The International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet or simply the Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, commonly known as the NATO phonetic alphabet, is the most widely used set of clear-code words for communicating the letters of the Roman alphabet. Technically a radiotelephonic spelling alphabet, it goes by various names, including NATO spelling alphabet, ICAO phonetic alphabet, and ICAO spelling alphabet. The ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code is a rarely used variant that differs in the code words for digits.
| Alfa | November |
| Bravo | Oscar |
| Charlie | Papa |
| Delta | Quebec |
| Echo | Romeo |
| Foxtrot | Sierra |
| Golf | Tango |
| Hotel | Uniform |
| India | Victor |
| Juliett | Whiskey |
| Kilo | Xray |
| Lima | Yankee |
| Mike | Zulu |
Although spelling alphabets are commonly called "phonetic alphabets", they are not phonetic in the sense of phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet.
To create the code, a series of international agencies assigned 26 clear-code words (also known as "phonetic words") acrophonically to the letters of the Roman alphabet, with the goal that the letters and numbers would be easily distinguishable from one another over radio and telephone. The words were chosen to be accessible to speakers of English, French and Spanish. Some of the code words were changed over time, as they were found to be ineffective in real-life conditions. In 1956, NATO modified the then-current set used by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO); this modification then became the international standard when it was accepted by ICAO that year and by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) a few years later.[1]
The 26 code words are as follows (ICAO spellings): Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, and Zulu.[Note 1] ⟨Alfa⟩ and ⟨Juliett⟩ are spelled that way to avoid mispronunciation by people unfamiliar with English orthography; NATO changed ⟨X-ray⟩ to ⟨Xray⟩ for the same reason.[2] The code words for digits are their English names, though with their pronunciations modified in the cases of three, four, five, nine and thousand.[3]
The code words have been stable since 1956. A 1955 NATO memo stated that:
It is known that [the spelling alphabet] has been prepared only after the most exhaustive tests on a scientific basis by several nations. One of the firmest conclusions reached was that it was not practical to make an isolated change to clear confusion between one pair of letters. To change one word involves reconsideration of the whole alphabet to ensure that the change proposed to clear one confusion does not itself introduce others.[4]
International adoption
Soon after the code words were developed by ICAO (see history below), they were adopted by other national and international organizations, including the ITU, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United States Federal Government as Federal Standard 1037C: Glossary of Telecommunications Terms[5] and its successors ANSI T1.523-2001[6] and ATIS Telecom Glossary (ATIS-0100523.2019)[7] (all three using the spellings "Alpha" and "Juliet"), the United States Department of Defense,[8] the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (using the spelling "Xray"), the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU), the American Radio Relay League (ARRL), the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International (APCO), and by many military organizations such as NATO (using the spelling "Xray") and the now-defunct Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).[citation needed]
The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the regular English numerals (zero, one, two, etc., though with some differences in pronunciation), whereas the ITU (beginning on 1 April 1969)[9] and the IMO created compound code words (nadazero, unaone, bissotwo etc.). In practice the compound words are used very rarely. [citation needed]
Usage
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2018) |
A spelling alphabet is used to distinguish those parts of a message that contain letters and digits, because the names of many letters sound similar, for instance bee and pee, en and em or ef and ess. The potential for confusion increases if static or other interference is present, as is commonly the case with radio and telephonic communication. For instance, the target message "proceed to map grid DH98" would be transmitted as proceed to map grid Delta-Hotel-Niner-Ait.
Civilian industry uses the code words to avoid similar problems in the transmission of messages by telephone systems. For example, it is often used in the retail industry where customer or site details are conveyed by telephone (for example to authorize a credit agreement or confirm stock codes), although ad-hoc code words are often used in that instance. It has been used by information technology workers to communicate serial numbers and reference codes, which are often very long, by voice. Most major airlines use the alphabet to communicate passenger name records (PNRs) internally, and in some cases, with customers. It is often used in a medical context as well.
Several codes words and sequences of code words have become well-known, such as Bravo Zulu (letter code BZ) for "well done",[10] Checkpoint Charlie (Checkpoint C) in Berlin, and Zulu Time for Greenwich Mean Time or Coordinated Universal Time. During the Vietnam War, the US government referred to the Viet Cong guerrillas and the group itself as VC, or Victor Charlie; the name "Charlie" became synonymous with this force.
Pronunciation of code words
The final choice of code words for the letters of the alphabet and for the digits was made after hundreds of thousands of comprehension tests involving 31 nationalities. The qualifying feature was the likelihood of a code word being understood in the context of others. For example, Football has a higher chance of being understood than Foxtrot in isolation, but Foxtrot is superior in extended communication.[11]
Pronunciations were set out by the ICAO before 1956 with advice from the governments of both the United States and United Kingdom.[12] To eliminate national variations in pronunciation, posters illustrating the pronunciation desired by ICAO are available.[13] However, there remain differences in the pronunciations published by ICAO and other agencies, and ICAO has apparently conflicting Latin-alphabet and IPA transcriptions. At least some of these differences appear to be typographic errors. In 2022 the Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) attempted to resolve these conflicts.[14] For example, they consistently transcribe [a] for what the ICAO had transcribed variously as [a], [aː], [ɑ], [ɑː], [æ], [ə] in IPA and as a, ah, ar, er in orthography.
Just as words are spelled out as individual letters, numbers are spelled out as individual digits. That is, 17 is rendered as one seven and 60 as six zero. Depending on context, the word thousand may be used as in English, and for whole hundreds only (when the sequence 00 occurs at the end of a number), the word hundred may be used. For example, 1300 is read as one three zero zero if it is a transponder code or serial number, and as one thousand three hundred if it is an altitude or distance.
