King's Highway 21, commonly referred to as Highway 21, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that begins at Highway 402 midway between Sarnia and London and ends at Highway 6, Highway 10 and Highway 26 in Owen Sound. The roadway is referred to as the Bluewater Highway because it remains very close to the eastern shoreline of Lake Huron.
  Highway 21 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bluewater Highway | |||||||
 Highway 21 highlighted in red | |||||||
| Route information | |||||||
| Maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario | |||||||
| Length | 226.8 km[2] (140.9 mi) | ||||||
| Existed | May 25, 1927[1]–present | ||||||
| Major junctions | |||||||
| South end |  Highway 402 near Wyoming | ||||||
 Highway 8 in Goderich Highway 9 in Kincardine | |||||||
| North end |    Highway 6 / Highway 10 / Highway 26 in Owen Sound | ||||||
| Location | |||||||
| Country | Canada | ||||||
| Province | Ontario | ||||||
| Major cities | Grand Bend, Goderich, Kincardine, Southampton, Port Elgin, Owen Sound | ||||||
| Highway system | |||||||
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Highway 21 was first designated by the Department of Highways (DHO) between Highway 3 and Highway 7 in mid-1927 and extended to Goderich in 1934. A year later, a final extension completed the route to Owen Sound. In 1997 and 1998, the portion of the route south of Highway 402 was transferred to the counties in which it laid. This segment is also known as Oil Heritage Road.
Highway 21 is often subject to winter closures due to lake effect caused by snowsquall, which can create sudden whiteout conditions along the Lake Huron shoreline. Several Emergency Detour Routes have been established further inland to guide drivers around such closures. Care should be taken during the winter months, as the storms can progress rapidly and unexpectedly.
Route description
edit
Highway 21 is a long lakeside route through Southwestern Ontario, which serves numerous communities along the eastern shoreline of Lake Huron. Once over 100 kilometres (62 mi) longer than it is today, the highway now begins at Highway 402 near the community of Warwick, where it progresses north through the towns of Forest, Grand Bend, Goderich, Point Clark, Kincardine, Tiverton, Port Elgin, and Southampton. At Southampton, the highway veers away from the Lake Huron shoreline and travels east to Owen Sound.[3]
The route is generally smoothly-flowing, but can be somewhat congested through towns during the summer from tourists and cottagers.[4] Highway 21 is often subject to closures at various points as it lies on the lee shore of Lake Huron. Lake effect snow squalls frequently subject motorists to poor visibility and slippery conditions, leading to whiteout conditions. The Ontario Provincial Police claim that the road is the most-commonly closed in the province.[5][6]
The highway begins at Exit 34 and progresses north towards Lake Huron. The mostly-straight section of the route lies within Lambton County and passes through the town of Forest. Near Kettle Point, the route abruptly curves north west and begins to parallel the shore of the lake, providing access to the village of Port Franks and The Pinery Provincial Park prior to entering Grand Bend. North of that village, the highway crosses into Huron County and intersects former Highway 83. Between there and Goderich, the west side of the highway is dominated by roads providing access to shoreline cottages.[3]
At Goderich, the route encounters Highway 8, then crosses the Maitland River along a bypass constructed during the early 1960s; the original routing followed portions of Saltford Street and River Ridge Crescent. The highway proceeds straight north as the baseline at the shore of Lake Huron until it reaches Sheppardton. There the surveying grid changes orientation, and Highway 21 follows a forced road allowance that meanders approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) inland from lake north to Amberley, where it encounters former Highway 86, which travels to Waterloo, and enters. The route curves northeast as it enters Bruce County to align with the surveying grid and proceeds out of Amberley towards Kincardine.[3]
Between Amberley and Tiverton, Highway 21 travels straight-as-an-arrow along what was originally a rural concession road through the hamlets of Reid's Corners, Pine River, Huron Ridge and Slade. It bypasses inland of Kincardine, intersecting the western terminus of Highway 9. Within Tiverton, which acts as the primary town serving Bruce Nuclear Generating Station, traffic must turn to remain on Highway 21. As it exits southeast from the town, the highway makes a broad curve to the northeast and continues through the hamlets of Underwood and North Bruce.[3]
