The stigma (pl.: stigmas or stigmata)[1] is the receptive tip of a carpel, or of several fused carpels, in the gynoecium of a flower.
Description
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The stigma, together with the style and ovary (typically called the stigma-style-ovary system) comprises the pistil, which is part of the gynoecium or female reproductive organ of a plant. The stigma itself forms the distal portion of the style, or stylodia, and is composed of stigmatic papillae, the cells of which are receptive to pollen. These may be restricted to the apex of the style or, especially in wind pollinated species, cover a wide surface.[2]
The stigma receives pollen and it is on the stigma that the pollen grain germinates. Often sticky, the stigma is adapted in various ways to catch and trap pollen with various hairs, flaps, or sculpturings.[3] The pollen may be captured from the air (wind-borne pollen, anemophily), from visiting insects or other animals (biotic pollination), or in rare cases from surrounding water (hydrophily). Stigma can vary from long and slender to globe shaped to feathery.[4]
Pollen is typically highly desiccated when it leaves an anther. Stigma have been shown to assist in the rehydration of pollen and in promoting germination of the pollen tube.[5] Stigma also ensure proper adhesion of the correct species of pollen. Stigma can play an active role in pollen discrimination and some self-incompatibility reactions, that reject pollen from the same or genetically similar plants, involve interaction between the stigma and the surface of the pollen grain.
Shape
editThe stigma is often split into lobes, e.g. trifid (three lobed), and may resemble the head of a pin (capitate), or come to a point (punctiform). The shape of the stigma may vary considerably:[2]
Style
editThe style is a narrow upward extension of the ovary, connecting it to the stigmatic papillae. Occasionally, it may be absent, in which case the stigma is described as sessile. Styles are generally tube-like—either long or short.[6] The style can be open (containing few or no cells in the central portion) with a central canal which may be filled with mucilage. Alternatively the style may be closed (densely packed with cells throughout). Most syncarpous monocots and some eudicots have open styles, while many syncarpous eudicots and grasses have closed (solid) styles containing specialised secretory transmitting tissue, linking the stigma to the centre of the ovary. This forms a nutrient rich tract for pollen tube growth.[4]
Where there are more than one carpel to the pistil, each may have a separate style-like stylodium, or share a common style. In irises and others in the family Iridaceae, the style divides into three petal-like (petaloid) style branches (sometimes also referred to as 'stylodia'[7]), almost to the base of the style and is called a tribrachiate.[8] These are flaps of tissue, running from the perianth tube above the sepal. The stigma is a rim or edge on the underside of the branch, near the end lobes.[9] Style branches also appear on Dietes, Pardanthopsis and most species of Moraea.[10]
In Crocus, there are three divided style branches, creating a tube.[11] Hesperantha has a spreading style branch. Alternatively, the style may be lobed rather than branched. Gladiolus has a bi-lobed style branch (bilobate). Freesia, Lapeirousia, Romulea, Savannosiphon and Watsonia have bifurcated (two branched) and recurved style branches.[10][2]
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ "stigma". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2019-03-30. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Under 6. Botany: "Plural usually stigmas."
- ^ a b c Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985, Gynoecium p. 11
- ^ The Penguin Dictionary of Botany, edited by Elizabeth Toothill, Penguin Books 1984 ISBN 0-14-051126-1
- ^ a b Rudall 2007.
- ^ Edlund, Swanson & Preuss 2004.
- ^ González & Arbo 2016, Estilo y estigma
- ^ Klaus Kubitzki (Editor) Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales and Ericales, p. 208, at Google Books
- ^ Weberling 1989, pp. 182-186.
- ^ "The Anatomy Of Irises". herbs2000.com. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
- ^ a b Klaus Kubitzki (Editor) Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), p. 305, at Google Books
- ^ Michael Hickey, Clive King 100 Families of Flowering Plants, p. 562, at Google Books
Sources
edit- Dahlgren, R.M.; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985). The families of the monocotyledons. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-642-64903-5. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- Edlund, Anna F.; Swanson, Robert; Preuss, Daphne (2004). "Pollen and stigma structure and function: the role of diversity in pollination". Plant Cell. 16 (Supplement): 84–97. doi:10.1105/tpc.015800. PMC 2643401. PMID 15075396.
- Rudall, Paula J. (2007). Anatomy of flowering plants: an introduction to structure and development (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521692458. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- Simpson, Michael G. (2011). Plant Systematics. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-051404-8.
- González, A.M.; Arbo, M.M. (2016). "Botánica Morfológica: Morfología de Plantas Vasculares" (in Spanish). Corrientes, Argentina: Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
- Weberling, Focko (1989) [1981]. Morphologie der Blüten und der Blütenstände [Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences]. trans. Richard J. Pankhurst. CUP Archive. ISBN 0-521-43832-2. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
External links
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- Stigma shape and size - English labels
- Terminal versus gynobasic style Archived 2019-03-31 at the Wayback Machine Images
- Gynobasic Diagram