The ICAO, NATO, and FAA use modifications of English digits as code words, with 3, 4, 5 and 9 being pronounced tree, fower (rhymes with lower), fife and niner. The digit 3 is specified as tree so that it will not be mispronounced sri (and similarly for thousand); the long pronunciation of 4 (still found in some English dialects) keeps it somewhat distinct from for; 5 is pronounced with a second "f" because the normal pronunciation with a "v" is easily confused with "fire"; and 9 has an extra syllable to keep it distinct from the German word nein "no".[15] (Prior to 1956, three and five had been pronounced with the English consonants, but with the vowels broken into two syllables.) For directions presented as the hour-hand position on a clock, the additional numerals "ten", "eleven" and "twelve" are used with the word "o'clock".[13]: 5–7
The ITU and IMO, however, specify a different set of code words. These are compounds of ICAO and Latinesque roots.[16] The IMO's GMDSS procedures permits the use of either set of code words.[16]
Tables
There are two IPA transcriptions of the letter names, from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN). Both authorities indicate that a non-rhotic pronunciation is standard.[Note 2] That of the ICAO, first published in 1950 and reprinted many times without correction (e.g. the error in 'golf'), uses a large number of vowels. For instance, it has six low/central vowels: [æ] [a] [aː] [ɑ] [ɑː] [ə]. The DIN consolidated all six into the single low-central vowel [a]. The DIN vowels are partly predictable, with [ɪ ɛ ɔ] in closed syllables and [i e/ei̯ o] in open syllables apart from echo and sierra, which have [ɛ] as in English, German and Italian. The DIN also reduced the number of stressed syllables in bravo and x-ray, consistent with the ICAO English respellings of those words and with the NATO change of spelling of x-ray to xray so that people would know to pronounce it as a single word.
| Symbol | Code word | DIN 5009 (2022) IPA[14] |
ICAO (1950)[13] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | English respelling | |||
| A | Alfa [sic] | ˈalfa | ˈælfa | AL fah |
| B | Bravo | ˈbravo | ˈbraːˈvo [sic] | BRAH voh |
| C | Charlie | ˈtʃali (or ˈʃali) |
ˈtʃɑːli (or ˈʃɑːli) |
CHAR lee (or SHAR lee)[17] |
| D | Delta | ˈdɛlta | ˈdeltɑ | DELL tah |
| E | Echo | ˈɛko | ˈeko | ECK oh |
| F | Foxtrot | ˈfɔkstrɔt | ˈfɔkstrɔt | FOKS trot |
| G | Golf | ˈɡɔlf | ɡʌlf [sic] | golf |
| H | Hotel | hoˈtɛl | hoːˈtel | ho TELL |
| I | India | ˈɪndia | ˈindi.ɑ | IN dee ah |
| J | Juliett [sic] | ˈdʒuliˈɛt | ˈdʒuːli.ˈet | JEW lee ETT |
| K | Kilo | ˈkilo | ˈkiːlo | KEY loh |
| L | Lima | ˈlima | ˈliːmɑ | LEE mah |
| M | Mike | ˈmai̯k | mɑik | mike |
| N | November | noˈvɛmba | noˈvembə | no VEM ber |
| O | Oscar | ˈɔska | ˈɔskɑ | OSS cah |
| P | Papa | paˈpa | pəˈpɑ | pah PAH |
| Q | Quebec | keˈbɛk [sic] | keˈbek | keh BECK |
| R | Romeo | ˈromio | ˈroːmi.o | ROW me oh |
| S | Sierra | siˈɛra | siˈerɑ | see AIR rah |
| T | Tango | ˈtaŋɡo | ˈtænɡo | TANG go |
| U | Uniform | ˈjunifɔm (or ˈunifɔm) |
ˈjuːnifɔːm (or ˈuːnifɔrm [sic]) |
YOU nee form (or OO nee form)[17] |
| V | Victor | ˈvɪkta | ˈviktɑ | VIK tah |
| W | Whiskey | ˈwɪski | ˈwiski | WISS key |
| X | Xray, x-ray | ˈɛksrei̯ | ˈeksˈrei [sic] | ECKS ray |
| Y | Yankee | ˈjaŋki | ˈjænki | YANG key |
| Z | Zulu | ˈzulu | ˈzuːluː | ZOO loo |
There is no authoritative IPA transcription of the digits. However, there are respellings into both English and French, which can be compared to clarify some of the ambiguities and inconsistencies.
| Symbol | Code word | Respellings | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICAO[13] (English) |
SIA[18] (French) |
CCEB 2016[19] | FAA[20] | ITU-R 2007 (WRC-07)[21] IMO (English)[22] |
IMO (French)[22] |
US Navy 1957[23] |
US Army[24] | |||
| 1 | One, unaone | WUN | OUANN | wun | wun | OO-NAH-WUN | OUNA-OUANN | wun | wun, won (USMC)[25] | |
| 2 | Two, bissotwo | TOO | TOU | too | too | BEES-SOH-TOO | BIS-SO-TOU | too | too | |
| 3 | Three, terrathree | TREE | TRI | tree | tree | TAY-RAH-TREE | TÉ-RA-TRI | thuh-ree | tree | |
| 4 | Four, kartefour | FOW-er | FO eur | FOW-er | fow-er | KAR-TAY-FOWER | KAR-TÉ-FO-EUR | fo-wer | fow-er | |
| 5 | Five, pantafive | FIFE | FA ÏF [sic] | fife | fife | PAN-TAH-FIVE | PANN-TA-FAIF | fi-yiv | fife | |
| 6 | Six, soxisix | SIX | SIKS | six | six | SOK-SEE-SIX | SO-XI-SICKS | six | six | |
| 7 | Seven, setteseven | SEV-en | SÈV n | SEV-en | sev-en | SAY-TAY-SEVEN | SÉT-TÉ-SEV'N [sic] | seven | sev-en | |
| 8 | Eight, oktoeight | AIT | EÏT | ait | ait | OK-TOH-AIT | OK-TO-EIT | ate | ait | |
| 9 | Nine, novenine[Note 3] | NIN-er | NAÏ neu | NINE-er | nin-er | NO-VAY-NINER | NO-VÉ-NAI-NEU | niner | nin-er | |
| 0 | Zero, nadazero | ZE-RO (ZEE-ro)[Note 4] | ZI RO | ZE-ro | ze-ro / zee-ro | NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH[Note 5][Note 6] | NA-DA-ZE-RO[Note 5][Note 6] | zero | ze-ro | |
| 00 | Hundred | HUN-dred | HUN-dred | (zero zero) | (hundred) | hun-dred | ||||
| 000 | Thousand | TOU-SAND (TOU-sand)[Note 4] | TAOU ZEND | (zero zero zero) | (thousand) | thow-zand | tou-sand | |||
| (decimal point) | Decimal, (FAA) point | DAY-SEE-MAL[Note 4] | DÈ SI MAL | (decimal) | (point) | DAY-SEE-MAL | DÉ-SI-MAL | |||
CCEB has code words for punctuation, including those in the table below.
| Symbol | Code word |
|---|---|
| . | stop (when not a decimal point) |
| , | comma (when not a decimal comma) |
| - | hyphen, (FAA) dash |
| / | slant |
| ( | brackets on |
| ) | brackets off |
Others are: "colon", "semi-colon", "exclamation mark", "question mark", "apostrophe", "quote", and "unquote".[19]
History
Prior to World War I and the development and widespread adoption of two-way radio that supported voice, telephone spelling alphabets were developed to improve communication on low-quality and long-distance telephone circuits.