As it approaches the southern end of the Bruce Peninsula, the route bisects Port Elgin, then curves abruptly towards Lake Huron and passes through Southampton before curving to the east towards Owen Sound. Between those two places, the highway is generally straight, except at the boundary between Bruce and Grey Counties as well as the descent of the Niagara Escarpment at Springmount. Several communities line the inland stretch of highway, including Chippewa Hill, Kelly's Corners, Elsinore, Allenford, Alvanley and Jackson. At Springmount, the route encounters Highway 6, which joins Highway 21 to form Ontario's only wrong-way concurrency east to Owen Sound.[3]
History
edit
Highway 21 was the first King's Highway in Lambton County when it was assumed in 1927 between Highway 3 at Morpeth and Highway 7 at Reece's Corners.[7] The original section of highway was rebuilt from a muddy trail to a plank road around 1860. When James Miller Williams, a Hamilton businessman, set out one day during a drought to dig a well, he chose a spot downhill from an existing oil seep in the village of Black Creek. Instead of encountering water, Williams hit a shallow oil deposit. As a result of the ensuing oil boom, which would begin the petroleum industry in North America, Williams laid out the village and changed its name to Oil Springs. Two competing plank road companies were formed, the Black Creek Plank Road Company (of which Williams was a principal investor) and the Sarnia to Florence Plank Road Company, both of which aimed their roads through Oil Springs. Although both roads were constructed, the former company was more prosperous in its endeavours; in 1886, a significant portion of the Sarnia to Florence Plank Road was closed up and turned over to local property owners. The Black Creek Plank Road Company meanwhile had transformed the muddy quagmire of a path into a well-maintained road. By 1863, three miles of road south of Wyoming had been paved, and the remainder south to Oil Springs planked (the Sarnia Road followed two years later). However, as the oil boom faded, so too did improvement to the road.[8]
On May 25 and June 1, 1927, the Department of Highways assumed the unpaved road between Highway 7 at Reece's Corner and Highway 3 at Morpeth, via Dresden, Thamesville and Ridgetown as Provincial Highway 21,[1][9] which was changed to the current King's Highway 21 in 1930.[10] That year, the department set out to improve the new highway. Concrete slabs were laid between Petrolia and Highway 7, as well as along a 7.25-kilometre (4.50 mi) section between Thamesville and Dresden. The following year, the route was paved between Dresden and Edys Mills before the effects of the Great Depression forced the department to concentrate on paving Highway 22.[11] The election of a new government in mid-1934 led to the resumption of work in June as a depression relief project. New equipment (namely a Caterpillar Excavator), as well as the expertise of Andy Newman, an engineer who was hired when he demonstrated his abilities with the machinery upon passing a construction site on his drive home. Newman, who helped design the machine that nobody else could operate, allowed work to proceed at a much faster rate than before. The machinery could dig quicker than 50 men, and the effort showed when the gap between Petrolia and Edys Mills and the remaining gaps between Dresden and Thamesville were graded and paved by the end of the summer.[12] On October 19, 1934, Highway 21 was officially opened by Robert Mellville Smith, deputy minister of the Department of Highways.[13]
On April 4, 1934, Highway 21 was assumed through Huron County as far north as Goderich, which was followed by the assumption of a section through Bosanquet Township on April 18, creating a 40.6 kilometres (25.2 mi) concurrency with Highway 7 from Reece's Corners to Thedford. From there, the route travelled through Thedford to Port Franks, where it merged into the present highway.[14] A final 137.4-kilometre (85.4 mi) extension to Owen Sound was assumed on May 15, 1935,[15] bringing the highway to its greatest length of 333.1 kilometres (207.0 mi).[16]
Meanwhile, on April 11, 1934, the department assumed control of a road connecting Highway 7 with Forest as Highway 21A.[14] It was later extended to connect with Highway 21 at Port Franks on August 19, 1936.[17] By 1938, Highway 21A had been renumbered as Highway 21, and Highway 21 through Thedford renumbered as Highway 82.[18]
Beginning in 1960, a small bypass of Highway 21 was constructed on the north side of Goderich,[19] avoiding a nearby hairpin turn.[20] The 160 m (520 ft) curving structure over the Maitland River was completed in mid-1961 at a cost of C$1.39 million and opened ceremoniously on July 17, 1962.[21][22]
