"Outposts of tyranny" was a term used in 2005 by United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and subsequently by others in the U.S. government to characterize the governments of certain countries as being totalitarian regimes or dictatorships. In addition to specifically identifying Belarus, Cuba, Iran, Myanmar, North Korea, and Zimbabwe as examples of outposts of tyranny, Rice characterized the broader Middle East as a region of tyranny, despair, and anger.[1]
Belarus, 
Cuba, 
Iran, 
Myanmar, 
North Korea and 
Zimbabwe.Origin
editRice provided details to characterize "a fear society" in her prepared remarks before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on January 18, 2005:
The world should apply what Natan Sharansky calls the "town square test": if a person cannot walk into the middle of the town square and express his or her views without fear of arrest, imprisonment, or physical harm, then that person is living in a fear society, not a free society. We cannot rest until every person living in a "fear society" has finally won their freedom.[2]
Rice went on to identify Belarus, Burma, Cuba, Iran, North Korea and Zimbabwe as examples of outposts of tyranny.[2] Other governments were implicitly criticized in her remarks by being part of the broader Middle East:
In the Middle East, President Bush has broken with six decades of excusing and accommodating the lack of freedom in the hope of purchasing stability at the price of liberty. The stakes could not be higher. As long as the broader Middle East remains a region of tyranny and despair and anger, it will produce extremists and movements that threaten the safety of Americans and our friends.
Usage and reactions
editThe government of North Korea took strong exception to the label, declaring that it would not return to six-party talks on the Korean nuclear weapons crisis until the United States apologized. On June 21, 2005, U.S. Under Secretary of State for Democracy and Global Affairs Paula Dobriansky used the term during a speech for the Hudson Institute: "North Korea, Burma, Zimbabwe and Cuba are outposts of tyranny." In response, the North Korean deputy ambassador to the United Nations, Han Song-ryol, stated, "Resuming the six-party talks would be possible if there is restraint on the part of the U.S. from using the words 'outpost of tyranny' for one month." South Korean Foreign Minister Ban Ki-moon was concerned over the implications for inter-Korean relations: "It is regrettable for a high U.S. official to call North Korea an 'outpost of tyranny', which is not good for the two Koreas' efforts to have a reconciliatory atmosphere."[3][4]
Similarly, South African President Thabo Mbeki, who had attempted to effect a conciliatory attitude to neighboring Zimbabwe by avoiding public criticism of the record of President Robert Mugabe, was displeased. "It's an exaggeration and whatever the U.S. government wants to do with that list of six countries, or however many, it's really somewhat discredited."[5]
Some commentators have accused the U.S. of double standards in relation to the application of the "outposts of tyranny" tag since the named countries were limited to those routinely criticized by the U.S. State Department in its annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices and the International Religious Freedom Report. For example, Amitabh Pal of The Progressive wrote that as Rice specifically refrained from applying the term to such states as Saudi Arabia, Equatorial Guinea, and Azerbaijan, it suggested that the administration had ulterior motives for its human rights pronouncements, which are "heavily subordinate to U.S. strategic and economic interests".[6]
The Washington Post has published a series of forums and interviews pertaining to the countries which Rice chose as being examples of outposts of tyranny.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
Comparison to other state classifications and political neologisms
editThe term has been compared to George W. Bush's phrase axis of evil. Two of the states that were named in the axis of evil are also named by Rice: Iran and North Korea.[13]
The Guardian listed the term "outposts of tyranny" with "rogue states," "states of concern," "outlaw states" and "pariah states" as terminology of the "longstanding American policy of setting up international bogeymen."[14]
The State Department has not used the term "outposts of tyranny" officially.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Rice names 'outposts of tyranny'". BBC. January 19, 2005. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ a b
"Archived copy" (PDF). p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-25. Retrieved 2006-03-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "donga.com[English donga]". donga.com.
- ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (June 22, 2005). "Top aides to Kim fly South for meetings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
- ^ "Iafrica.com | news | sa news Mbeki slams US criticism of Zim". Archived from the original on 2006-03-03. Retrieved 2005-07-23.
- ^ "Outposts of tyranny" list is selective - The Progressive". progressive.org.
- ^ "Outposts of Tyranny: Zimbabwe". washingtonpost.com.
- ^ "Outposts of Tyranny: Belarus". washingtonpost.com.
- ^ "Outposts of Tyranny: Cuba". washingtonpost.com.
- ^ "Outposts of Tyranny: North Korea". washingtonpost.com.
- ^ "Outposts of Tyranny: Iran". washingtonpost.com.
- ^ "Outposts of Tyranny: Burma". washingtonpost.com.
- ^ "From the axis of evil to the outposts of tyranny". Independent. January 20, 2005. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
- ^ Tisdall, Simon (April 15, 2015). "Obama taking Cuba off terror list signals end for dated idea of rogue states". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
External links
edit- Opening Statement by Dr. Condoleezza Rice (pdf format)
- At-a-glance: 'Outposts of tyranny' - BBC News - January 19, 2005
- Excerpts: Condoleezza Rice - BBC News - January 18, 2005
- 2004 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
- 2004 International Religious Freedom Report