The first non-military internationally recognized spelling alphabet was adopted by the CCIR (predecessor of the ITU) during 1927. The experience gained with that alphabet resulted in several changes being made during 1932 by the ITU. The resulting alphabet was adopted by the International Commission for Air Navigation, the predecessor of the ICAO, and was used for civil aviation until World War II.[12] It continued to be used by the IMO until 1965.
Throughout World War II, many nations used their own versions of a spelling alphabet. The U.S. adopted the Joint Army/Navy radiotelephony alphabet during 1941 to standardize systems among all branches of its armed forces. The U.S. alphabet became known as Able Baker after the words for A and B. The Royal Air Force adopted one similar to the United States one during World War II as well. Other British forces adopted the RAF radio alphabet, which is similar to the phonetic alphabet used by the Royal Navy during World War I. At least two of the terms are sometimes still used by UK civilians to spell words over the phone, namely F for Freddie and S for Sugar.
To enable the U.S., UK, and Australian armed forces to communicate during joint operations, in 1943 the CCB (Combined Communications Board; the combination of U.S. and UK upper military commands) modified the U.S. military's Joint Army/Navy alphabet for use by all three nations, with the result being called the U.S.-UK spelling alphabet. It was defined in one or more of CCBP-1: Combined Amphibious Communications Instructions, CCBP3: Combined Radiotelephone (R/T) Procedure, and CCBP-7: Combined Communication Instructions. The CCB alphabet itself was based on the U.S. Joint Army/Navy spelling alphabet. The CCBP (Combined Communications Board Publications) documents contain material formerly published in U.S. Army Field Manuals in the 24-series. Several of these documents had revisions, and were renamed. For instance, CCBP3-2 was the second edition of CCBP3.
During World War II, the U.S. military conducted significant research into spelling alphabets. Major F. D. Handy, directorate of Communications in the Army Air Force (and a member of the working committee of the Combined Communications Board), enlisted the help of Harvard University's Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory, asking them to determine the most successful word for each letter when using "military interphones in the intense noise encountered in modern warfare.". He included lists from the U.S., Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, British Army, AT&T, Western Union, RCA Communications, and that of the International Telecommunications Convention. According to a report on the subject:
The results showed that many of the words in the military lists had a low level of intelligibility, but that most of the deficiencies could be remedied by the judicious selection of words from the commercial codes and those tested by the laboratory. In a few instances where none of the 250 words could be regarded as especially satisfactory, it was believed possible to discover suitable replacements. Other words were tested and the most intelligible ones were compared with the more desirable lists. A final NDRC list was assembled and recommended to the CCB.[26]
After World War II, with many aircraft and ground personnel from the allied armed forces, "Able Baker" was officially adopted for use in international aviation. During the 1946 Second Session of the ICAO Communications Division, the organization adopted the so-called "Able Baker" alphabet[11] that was the 1943 U.S.-UK spelling alphabet. However, many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used in Latin America. In spite of this, International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO during 1947 that had sounds common to English, French, Spanish and Portuguese.
From 1948 to 1949, Jean-Paul Vinay, a professor of linguistics at the Université de Montréal, worked closely with the ICAO to research and develop a new spelling alphabet.[27][11] The directions of ICAO were that "To be considered, a word must:
- Be a live word in each of the three working languages.
- Be easily pronounced and recognized by airmen of all languages.
- Have good radio transmission and readability characteristics.
- Have a similar spelling in at least English, French, and Spanish, and the initial letter must be the letter the word identifies.
- Be free from any association with objectionable meanings."[26]
After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was adopted on 1 November 1951, to become effective on 1 April 1952 for civil aviation (but it may not have been adopted by any military).[12]
Problems were soon found with this list. Some users believed that they were so severe that they reverted to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. Confusion among words like Delta and Extra, and between Nectar and Victor, or the poor intelligibility of other words during poor receiving conditions were the main problems. Later in 1952, ICAO decided to revisit the alphabet and their research. To identify the deficiencies of the new alphabet, testing was conducted among speakers from 31 nations, principally by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States. In the United States, the research was conducted by the Air Force-directed Operational Applications Laboratory (AFCRC, ARDC), to monitor a project with the Research Foundation of Ohio State University. Among the more interesting of the research findings was that "higher noise levels do not create confusion, but do intensify those confusions already inherent between the words in question".[26]
By early 1956, the ICAO was nearly complete with this research and published the new official phonetic alphabet in order to account for discrepancies that might arise in communications as a result of multiple alphabet naming systems coexisting in different places and organizations. NATO was in the process of adopting the ICAO spelling alphabet, and apparently felt enough urgency that it adopted the proposed new alphabet with changes based on NATO's own research, to become effective on 1 January 1956,[28] but quickly issued a new directive on 1 March 1956[29] adopting the now official ICAO spelling alphabet, which had changed by one word (November) from NATO's earlier request to ICAO to modify a few words based on U.S. Air Force research.
After all of the above study, only the five words representing the letters C, M, N, U, and X were replaced. The ICAO sent a recording of the new Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet to all member states in November 1955.[11] The final version given in the table above was implemented by the ICAO on 1 March 1956,[12] and the ITU adopted it no later than 1959 when they mandated its usage via their official publication, Radio Regulations.[30] Because the ITU governs all international radio communications, it was also adopted by most radio operators, whether military, civilian, or amateur. It was finally adopted by the IMO in 1965.