During the early 1980s, the construction of Highway 402 east from Sarnia resulted in a shift in the route of the highway. The route was extended north from Reece's Corners to Exit 25, while the section from Highway 7 north to Exit 34 was "downloaded", or transferred to the local municipality in which it resided. With Highway 402 as the connecting provincial link between the two segments of Highway 21, the two parclo interchanges each include a directional ramp to facilitate traffic.[23]
Further transfers were performed in 1997 and 1998. On April 1, 1997, the section of Highway 21 from Highway 401 south to Morpeth was transferred to Kent County.[24] On January 1, 1998, the section between Highway 401 and Highway 402 was transferred to Kent and Lambton counties.[25]
Major intersections
editThe following table lists the major junctions along Highway 21, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.[2]
| Division | Location | km[2] | mi | Destinations | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chatham-Kent | Morpeth | −100.0 | −62.1 |  Municipal Road 17 south Municipal Road 3 – Leamington, St. Thomas | Former Highway 21 southern terminus; formerly Highway 3; former Highway 21 follows Municipal Road 17 |
| −86.8 | −53.9 |  Highway 401 – Windsor, Toronto Municipal Road 17 ends Municipal Road 21 begins | Highway 401 exit 109 | ||
| Thamesville | −77.0 | −47.8 |  Municipal Road 2 (Thameswood Road) | Formerly Highway 2 | |
| Dresden | −57.0 | −35.4 |  Municipal Road 29 east (Croton Line) Municipal Road 78 west (McCreary Line) | Formerly Highway 78 west | |
| Chatham-Kent–Lambton boundary | Dawn-Euphemia | −53.9 | −33.5 | Chatham-Kent Municipal Road 21 ends Lambton County Road 21 begins | Chatham-Kent Municipal Road 21 northern terminus; Lambton County Road 21 southern terminus |
| Lambton | Enniskillen | −29.2 | −18.1 |  County Road 80 (Courtright Line) | Oil City; formerly Highway 80; near Oil Springs |
| Petrolia | −21.6 | −13.4 |  County Road 4 (Petrolia Line) | ||
| Plympton-Wyoming | −10.6 | −6.6 |  County Road 22 (London Line) | Reeces Corners; formerly Highway 7 | |
| −9.3 | −5.8 | Highway 402 west – Sarnia County Road 21 ends County Road 30 north | Former southern end of Highway 402 concurrency; Highway 402 exit 25; Lambton County Road 21 northern terminus | ||
| Plympton-Wyoming–Warwick boundary | 0.0 | 0.0 | Highway 402 east – London County Road 8 south (Forest Road) | Southern terminus; former northern end of Highway 402 concurrency; Highway 402 exit 34 | |
| 6.7 | 4.2 |  County Road 11 west (Aberarder Line) | |||
| Lambton Shores (Forest) | 10.4 | 6.5 | Hickory Creek Bridge | Beginning of Forest Connecting Link agreement | |
| 12.7 | 7.9 |  County Road 12 (Townsend Line) | |||
| 14.0 | 8.7 | End of Forest Connecting Link agreement | |||
| Lambton Shores | 18.7 | 11.6 |  County Road 6 east (Thomson Line) | ||
| 20.8 | 12.9 |  County Road 7 east (Lakeshore Road) | Kettle Point | ||
| 30.8 | 19.1 |  County Road 79 south (Northville Road) – Thedford | Port Franks; formerly Highway 79 south | ||
| 38.1 | 23.7 |  County Road 5 east (Greenway Road) | |||
| Lambton Shores (Grand Bend) | 43.8 | 27.2 | Pinetree Drive | Beginning of Grand Bend Connecting Link agreement | |
| 46.2 | 28.7 | Main Street | To County Road 81 south; formerly Highway 81 | ||
| Lambton–Huron boundary | Lambton Shores–South Huron boundary | 46.4 | 28.8 | End of Grand Bend Connecting Link agreement | |
| Huron | South Huron–Bluewater boundary | 49.0 | 30.4 |  County Road 83 (Dashwood Road) – Exeter | Formerly Highway 83 east |
| Bluewater | 58.3 | 36.2 |  County Road 84 east (Zurich–Hensall Road) – Zurich | St. Joseph; formerly Highway 84 east | |
| 74.3 | 46.2 | County Road 3 east (Mill Road) – Seaforth | Bayfield | ||
| Central Huron | 78.1 | 48.5 |  County Road 13 east (Bayfield Road) – Clinton | ||
| 84.3 | 52.4 |  County Road 18 east (Cut Line Road) | |||
| Goderich | 92.0 | 57.2 | Huckins Street | Beginning of Goderich Connecting Link agreement | |
| 93.7 | 58.2 | Highway 8 east (Huron Road) – Clinton | |||
| 94.8 | 58.9 | Gloucester Terrace | End of Goderich Connecting Link agreement | ||
| Ashfield-Colborne-Wawanosh | 95.9 | 59.6 |  County Road 31 east (Saltford Road) – Saltford | ||
| 98.4 | 61.1 |  County Road 25 (Blyth Road) – Blyth | |||
| 118.0 | 73.3 |  County Road 20 (Belgrave Road) – Belgrave | Kintail | ||
| Huron–Bruce boundary | Ashfield-Colborne-Wawanosh–Huron-Kinloss boundary | 128.3 | 79.7 |  Huron County Road 86 east / Bruce County Road 86 east | Amberley; formerly Highway 86 south |
| Bruce | Huron-Kinloss | 136.5 | 84.8 | County Road 6 east | |
| Kincardine | 145.1 | 90.2 | Highway 9 east (Broadway Street) – Walkerton | ||
| 157.1 | 97.6 |  County Road 15 west – Inverhuron | Tiverton | ||
| 162.1 | 100.7 | County Road 15 east | |||
| 166.3 | 103.3 | County Road 20 | |||
