In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonate is a salt, anion or ester of a sulfonic acid. Its formula is R−S(=O)2−O−, containing the functional group −S(=O)2−O−, where R is typically an organyl group, amino group or a halogen atom. Sulfonates are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids. Sulfonates are generally stable in water, non-oxidizing, and colorless. Many useful compounds and even some biochemicals feature sulfonates.
Sulfonate salts
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Anions with the general formula R−SO−3 are called sulfonates. They are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids with formula R−S(=O)2−OH. As sulfonic acids tend to be strong acids, the corresponding sulfonates are weak bases. Due to the stability of sulfonate anions, the cations of sulfonate salts such as scandium triflate have application as Lewis acids.
A classic preparation of sulfonates is the Strecker sulfite alkylation, in which an alkali sulfite salt displaces a halide, typically in the presence of an iodine catalyst:[1]
- RX + M2SO3 → RSO3M + MX
An alternative is the condensation of a sulfonyl halide with an alcohol in pyridine:[2]
- ROH + R'SO2Cl → ROSO2R' + HCl
Sulfonic esters
editEsters with the general formula R1SO2OR2 are called sulfonic esters. Individual members of the category are named analogously to how ordinary carboxyl esters are named. For example, if the R2 group is a methyl group and the R1 group is a trifluoromethyl group, the resulting compound is methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.
Sulfonic esters are used as reagents in organic synthesis, chiefly because the RSO3− group is a good leaving group, especially when R is electron-withdrawing. Methyl triflate, for example, is a strong methylating reagent.
Sulfonates are commonly used to confer water solubility to protein crosslinkers such as N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (Sulfo-NHS), BS3, Sulfo-SMCC, etc.
Sultones
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Cyclic sulfonic esters are called sultones.[3] Two examples are propane-1,3-sultone and 1,4-butane sultone. Some sultones are short-lived intermediates, used as strong alkylating agents to introduce a negatively charged sulfonate group. In the presence of water, they slowly hydrolyze to the hydroxy sulfonic acids. Sultone oximes are key intermediates in the synthesis of the anti-convulsant drug zonisamide.[4]
Tisocromide is an example of a sultone.
Examples
edit- Mesylate (methanesulfonate), CH3−SO−3
- Triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate), CF3−SO−3
- Ethanesulfonate (esilate, esylate), CH3CH2−SO−3
- Tosylate (p-toluenesulfonate), p-CH3−C6H4−SO−3
- Benzenesulfonate (besylate), C6H5−SO−3
- Closilate (closylate, chlorobenzenesulfonate), Cl−C6H4−SO−3
- Camphorsulfonate (camsilate, camsylate), (C10H15O)−SO−3
- Pipsylate (p-iodobenzenesulfonate derivative), p-I−C6R4−SO−3, where R is any group.[5]
- Nosylate (o- or p-nitrobenzenesulfonate), o- or p-O2N−C6H4−SO−3
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Adolf Strecker (1868). "Ueber eine neue Bildungsweise und die Constitution der Sulfosäuren" (PDF). Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 148 (1): 90–96. doi:10.1002/jlac.18681480108.
- ^ Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J. (2007). Advanced Organic Chemistry. Vol. A: Structure and Mechanisms (5th ed.). Springer. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-387-44899-2.
- ^ R. J. Cremlyn “An Introduction to Organosulfur Chemistry” John Wiley and Sons: Chichester (1996) ISBN 0-471-95512-4
- ^ Mondal, Shovan (2012). "Recent Developments in the Synthesis and Application of Sultones". Chem. Rev. 112 (10): 5339–5355. doi:10.1021/cr2003294. PMID 22742473.
- ^ Beisler, J. A.; Sato, Y. (1971). "Chemistry of carpesterol, a novel sterol from Solanum xanthocarpum". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 36 (25): 3946–3950. doi:10.1021/jo00824a022. ISSN 0022-3263. PMID 5127991.