During 1947, the ITU adopted the compound Latinate prefix-number words (Nadazero, Unaone, etc.), later adopted by the IMO during 1965.[citation needed]
- Nadazero – from Spanish or Portuguese nada + NATO/ICAO zero
- Unaone – generic Romance una, from Latin ūna + NATO/ICAO one
- Bissotwo – from Latin bis + NATO/ICAO two. (1959 ITU proposals bis and too)[31]
- Terrathree – from Italian terzo + NATO/ICAO three ("tree") (1959 ITU proposals ter and tree)
- Kartefour – from French quatre (Latin quartus) + NATO/ICAO four ("fow-er") (1959 ITU proposals quarto and fow-er)
- Pantafive – from Greek penta- + NATO/ICAO five ("fife") (From 1959 ITU proposals penta and fife)
- Soxisix – from French soix + NATO/ICAO six (1959 ITU proposals were saxo and six)
- Setteseven – from Italian sette + NATO/ICAO seven (1959 ITU proposals sette and sev-en)
- Oktoeight – generic Romance octo-, from Latin octō + NATO/ICAO eight (1959 ITU proposals octo and ait)
- Novenine – from Italian nove + NATO/ICAO nine ("niner") (1959 ITU proposals were nona and niner)
In the official version of the alphabet,[3] two spellings deviate from the English norm: Alfa and Juliett. Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages because the spelling Alpha may not be pronounced properly by native speakers of some languages, who may not know that ph should be pronounced as f. The spelling Juliett is used rather than Juliet for the benefit of French speakers, because they may otherwise treat a single final t as silent. For similar reasons, Charlie and Uniform have alternative pronunciations where the ch is pronounced "sh" and the u is pronounced "oo". Early on, the NATO alliance changed X-ray to Xray in its version of the alphabet to ensure that it would be pronounced as one word rather than as two,[32] while the global organization ICAO keeps the spelling X-ray.
The alphabet is defined by various international conventions on radio, including:
- Universal Electrical Communications Union (UECU), Washington, D.C., December 1920[33]
- International Radiotelegraph Convention, Washington, 1927 (which created the CCIR)[34]
- General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (Madrid, 1932)[35]
- Instructions for the International Telephone Service, 1932 (ITU-T E.141; withdrawn in 1993)
- General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations (Cairo, 1938)[36]
- Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Atlantic City, 1947),[37] where "it was decided that the International Civil Aviation Organization and other international aeronautical organizations would assume the responsibility for procedures and regulations related to aeronautical communication. However, ITU would continue to maintain general procedures regarding distress signals."
- 1959 Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1959)[38]
- International Telecommunication Union, Radio
- Final Acts of WARC-79 (Geneva, 1979).[39] Here the alphabet was formally named "Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code".
- International Code of Signals for Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications, United States Edition, 1969 (revised 2003)[40]
Tables
| Letter | 1920 UECU[33] | 1927 (Washington, D.C.) International Radiotelegraph Convention (CCIR)[34] | 1932 General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (CCIR/ICAN)[41][42] | 1938 (Cairo) International Radiocommunication Conference code words[36] | 1947 (Atlantic City) International Radio Conference[43] | 1947 ICAO (from 1943 U.S.–UK)[44] | 1947 ICAO alphabet (from ARRL[citation needed])[46] | 1947 ICAO Latin America/Caribbean[26] | 1947 IATA proposal to ICAO[26] | 1949 ICAO code words[26] | 1951 ICAO code words[27] | 1956 ICAO final code words[13] | 1959 (Geneva) ITU Administrative Radio Conference code words[38] | 1959 ITU pronunciations[38] | 2008–present ICAO code words[13] | 2005–present IMO pronunciations (English)[22] | 2005–present IMO pronunciations (French)[22] | 2008–present ICAO pronunciations[13] | 2018–present NATO pronunciations[17] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Argentine | Amsterdam | Amsterdam | Amsterdam | Amsterdam | ABLE | ADAM | ANA | ALPHA | Alfa | Alfa | Alfa | Alfa | AL FAH | Alfa | AL FAH | AL FAH | AL FAH | al-fah |
| B | Brussels | Baltimore | Baltimore | Baltimore | Baltimore | BAKER | BAKER | BRAZIL | BETA | Beta | Bravo | Bravo | Bravo | BRAH VOH | Bravo | BRAH VO | BRA VO | BRAH VOH | brah-voh |
| C | Canada | Canada | Casablanca | Casablanca | Casablanca | CHARLIE | CHARLIE | COCO | CHARLIE | Coca | Coca | Charlie | Charlie | CHAR LEE or SHAR LEE | Charlie | CHAR LEE (or SHAR LEE) | TCHAH LI (ou CHAR LI) | CHAR LEE or SHAR LEE | char-lee |
| D | Damascus | Denmark | Danemark | Danemark | Danemark | DOG | DAVID | DADO | DELTA | Delta | Delta | Delta | Delta | DELL TAH | Delta | DELL TAH | DEL TAH | DELL TAH | dell-tah |
| E | Ecuador | Eddystone | Edison | Edison | Edison | EASY | EDWARD | ELSA | EDWARD | Echo | Echo | Echo | Echo | ECK OH | Echo | ECK O | EK O | ECK OH | eck-oh |
| F | France | Francisco | Florida | Florida | Florida | FOX | FREDDIE | FIESTA | FOX | Foxtrot | Foxtrot | Foxtrot | Foxtrot | FOKS TROT | Foxtrot | FOKS TROT | FOX TROTT | FOKS TROT | foks-trot |
| G | Greece | Gibraltar | Gallipoli | Gallipoli | Gallipoli | GEORGE | GEORGE | GATO | GRAMMA | Golf | Gold | Golf | Golf | GOLF | Golf | GOLF | GOLF | GOLF | golf |
| H | Hanover | Hanover | Havana | Havana | Havana | HOW | HARRY | HOMBRE | HAVANA | Hotel | Hotel | Hotel | Hotel | HOH TELL | Hotel | HOH TELL | HO TÈLL | HO TELL | hoh-tel |