| Kincardine–Saugeen Shores boundary | 173.0 | 107.5 | County Road 11 east | North Bruce | |
| Saugeen Shores | 177.1 | 110.0 |  County Road 40 east | ||
| 179.2 | 111.3 | County Road 25 west | |||
| Saugeen Shores (Port Elgin) | 179.9 | 111.8 | Beginning of Port Elgin Connecting Link agreement | ||
| 183.1 | 113.8 | County Road 17 east (Gustavus Street) | |||
| 184.1 | 114.4 | End of Port Elgin Connecting Link agreement | |||
| Saugeen Shores | 186.2 | 115.7 | County Road 3 east – Burgoyne | ||
| Saugeen Shores (Southampton) | 186.8 | 116.1 | South Street | Beginning of Southampton Connecting Link agreement | |
| 190.1 | 118.1 | County Road 13 north (Turner Street) | |||
| 192.1 | 119.4 | Craig Street | End of Southampton Connecting Link agreement | ||
| South Bruce Peninsula–Arran-Elderslie | 203.9 | 126.7 |  County Road 14 north – Sauble Beach | ||
| 207.3 | 128.8 |  County Road 10 south – Tara | |||
| Bruce–Grey boundary | Arran-Elderslie–Georgian Bluffs boundary | 210.3 | 130.7 |  Bruce County Road 10 north / Grey County Road 10 north | Alvanley; formerly Highway 6 north |
| Grey | Georgian Bluffs | 216.0 | 134.2 |  County Road 3 south | Jackson |
| 221.4 | 137.6 | Highway 6 north – Wiarton County Road 18 south | Springmount; formerly Highway 70 north; southern end of Highway 6 wrong-way concurrency | ||
| Owen Sound | 224.1 | 139.2 |  County Road 17B north / 9th Avenue West | Beginning of Owen Sound Connecting Link | |
| 225.4 | 140.1 |  County Road 1 north (2nd Avenue West) | |||
| 226.8 | 140.9 | Highway 6 south / Highway 10 (10th Street E) – Chatsworth Highway 26 east (9th Avenue E) – Collingwood | Northern end of Highway 6 wrong-way concurrency; northern terminus | ||
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
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References
edit- Footnotes
- ^ a b Whipp 1983, p. 31.
- ^ a b Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2016). "Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts". Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Mapart (2010). Ontario Back Road Atlas (Map). Peter Heiler Ltd. pp. 13, 20, 26, 38–39. § Z10–T19. ISBN 978-1-55198-226-7.
- ^ Wright, Heather (September 12, 2011). "Looking for Traffic Solutions in Grand Bend". Sarnia and Labton County This Week. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
- ^ Dadson, Liz (January 2, 2011). "MTO needs to make winter improvements along Highway 21". Saugeen Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
- ^ LeBlanc, John. "Talkback: Your Picks for Canada's 10 Most Dangerous Roads". MSN Auto. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
- ^ Whipp 1983, p. 1.
- ^ Whipp 1983, pp. 9–13.
- ^ "Appendix No. 6 - Schedule of Assumptions and Reversions of Sections of the Provincial Highway System for the Years 1926 and 1927". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. March 31, 1928. pp. 59–61. Retrieved February 2, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ A.A. Smith (March 31, 1932). "King's Highways, Ontario". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. p. 15.
- ^ Whipp 1983, p. 32.
- ^ Whipp 1983, pp. 33–35.
- ^ Whipp 1983, p. 35.
- ^ a b "Appendix 4 - Schedule of Assumptions and Reversions". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. March 31, 1935. p. 119.
- ^ "Appendix 4 - Schedule of Assumptions and Reversions". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. March 31, 1936. p. 49.
- ^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Ontario Department of Highways. 1938–39. § Mileage Tables.
- ^ "Appendix 4 - Schedule of Assumptions and Reversions". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. March 31, 1937. p. 51.
- ^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C.P. Robins. Ontario Department of Highways. 1938–39. § F9–G10.
- ^ "Operations Branch - Construction - Southwestern Area". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. March 31, 1961. p. 27.
- ^ "Original Highway 21 Alignment North of Goderich" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
- ^ "District No. 3—Stratford - Construction". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. March 31, 1962. p. 77.
- ^ Information Section (July 16, 1962). "New Route of Highway 21 at Goderich" (Press release). Department of Highways.
- ^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C.P. Robins. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1982–83. § G–H19, L18.
- ^ Highway Transfers List (Report). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. April 1, 1997. p. 5.
- ^ Highway Transfers List - "Who Does What" (Report). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. June 20, 2001. pp. 7–8.
- Bibliography
- Whipp, Charles (1983). Road to Destiny: A History of Highway 21. Petrolia, Ontario: Lambton Editorial Associates.