The Ngiyampaa people, also spelt Ngyiyambaa, Nyammba and Ngemba,[1][a] are an Aboriginal Australian people of the state of New South Wales. The generic name refers to an aggregation of three groups, the Ngiyampaa, the Ngiyampaa Wangaaypuwan, and the Ngiyampaa Wayilwan, respectively clans of a larger Ngiyampaa nation.[2][3][4]
Language
editTheir language consisted of varieties of Ngiyampaa,[b][5] which was composed of two dialects, Ngiyambaa Wangaaypuwan and Wayilwan Ngiyambaa.[6] [7][8] The Wangaaypuwan (with wangaay) people are so called because they use wangaay to say "no", as opposed to the Ngiyampaa in the Macquarie Marshes and towards Walgett, who were historically defined separately by colonial ethnographers as Wayilwan, so-called because their word for "no" was wayil.[9][7] The distinction between Ngiyampaa, Wangaaypuwan, and Wayilwan traditionally drawn, and sanctioned by the classification of Norman Tindale, may rest upon a flawed assumption of marked "tribal" differences based on Ngiyampaa linguistic discriminations between internal groups or clans whose word for "no" varied.[4]
Country
editAccording to Tindale's estimation, Ngiyampaa tribal lands (ngurrampaa, "country")[c] extended over some 6,600 square miles (17,000 km2) in the territory, much of it peneplain, lying south of the south bank of the Barwon and Darling rivers, from Brewarrina to Dunlop. Their area included Yanda Creek down to the source of Mulga Creek, and took in the Bogan River.[1][10] The Wayilwan clan[3][4] were on their southeastern flank, the Wangaaypuwan clan[11] southwest while the Gamilaraay were to the northeast and the Paakantyi to their west and northwest.
Mount Grenfell, some 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Cobar, is an important site for the Ngiyampaa people, who were barred from accessing it until the 1970s.[12]
Group classifications
editA geographical distinction regarding the homeland camping world (ngurrampaa) is attested between three groups, all inhabiting areas devoid of permanent watercourses.
- (a) pilaarrkiyalu ('woodlanders'. Lit.'belar people') to the east.
- (b) nhiilyikiyalu (nilyah tree people) a westerly group who formerly camped northwest of the ngurrampaa, around Marfield station.
These two groups are collectively referred to as drylanders.
- (c)karulkiyalu or 'stone people', those associated with the stony terrain north of the Ngiyampaa's camping world.[13]
A further distinction was drawn between the above three groups and two groups of river people whose descendants now dwell to the east and west of the ngurrampaa. These are the
- (d) kaliyarrkiyalu (people of the Lachlan River (kaliyarr)
- (e) paawankay (people of the Darling River).[14]
History of contact
editIn 1914 a regional newspaper stated that there had been a massacre in 1859 of around 300 Ngiyampaa at Hospital Creek, close to Brewarrina.[15]
Some words
edit- ngurram-paa ('camp-world', therefore homeland)[16]
- ngurrangkiyalu (housewife)[13]
- purrpa (school for making men)[17]
- waaway (Rainbow Serpent)[18]
- wirringan (doctors or 'clever' people)[19]
Notes
edit- ^ This version of the ethnonym represents a northern pronunciation, in which speakers tended to run iya together, producing a vocalisation close to English 'e'. (Beckett et al. 2003, p. 12)
- ^ The name of the language means 'talk-world' (Donaldson 1984, p. 23)
- ^ ngurra means 'camp' while the suffix paa indicates a world or place. (Donaldson 1984, p. 23)
Citations
edit- ^ a b Tindale 1974, p. 198.
- ^ Beckett et al. 2003, p. 4.
- ^ a b Beckett et al. 2003, p. 7.
- ^ a b c Donaldson 1984, p. 29.
- ^ Donaldson 1985, p. 126.
- ^ Dixon 2002, p. xxxv.
- ^ a b Donaldson 1984, p. 26.
- ^ Donaldson 1984, p. 38.
- ^ Beckett et al. 2003, p. 17.
- ^ Beckett et al. 2003, p. 14.
- ^ Donaldson 1984, p. 28.
- ^ Beckett et al. 2003, p. 13.
- ^ a b Donaldson 1984, p. 24.
- ^ Donaldson 1984, pp. 24–25.
- ^ Beckett et al. 2003, p. 23.
- ^ Beckett et al. 2003, p. 16.
- ^ Donaldson 1984, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Beckett et al. 2003, p. 15.
- ^ Donaldson 1984, p. 25.
Sources
edit- Beckett, Jeremy; Donaldson, Tamsin; Steadman, Bradley; Meredith, Steve (April 2003). Yapapunakirri Let's Track Back: The Aboriginal World Around Mount Grenfell. Office of the Registrar, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW). ISBN 0-9581920-1-4..
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.
- Donaldson, Tamsin (1984). "What's in a name? An etymological view of land, language and social identification from central western New South Wales" (PDF). Aboriginal History. 8 (1): 21–44.
- Donaldson, Tamsin (1985). "From Speaking Ngiyampa to Speaking English". Aboriginal History. 9 (1–2): 126–147. JSTOR 24045833.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Ngemba (NSW)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University.