Indore State was a kingdom within the Maratha Confederacy ruled by the Maratha Holkar dynasty.[1] After 1857, Indore became a 19-gun salute princely state within the Central India Agency of the Indian Empire under British protection.
State of Indore Indūra rājya (Marathi) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1732–1948 | |||||||||
  Top: Flag (1732–1818)
Bottom: Flag (1818–1950)  Coat of arms
| |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Status | State Within the Maratha Confederacy (1731–1818) Protectorate of the East India Company (1818–1857) Princely State of the British Raj (1857–1947) State of the Dominion of India (1947–1948) | ||||||||
| Capital | Indore | ||||||||
| Maharaja | |||||||||
• 1732–1766 (first) | Malhar Rao Holkar | ||||||||
• 1926–1948 (last) | Yashwant Rao Holkar II | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 29 July 1732 | ||||||||
• Accession to Dominion of India | 1 January 1948 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1931 | 25,646 km2 (9,902 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1931 | 13,25,089 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | India ∟ Madhya Pradesh | ||||||||
Indore State was located in the present-day Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, with its capital at the city of Indore. The state had an area of 24,605 km2 and a population of 1,325,089 in 1931. Other important towns besides Indore were Rampura, Khargone, Maheshwar, Mehidpur, Barwaha, and Bhanpura; there were a total of 3,368 villages.[2]
History
editBy 1720, the headquarters of the local pargana was transferred from Kampel to Indore due to the increasing commercial activity in the city. On 18 May 1724, the Nizam accepted the rights of the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao I to collect chauth (taxes) from the area. In 1733, the Peshwa assumed full control of Malwa and appointed his commander Malhar Rao Holkar as the subahdar of the province.[citation needed]
On 29 July 1732, Bajirao Peshwa-I granted Holkar State by granting 28 and a half parganas to Malhar Rao Holkar, the founding ruler of the Holkar dynasty. His daughter-in-law Ahilyabai Holkar moved the state's capital to Maheshwar in 1767, but Indore remained an important commercial and military centre.[citation needed]
After the defeat of the Holkar rulers in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, an agreement was signed on 6 January 1818 with the British and the Indore State became a British protectorate. The Holkar dynasty was able to continue to rule Indore as a princely state mainly owing to the efforts of Dewan Tatya Jog.
The capital was moved from Maheshwar to Indore on 3 November 1818 and the Indore Residency, a political residency with a British resident, was established in the city. Later, Indore would be established as the headquarters of the British Central India Agency. In 1906, electrical infrastructure was installed in the city while a fire brigade was established in 1909. By 1918, the first master plan of the city was drawn by architect and town planner Patrick Geddes.
During the period of Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar II (1852–86), efforts were made for the planned development and industrial development of Indore. During the reigns of Maharaja Shivaji Rao Holkar, Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar III, and Maharaja Yeshwant Rao Holkar, business flourished thanks to the railways that had been introduced in the state in 1875.
In 1926, Maharaja Tukoji Rao III Holkar XIII abdicated after being implicated in a murder case involving a court dancer and her lover.[3]
After the independence of India in 1947, Indore State, along with a number of neighbouring princely states, acceded to India. Yashwant Rao Holkar II, the last ruler of the state, signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950. The territories of the state became part of the new Indian state of Madhya Bharat.