| I | Italy | Italy | Italia | Italia | Italia | ITEM | IDA | INDIA | ITALY | India | India | India | India | IN DEE AH | India | IN DEE AH | IN DI AH | IN DEE AH | in-dee-ah |
| J | Japan | Jerusalem | Jérusalem | Jérusalem | Jerusalem | JIG | JOHN | JULIO | JUPITER | Julietta | Juliett | Juliett | Juliett | JEW LEE ETT | Juliett | JEW LEE ETT | DJOU LI ÈTT | JEW LEE ETT | jew-lee-ett |
| K | Khartoum | Kimberley | Kilogramme | Kilogramme | Kilogramme | KING | KING | KILO | KILO | Kilo | Kilo | Kilo | Kilo | KEY LOH | Kilo | KEY LOH | KI LO | KEY LOH | key-loh |
| L | Lima | Liverpool | Liverpool | Liverpool | Liverpool | LOVE | LEWIS | LUIS | LITER | Lima | Lima | Lima | Lima | LEE MAH | Lima | LEE MAH | LI MAH | LEE MAH | lee-mah |
| M | Madrid | Madagascar | Madagascar | Madagascar | Madagascar | MIKE | MARY | MAMA | MAESTRO | Metro | Metro | Mike | Mike | MIKE | Mike | MIKE | MA ÏK | MIKE | mike |
| N | Nancy | Neufchatel | New York | New-York | New York | NAN | NANCY | NORMA | NORMA | Nectar | Nectar | November | November | NO VEM BER | November | NO VEM BER | NO VÈMM BER | NO VEM BER | no-vem-ber |
| O | Ostend | Ontario | Oslo | Oslo | Oslo | OBOE | OTTO | OPERA | OPERA | Oscar | Oscar | Oscar | Oscar | OSS CAH | Oscar | OSS CAH | OSS KAR | OSS CAH | oss-cah |
| P | Paris | Portugal | Paris | Paris | Paris | PETER | PETER | PERU | PERU | Polka | Papa | Papa | Papa | PAH PAH | Papa | PAH PAH | PAH PAH | PAH PAH | pah-pah |
| Q | Quebec | Quebec | Québec | Québec | Quebec | QUEEN | QUEEN | QUEBEC | QUEBEC | Quebec | Quebec | Quebec | Quebec | KEH BECK | Quebec | KEH BECK | KÉ BÈK | KEH BECK | keh-beck |
| R | Rome | Rivoli | Roma | Roma | Roma | ROGER | ROBERT | ROSA | ROGER | Romeo | Romeo | Romeo | Romeo | ROW ME OH | Romeo | ROW ME OH | RO MI O | ROW ME OH | row-me-oh |
| S | Sardinia | Santiago | Santiago | Santiago | Santiago | SUGAR | SUSAN | SARA | SANTA | Sierra | Sierra | Sierra | Sierra | SEE AIR RAH | Sierra | SEE AIR RAH | SI ÈR RAH | SEE AIR RAH | see-air-rah |
| T | Tokio | Tokio | Tripoli | Tripoli | Tripoli | TARE | THOMAS | TOMAS | THOMAS | Tango | Tango | Tango | Tango | TANG GO | Tango | TANG GO | TANG GO | TANG GO | tang-go |
| U | Uruguay | Uruguay | Upsala | Upsala | Upsala | UNCLE | UNION | URUGUAY | URSULA | Union | Union | Uniform | Uniform | YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM |
Uniform | YOU NEE FORM (or OO NEE FORM) | YOU NI FORM (ou OU NI FORM) | YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM | you-nee-form |
| V | Victoria | Victoria | Valencia | Valencia | Valencia | VICTOR | VICTOR | VICTOR | VICTOR | Victor | Victor | Victor | Victor | VIK TAH | Victor | VIK TAH | VIK TAR | VIK TAH | vic-tah |
| W | Washington | Washington | Washington | Washington | Washington | WILLIAM | WILLIAM | WHISKEY | WHISKEY | Whiskey | Whiskey | Whiskey | Whiskey | WISS KEY | Whiskey | WISS KEY | OUISS KI | WISS KEY | wiss-key |
| X | Xaintrie | Xantippe | Xanthippe | Xanthippe | Xanthippe | XRAY | X-RAY | EQUIS | X-RAY | eXtra | eXtra | X-ray | X-ray | ECKS RAY | X-ray | ECKS RAY | ÈKSS RÉ | ECKS RAY | ecks-ray |
| Y | Yokohama | Yokohama | Yokohama | Yokohama | Yokohama | YOKE | YOUNG | YOLANDA | YORK | Yankey | Yankee | Yankee | Yankee | YANG KEY | Yankee | YANG KEY | YANG KI | YANG KEY | yang-key |
| Z | Zanzibar | Zululand | Zürich | Zurich | Zurich | ZEBRA | ZEBRA | ZETA | ? | Zebra | Zulu | Zulu | Zulu | ZOO LOO | Zulu | ZOO LOO | ZOU LOU | ZOO LOO | zoo-loo |
| 0 | Jérusalem[Note 7] | Jerusalem[Note 7] | Zero | Juliett[Note 7] | (alt. proposals: ZE-RO, ZERO) | zero | (see table of digits) | (see table of digits) | ZE-RO | zee-ro | |||||||||
| 1 | Amsterdam[Note 7] | Amsterdam[Note 7] | Wun | Alfa[Note 7] | (alt. proposals: WUN, WUN) | one | WUN | wun | |||||||||||
| 2 | Baltimore[Note 7] | Baltimore[Note 7] | Too | Bravo[Note 7] | (alt. proposals: TOO, BIS) | two | TOO | too | |||||||||||
| 3 | Casablanca[Note 7] | Casablanca[Note 7] | Thuh-ree | Charlie[Note 7] | (alt. proposals: TREE, TER) | three | TREE | tree | |||||||||||
| 4 | Danemark[Note 7] | Danemark[Note 7] | Fo-wer | Delta[Note 7] | (alt. proposals: FOW-ER, QUARTO) | four | FOW-er | fow-er | |||||||||||
| 5 | Edison[Note 7] | Edison[Note 7] | Fi-yiv | Echo[Note 7] | (alt. proposals: FIFE, PENTA) | five | FIFE | fife | |||||||||||
| 6 | Florida[Note 7] | Florida[Note 7] | Six | Foxtrot[Note 7] | (alt. proposals: SIX, SAXO) | six | SIX | six | |||||||||||
| 7 | Gallipoli[Note 7] | Gallipoli[Note 7] | Seven | Golf[Note 7] | (alt. proposals: SEV-EN, SETTE) | seven | SEV-en | sev-en | |||||||||||
| 8 | Havana[Note 7] | Havana[Note 7] | Ate | Hotel[Note 7] | (alt. proposals: AIT, OCTO) | eight | AIT | ait | |||||||||||
| 9 | Italia[Note 7] | Italia[Note 7] | Niner | India[Note 7] | (alt. proposals: NIN-ER, NONA) | nine | NIN-er | nin-er | |||||||||||
| . (decimal point) | (proposals: DAY-SEE-MAL, DECIMAL) | decimal | DAY-SEE-MAL | DÉ-SI-MAL | DAY-SEE-MAL | ||||||||||||||
| Hundred | hundred | HUN-dred | |||||||||||||||||
| Thousand | (proposals: TOUS-AND, –) | thousand | TOU-SAND | ||||||||||||||||
| , | Kilogramme[Note 7] | Kilogramme[Note 7] | Kilo[Note 7] | ||||||||||||||||
| / (fraction bar) | Liverpool[Note 7] | Liverpool[Note 7] | Lima[Note 7] | ||||||||||||||||
| (break signal) | Madagascar[Note 7] | Madagascar[Note 7] | Mike[Note 7] | ||||||||||||||||
| . (punctuation) | New-York[Note 7] | New York[Note 7] | November[Note 7] | STOP | STOP |
For the 1938 and 1947 phonetics, each transmission of figures is preceded and followed by the words "as a number" spoken twice.
