become a favourite destination for foreign tourists.

The variety of visible cultures in Guangxi, such as the Zhuang and Dong, are also a draw for tourists. The northern part of the region, bordering Guizhou, is home to the Longsheng Rice Terraces, some of the steepest in the world. Nearby is Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County.

Many Chinese tourists visiting Nanning also visit Ban Gioc–Detian Falls on the China-Vietnam border.

Education

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See also: List of universities and colleges in Guangxi

Sister regions

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[41] to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
  2. ^ This may include:

References

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Citations

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Sources

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