List of Rulers
editThe kings of Indore held the title of 'Maharaja' Holkar. The rulers of the state were entitled to a 19 gun salute by the British authorities.[4] The Holkar State Darbar (Court) was composed of many Jagirdars, Sardars, Istamuradars, Mankaris and Zamindars.[5][6]
Maharajas
edit| Name | Birth | Death | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|
| Malhar Rao Holkar I | 1694 | 1766 | 1731 – 20 May 1766 |
| Male Rao Holkar II | 1745 | 1767 | 20 May 1766 – 5 April 1767 |
| Ahilya Bai Holkar (III)(f), regent and then ruling queen | 1725 | 1795 | April 1767 – 13 August 1795 |
| Tukoji Rao I Holkar IV | 1723 | 1797 | 13 August 1795 – 29 January 1797 (also listed as co-ruler from April 1767) |
| Kashi Rao Holkar V | ? | 1808 | 29 January 1797 – January 1799 |
| Khande Rao I Holkar VI | 1798 | 1806 | January 1799 – 1806 |
| Yashwant Rao I Holkar | 1776 | 1811 | 1806 – 27 October 1811 (regent from January 1799) |
| Malhar Rao III Holkar VII | 1801 | 1833 | November 1811 – 27 October 1833 |
| Maharani Tulsi Bai (f), regent | ? | 1817 | November 1811 – 20 December 1817 |
| Martand Rao Holkar VIII | 1830 | 1849 | 27 October 1833 – 2 February 1834 |
| Hari Rao Holkar IX | 1795 | 1843 | 2 February 1834 – 24 October 1843 |
| Khande Rao II Holkar X | 1828 | 1844 | 24 October 1843 – 17 February 1844 |
| Maharani Maji (f), first regency | ? | 1849 | 24 October 1843 – 17 February 1844 |
| Tukoji Rao II Holkar XI (knighted 25 June 1861) |
1835 | 1886 | 27 June 1844 – 17 June 1886 |
| Maharani Maji (f), second regency (s.a.) | ? | 1849 | 27 June 1844 – September 1849 |
| Shivaji Rao Holkar XII (knighted 30 June 1887) |
1859 | 1908 | 17 June 1886 – 31 January 1903 |
| Tukoji Rao III Holkar XIII (knighted 1 January 1918) |
1890 | 1978 | 31 January 1903 – 26 February 1926 |
| Yashwant Rao II Holkar XIV (knighted 1 January 1935) |
1908 | 1961 | 26 February 1926 – 15 August 1947 |
| Usha Devi Holkar | 1961 | present |
Diwans of Indore
edit- c. 1808 – 1811: Bala Ram Seth
- 1811 – December 1817: Ganpal Rao
- 1818 – April 1826: Tantia Jog (Tatya Jog) (died 1826)
- April 1826 – 1827?: Raoji Trimbak
- 1827: Daji Bakhshi
- 1827? – 1829: Appa Rao Krishna
- 1829 – 1834?: Madhav Rao Phadnis
- April 1834 – November 1836: Sardar Revaji Rao Phanse
- 1836 – 1839?: Abbaji Ballal (or Bhawani Bin)
- 1839? – 1840?: Bhao Rao Phanse (1st time)
- 1840? – October 1841: Narayan Rao Palshikar
- 1841 – 1842?: the ruler
- 1842? – 1848: Bhao Rao Phanse (2nd time)
- 1848 – 1849: Ram Rao Palshikar
- 1852 – 1872: Bhawani Singh Dube[7][8]
- 1872[7][8] – 1875: Sir T. Madhava Rao (1828–1891)
- 1875 – 1881: R. Raghunatha Rao (1st time) (1831–1912)
- 1881? – 1884?: Shahamat Ali
- 1884 – 1886: Nana Moroji Trilokekar
- 1886 – 1888: R. Raghunatha Rao (2nd time) (s.a.)
- c. 1890s: Balkrishna Atmaram Gupte
- 1890–1913: Sir Shri Rai Bhadhur Nanak Chand Ji Airen (as First Prime Minister Of State)
- 4 April 1913 – October 1914: Narayan Ganesh Chandravarkar
- 1914 – 1916: ....
- 1916 – 1921: Ram Prasad Dube (1st time. Nephew of Bhawani Singh Dube.[7])
- November 1921 – 1923?: Chettur Sankaran Nair (1857–1934)
- 1923 – 1926: Ram Prasad Dube (2nd time)
Prime ministers
edit• 1879 -1884: Bakshi Khuman Singh (C.S.I.)
- 1890–1913: Sir Shri Rai Bhadhur Nanak Chand Ji Airen
- February 1926 – 1939: Siremal Bapna (s.a.)