The ITU adopted the IMO phonetic spelling alphabet in 1959,[47] and in 1969 specified that it be "for application in the maritime mobile service only".[48]
Pronunciation was not defined prior to 1959. For the post-1959 phonetics, the underlined syllable of each letter word should be emphasized, and each syllable of the code words for the post-1969 figures should be equally emphasized.
International aviation
The Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet is used by the International Civil Aviation Organization for international aircraft communications.[3][13]
| Letter | 1932 General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (CCIR/ICAN)[41][42] | 1946 ICAO Second Session of the Communications Division (same as Joint Army/Navy)[26] | 1947 ICAO (same as 1943 U.S.-UK)[44] | 1947 ICAO alphabet (adopted exactly from ARRL[46] | 1947 ICAO Latin America / Caribbean[26] | 1949 ICAO code words[26] | 1951 ICAO code words[27] | 1956–present ICAO code words[13] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Amsterdam | Able | ABLE | ADAM | ANA | Alfa | Alfa | Alfa |
| B | Baltimore | Baker | BAKER | BAKER | BRAZIL | Beta | Bravo | Bravo |
| C | Casablanca | Charlie | CHARLIE | CHARLIE | COCO | Coca | Coca | Charlie |
| D | Danemark | Dog | DOG | DAVID | DADO | Delta | Delta | Delta |
| E | Edison | Easy | EASY | EDWARD | ELSA | Echo | Echo | Echo |
| F | Florida | Fox | FOX | FREDDIE | FIESTA | Foxtrot | Foxtrot | Foxtrot |
| G | Gallipoli | George | GEORGE | GEORGE | GATO | Golf | Gold | Golf |
| H | Havana | How | HOW | HARRY | HOMBRE | Hotel | Hotel | Hotel |
| I | Italia | Item | ITEM | IDA | INDIA | India | India | India |
| J | Jérusalem | Jig | JIG | JOHN | JULIO | Julietta | Juliett | Juliett |
| K | Kilogramme | King | KING | KING | KILO | Kilo | Kilo | Kilo |
| L | Liverpool | Love | LOVE | LEWIS | LUIS | Lima | Lima | Lima |
| M | Madagascar | Mike | MIKE | MARY | MAMA | Metro | Metro | Mike |
| N | New York | Nan (later Nickel) | NAN | NANCY | NORMA | Nectar | Nectar | November |
| O | Oslo | Oboe | OBOE | OTTO | OPERA | Oscar | Oscar | Oscar |
| P | Paris | Peter | PETER | PETER | PERU | Polka | Papa | Papa |
| Q | Québec | Queen | QUEEN | QUEEN | QUEBEC | Quebec | Quebec | Quebec |
| R | Roma | Roger | ROGER | ROBERT | ROSA | Romeo | Romeo | Romeo |
| S | Santiago | Sail/Sugar | SUGAR | SUSAN | SARA | Sierra | Sierra | Sierra |
| T | Tripoli | Tare | TARE | THOMAS | TOMAS | Tango | Tango | Tango |
| U | Upsala | Uncle | UNCLE | UNION | URUGUAY | Union | Union | Uniform |
| V | Valencia | Victor | VICTOR | VICTOR | VICTOR | Victor | Victor | Victor |
| W | Washington | William | WILLIAM | WILLIAM | WHISKEY | Whiskey | Whiskey | Whisky |
| X | Xanthippe | X-ray | XRAY | X-RAY | EQUIS | X-RAY | eXtra | X-ray |
| Y | Yokohama | Yoke | YOKE | YOUNG | YOLANDA | Yankey | Yankee | Yankee |
| Z | Zürich | Zebra | ZEBRA | ZEBRA | ZETA | Zebra | Zulu | Zulu |
| 0 | Zero | Zero | Zero | |||||
| 1 | One | Wun | One | |||||
| 2 | Two | Too | Two | |||||
| 3 | Three | Thuh-ree | Three | |||||
| 4 | Four | Fo-wer | Four | |||||
| 5 | Five | Fi-yiv | Five | |||||
| 6 | Six | Six | Six | |||||
| 7 | Seven | Seven | Seven | |||||
| 8 | Eight | Ate | Eight | |||||
| 9 | Nine | Niner | Niner | |||||
| . | Decimal | |||||||
| 100 | Hundred | |||||||
| 1000 | Thousand |
International maritime mobile service
The ITU-R Radiotelephony Alphabet is used by the International Maritime Organization for international marine communications.
| Letter | 1932–1965 IMO code words[49] | 1965–present (WRC-03) IMO code words[50] | 1967 WARC code words[51] | 2000–present IMO SMCP pronunciations[50] | 1967 WARC pronunciations[51] | 2007–present ITU-R pronunciations[21] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Amsterdam | Alfa | Alfa | AL FAH | AL FAH | |
| B | Baltimore | Bravo | Bravo | BRAH VOH | BRAH VOH | |
| C | Casablanca | Charlie | Charlie | CHAR LEE or SHAR LEE | CHAR LEE or SHAR LEE | |
| D | Danemark | Delta | Delta | DELL TAH | DELL TAH | |
| E | Edison | Echo | Echo | ECK OH | ECK OH | |
| F | Florida | Foxtrot | Foxtrot | FOKS TROT | FOKS TROT | |
| G | Gallipoli | Golf | Golf | GOLF | GOLF | |
| H | Havana | Hotel | Hotel | HOH TELL | HOH TELL | |
| I | Italia | India | India | IN DEE AH | IN DEE AH | |
| J | Jérusalem | Juliett | Juliet | JEW LEE ETT | JEW LEE ETT | |
| K | Kilogramme | Kilo | Kilo | KEY LOH | KEY LOH | |
| L | Liverpool | Lima | Lima | LEE MAH | LEE MAH | |
| M | Madagascar | Mike | Mike | MIKE | MIKE | |
| N | New-York | November | November | NO VEM BER | NO VEM BER | |
| O | Oslo | Oscar | Oscar | OSS CAH | OSS CAH | |
| P | Paris | Papa | Papa | PAH PAH | PAH PAH | |
| Q | Québec | Quebec | Quebec | KEH BECK | KEH BECK | |
| R | Roma | Romeo | Romeo | ROW ME OH | ROW ME OH | |
| S | Santiago | Sierra | Sierra | SEE AIR RAH | SEE AIR RAH | |
| T | Tripoli | Tango | Tango | TANG GO | TANG GO | |
| U | Upsala | Uniform | Uniform | YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM |
YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM | |
| V | Valencia | Victor | Victor | VIK TAH | VIK TAH | |
| W | Washington | Whisky | Whisky | WISS KEY | WISS KEY | |
| X | Xanthippe | X-ray | X-ray | ECKS RAY | ECKS RAY | |
| Y | Yokohama | Yankee | Yankee | YANG KEY | YANG KEY | |
| Z | Zurich | Zulu | Zulu | ZOO LOO | ZOO LOO | |
| 0 | Zero | ZEERO | NADAZERO | ZEERO | NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH | NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH |
| 1 | One | WUN | UNAONE | WUN | OO-NAH-WUN | OO-NAH-WUN |
| 2 | Two | TOO | BISSOTWO | TOO | BEES-SOH-TOO | BEES-SOH-TOO |
| 3 | Three | TREE | TERRATHREE | TREE | TAY-RAH-TREE | TAY-RAH-TREE |
| 4 | Four | FOWER | KARTEFOUR | FOWER | KAR-TAY-FOWER | KAR-TAY-FOWER |
| 5 | Five | FIFE | PANTAFIVE | FIFE | PAN-TAH-FIVE | PAN-TAH-FIVE |
| 6 | Six | SIX | SOXISIX | SIX | SOK-SEE-SIX | SOK-SEE-SIX |
| 7 | Seven | SEVEN | SETTESEVEN | SEVEN | SAY-TAY-SEVEN | SAY-TAY-SEVEN |
| 8 | Eight | AIT | OKTOEIGHT | AIT | OK-TOH-AIT | OK-TOH-AIT |
| 9 | Nine | NINER | NOVENINE | NINER | NO-VAY-NINER | NO-VAY-NINER |
| . | DECIMAL | DAY-SEE-MAL | DAY-SEE-MAL | |||
| . | Full stop | STOP | STOP | STOP | ||
| , | Comma | |||||
| Break signal | ||||||
| ⁄ | Fraction bar | |||||
| 1000 | TOUSAND | TOUSAND | ||||
Variants
Since "Nectar" was changed to "November" in 1956, the code has been mostly stable. However, there is occasional regional substitution of a few code words, such as replacing them with earlier variants, to avoid confusion with local terminology.
- As of 2013, it was reported that "Delta" was often replaced by "David" or "Dixie" at Atlanta International Airport, where Delta Air Lines is based, because "Delta" is also the airline's callsign.[52] Air traffic control once referred to Taxiway D at the same airport as "Taxiway Dixie", though this practice was officially discontinued in 2020.[53][54][55]
- "Foxtrot" may be shortened to "Fox" at airports in the United States.[56]
- British police use "Indigo" rather than "India".[56]
- In Indonesia, "London" is used in place of "Lima", because lima is the Malay word for 'five'.[56]
- It's been reported that "Hawk" is sometimes used for "Hotel" in the Philippines.[56]
See also
- Allied military phonetic spelling alphabets
- APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet (used by some US police departments)
- International Code of Signals
- Language-specific spelling alphabets
- List of military time zones
- List of NATO country codes
- PGP word list
- Radiotelephony procedure
- Q code
- Spelling alphabet
Explanatory notes
- ^ In print, these code words are commonly capitalized or written in all caps for visual salience (CCEB 2016).
- ^ This is reinforced by the IMO, which for example has "TCHAH-LI" as the French respelling of Charlie and "OSS-CAH", "VIK-TAH" as the English respellings of Oscar and Victor.
- ^ Written "nine" in the examples, but pronunciation given as "niner"
- ^ a b c The ICAO specifies that all syllables in these words are to be equally stressed (§5.2.1.4.3 note), but in practice they are not. The IMO specifies that ZEE-ro and TOU-sand are stressed on their first syllable.
- ^ a b With the code words for the digits and decimal, each syllable is stressed equally.
- ^ a b Only the second (English) component of each code word is used by the Aeronautical Mobile Service.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Each sequence of figures is both preceded and followed by "as a number" (or, for punctuation only) "as a mark", spoken twice.
References
- ^ "The NATO phonetic alphabet – Alfa, Bravo, Charlie..." NATO. 20 October 2016. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ "NATO phonetic alphabet, codes & signals" (PDF). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 15 January 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
- ^ a b c "Alphabet – Radiotelephony". International Civil Aviation Organization. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "SGM-675-55: Phonetic Alphabet for NATO Use" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2018.
- ^ "Definition: phonetic alphabet". Federal Standard 1037C: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms. National Communications System. 23 August 1996. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "T1.523-2001 - Telecom Glossary 2000". Washington, DC: American National Standards Institute. 2001. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "ATIS Telecom Glossary (ATIS-0100523.2019)". Washington, DC: Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions. 2019. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Joint Publication 1-02: Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms" (PDF). p. 414, PDF page 421. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2012.