- 1939 – 1942?: Sardar Dina Nath
- 1942 – 1947: Raja Gyannath Madan
- 1947: R.G. Horton
- 1 September 1947 – 3 January 1948: E.P. Menon
- January 1948: N.C. Mehta
- 26 January 1948 – March 1948: M.V. Bhide
British Residents
editBritish Residents of the Indore Residency.[9]
- 1840–1844: Sir Claude Martin Wade (1794–1861)
- 1845–1859: Robert North Collie Hamilton (1802–1887)
- 1859–1861: Sir Richmond Campbell Shakespear (1812–1861)
- 1861–1869: Richard John Meade (1821–1899)
- 1869–1881: Henry D. Daly
- 1881–1888: Henry Lepel-Griffin (1838–1908)
- 1888–1890: P.F. Henvey
- 1890–1894: R.J. Crosthwaite
- 1894–1899: David W.K. Barr
- 1899–1902: Robert Henry Jennings
- 1902–1903: Francis Younghusband (1863–1942)
- 1903–1907: Oswald Vivian Bosanquet (1st time) (1866–1933)
- 1907–1909: James Levett Kaye (1861–1917)
- 1909–1910: Charles Beckford Luard
- 1910–1916: Charles Lennox Russell
- 1916–1919: Oswald Vivian Bosanquet (2nd time) (s.a.)
- 1919?–1921: Francis Granville Beville
- 1921–1924: Denys Brooke Blakeway (1870–1933)
- 1924–1929: Sir Reginald Glancy
- March 1927 – October 1927: Edward Herbert Kealy (acting for Glancy)
- 1929–1930: H.R.N. Pritchard
- 1930–1931: Frederick Bailey
- 1931–1932: G.M. Ogilvie
- 1933 – 21 March 1935: Rawdon James MacNabb (1883–1935)
- 1935–1940: Kenneth Samuel Fitze (1887–1960)
- 1940–1942: Gerald Thomas Fisher
- 1942–1946: Walter F. Campbell
- 1946–1947: Henry Mortimer Poulton (b. 1898 – d. 1973)
British Agents
edit
Agents to the Governor-General for the Central India Agency. The headquarters of the agent were at Indore.
- 1845–1854: Robert North Collie Hamilton (s.a.)
- 1854–1899: the British Residents in Indore
- 1899–1900: David W.K. Barr
- Mar 1900–1905: Charles S. Bayley
- 1905–1910: Hugh Daly
- 1910–1912: Michael Francis O'Dwyer (1864–1910)
- 1912–1913: John B. Wood
- 1913–1916: Oswald Vivian Bosanquet (s.a.)
- 1916–1944: the British Residents in Indore
- 1944–1946: Walter Campbell
- 1946–1947: Henry Mortimer Poulton (1898–1973)
Orders of chivalry
editThe Royal House of Indore awards the Order of Ahilya Holkar Sultanat, which is awarded in three classes. It was founded on November 22, 1900 by Maharaja Sir Tukojirao III Holkar XIII.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Cotton, James Sutherland (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 500–501.
- ^ Great Britain India Office. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.
- ^ Jhala, Angma Dey (2016). Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India ("The Body, Gender and Culture") by. London New York: Routledge. p. 125. ISBN 978-1138663640. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
- ^ "Indore Princely State (19 gun salute)". Archived from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
- ^ Madan, T.N. (1988). Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 129. ISBN 9788120805279. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ Russell, Robert Vane (1916). "Pt. II. Descriptive articles on the principal castes and tribes of the Central Provinces".
- ^ a b c Laurd, C. E. (1908). Indore State Gazetteer Vol II. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing. p. 43.
- ^ a b Rulers, Leading Families and Officials in the States of Central India. 1935. p. 24.
- ^ Princely States of India
- ^ Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India. Anmol Publications. 1996. p. 104. ISBN 978-81-7041-859-7.
External links
edit
- Santa Ana's Richest Resident, The Maharajah of Indore. Archived 12 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
- Royal Family of Indore