- ^ ITU 1967, pp. 177–179.
- ^ "Where does the term "Bravo Zulu" originate?". 6 March 2005. Archived from the original on 6 March 2005. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ a b c d "The Postal History of ICAO: Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications". ICAO. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d L.J. Rose, "Aviation's ABC: The development of the ICAO spelling alphabet", ICAO Bulletin 11/2 (1956) 12–14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Aeronautical Telecommunications; Volume II Communication Procedures including those with PANS status (7th ed.). International Civil Aviation Organization. July 2016. p. §5.2.1.3, Figure 5–1. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ a b Deutsches Institut für Normung (2022). "Appendix B: Buchstabiertafel der ICAO ("Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet")". DIN 5009:2022-06 (in German). Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ Camelia Uşurelu (2019: 461) Studii lingvistice. In memoriam Cristina Călăraşu. Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti
- ^ a b "Phonetic Alphabet". GMDSS Courses and Simulators. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ a b c As of approximately 2018, NATO no longer supports the alternative pronunciations of Charlie and Uniform, on either its English- or French-language portals.[1]
- ^ Service de l'Information Aéronautique, Radiotéléphonie Archived 2 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 2nd edition, 2006, p. 25.
- ^ a b "COMMUNICATIONS INSTRUCTIONS RADIOTELEPHONE PROCEDURES: ACP125 (G)" (PDF). pp. 3-2–3-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022. Alt URL Archived 4 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "FAA Order JO 7110.65Z - Air Traffic Control". 2 December 2021. §2-4-16, TBL 2-4-1. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
- ^ a b "ITU Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code" (PDF). ITU-R. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d International Maritime Organisation (2005). International Code of Signals, pp. 22–23. Fourth edition, London.
- ^ "Radioman 3 & 2 Training Course Manual NAVPERS 10228-B" (PDF). 1957. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2018.
- ^ "Military phonetic alphabet by US Army". US Army. 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
- ^ "RP 0506 – Field Communication" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Evolution and Rationale of the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) Word-Spelling Alphabet, July 1959" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
- ^ a b c "Alpha, Bravo, Charlie: how was Nato's phonetic alphabet chosen?". The Week. March 2016. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017.
- ^ "North Atlantic Military Committee SGM-217-55 memorandum" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2017.
- ^ "North Atlantic Military Committee SGM-156-56 memorandum" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2017.
- ^ Radio Regulations 1959, pp. 430–431.
- ^ "Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Geneva, 1959). Recommendation No. 30 - Relating to the Phonetic Figure Table". International Telecommunication Union (ITU). pp. 605–607. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ Albert Pelsser, La storia postale dell' ICAO Archived 21 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine, translated by Nico Michelini
- ^ a b "Draft of Convention and Regulations, Washington, D.C., December, 1920". 1921. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019.
- ^ a b "General Regulations and Additional Regulations (Radiotelegraph)". Washington: International Radiotelegraph Convention. 1927. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ "General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations". Madrid: International Telecommunication Union. 1932. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ a b "General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations". Cairo: International Telecommunication Union. 1938. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations. Atlantic City: International Telecommunication Union. 1947. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ a b c Radio Regulations; Additional Radio Regulations; Additional Protocol; Resolutions and Recommendations (PDF). Geneva: International Telecommunication Union. 1959. pp. 430, 607. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ "Final Acts of WARC-79 (Geneva, 1979)" (PDF). Geneva: International Telecommunication Union. 1980. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ International Code of Signals for Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications, United States Edition, 1969 (Revised 2003) (PDF), 1969, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2015, retrieved 31 October 2017
- ^ a b "(Don't Get) Lost in Translation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2017.
- ^ a b c d Alcorn, John. "Radiotelegraph and Radiotelephone Codes, Prowords And Abbreviations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2016.
- ^ "International Radio Conference (Atlantic City, 1947)". International Telecommunication Union. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ a b Myers, G. B.; Charles, B. P. (14 February 1945). CCBP 3-2: Combined Radiotelephone (R/T) Procedure. Washington, D.C.: Combined Communications Board. pp. 1–2.
- ^ a b "FM 24-12,:Army Extract of Combined Operating Signals (CCBP 2-2)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2017.
- ^ a b "Item 48 in the Friedman Collection: Letter from Everett Conder to William F. Friedman, February 11, 1952" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2016.
- ^ "Documents of the World Administrative Radio Conference to deal with matters relating to the maritime mobile service (WARC Mar)". Geneva: International Telecommunication Union. 1967. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ "Report on the Activities of The International Telecommunication Union in 1967". Geneva: International Telecommunication Union. 1968. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ ITU 1947, p. 275E.
- ^ a b "IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP)" (PDF). Rijeka: International Maritime Organization. 4 April 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ a b "Final Acts of WARC Mar". Geneva: International Telecommunication Union. 1967. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ Van Hare, Thomas (1 March 2013). "Uncle Sam's Able Fox ‹ HistoricWings.com :: A Magazine for Aviators, Pilots and Adventurers". fly.historicwings.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
- ^ twincessna340a (20 August 2020). "8/18/20 - Taxiway DIXIE at ATL has Reverted to D". Airliners.net. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Klapper, Ethan [@ethanklapper] (21 August 2020). "Taxiway D at ATL has long been known as "Dixie" since it's a mega hub for Delta and it was thought this would cause radio confusion. It's now taxiway D — like at every other airport. !ATL 08/177 ATL TWY DIXIE CHANGED TO TWY D 2008181933-PERM" (Tweet). Retrieved 7 October 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ Notice To Air Missions: Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta Intl Airport, Atlanta, Georgia: Federal Aviation Administration, 18 August 2020, archived from the original on 6 January 2023, retrieved 6 January 2023,
!ATL 08/177 ATL TWY DIXIE CHANGED TO TWY D 2008181933-PERM
- ^ a b c d BBC (2014) The NATO phonetic alphabet
External links
- "The Postal History of ICAO: Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications". ICAO. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
- "NATO Declassified – The NATO Phonetic Alphabet". North Atlantic Treaty Organization.