Thomasine is a name given to a Syrian Christian group that originated in the first or the second century, who especially revered the apostle Thomas and some scholars speculate to have written the gospel of Thomas.[1][2][3] The group was said to have held esoteric, mystical, and ascetic ideas.[1][4] Some have associated them with the proto-Gnostics.[5][6] However modern critics have disputed their affiliation with Gnosticism, especially because they lack many uniquely Gnostic beliefs.[7][8][9][2]
| Thomasines | |
|---|---|
 Icon of the Apostle Thomas, whom the Thomasines were said to have venerated, by Konstantinos Tzanes, 17th century | |
| Classification | Abrahamic |
| Scripture | Probably Bible Unknown |
| Theology | Monotheistic |
| Associations | Early Christianity |
| Region | Syria, Palestine, probably Jordan |
| Language | Aramaic, Hebrew, probably Arabic |
| Origin | 1st century AD Roman Empire |
History
editAccording to one view the Thomasines were an early group that questioned the authority of the Jerusalem church and the apostle James, with the Thomasine church beginning around the middle of the first century in Syria.[10]
Elaine Pagels dates the Thomasine community to around the time of the Gospel of John’s compilation (AD 70–110), as the Gospel of John appears to contain "anti-Thomasine" elements and the Johannine community may have splintered off from the same group as the Thomasine.[11] Though minority views support the Thomasines being a second century Proto-Gnostic sect.[2]
Community
editThe Thomasine communities had leaders who through social rules, attempted to manage the process by which new proselytes could come in. They minimized the importance of money and were not expected to have any extra income from what they did not give away. The community had a social attitude of "diligence", where the leader of the community demonstrates a consistent structure for community activities, including labor.[2]
Beliefs
editSoteriology
editFor the Thomasines Jesus is the Light, who has gone to the place of light and his followers have to try to come to the light by the means of a mystical ascent. The Thomasines saw themselves as children of the light, but the ones who were not part of the elect community were sons of darkness.[12] The Thomasines thus had a belief in a type of election or predestination, they saw themselves as elect because they were born from the light.[13]
The Gospel of Thomas says to keep the sabbath to be saved, however it is likely a metaphor for inner rest.[14]
The Thomasines were also said to have had semi-ascetic ideas.[2]
Eschatology
editIn Thomasine theology the one who seeks the light will have a journey that ultimately ends in "rest". The decision to follow Jesus is critical because the judgement is already being done in the world and the universe could end at any time.[15]
Christology
editThe Gospel of Thomas refers to Jesus as the "son of man" and affirms his Lordship.[9] For the Thomasines, Jesus was too complex to be categorized or given a description. However some passages in the gospel of Thomas possibly indicate Jesus having some divinity.[16]
Gnosticism
editIn the past the Gnosticism of the gospel of Thomas was the common view among scholars, however modern research has questioned the affinity between Gnosticism and the gospel of Thomas.[9] Many scholars believe that the gospel of Thomas has a Gnostic worldview, but on the other hand many also reject the Gnostic affiliations because they do not seem to have the same Gnostic mythology as Irenaeus describes and the form of mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas lacks many Gnostic elements.[16][17][18] The Gospel of Thomas also appears to support the sanctity of the incarnate life which seems to contradict Gnostic teaching which was used by Paterson Brown to argue that the gospel is demonstrably non-Gnostic.[19] According to David W. Kim the association of the Thomasines and Gnosticism are too anachronistic and the Thomasine sect seems to predate the Gnostic movements.[2]
According to Andrew Phillip the Thomasines did not adhere to a form of Gnosticism, but they still held to strongly esoteric views with apparent Platonic influence.[20]
Other
editThe Thomasines likely had a form of baptism.[21]
References
edit- ^ a b Hays, Jeffrey. "EARLY CHRISTIAN AND CHRISTIAN-LIKE SECTS: THOMASINES, ASCETICS AND MANICHEISM | Facts and Details". factsanddetails.com. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- ^ a b c d e f Kim, David W. (2021-07-01). The Words of Jesus in the Gospel of Thomas: The Genesis of a Wisdom Tradition. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-37762-0.
- ^ Smith, Andrew Phillip (2014-03-17). A Dictionary of Gnosticism. Quest Books. ISBN 978-0-8356-3097-9.
- ^ DeConick, April (2015-12-22). Seek to See Him: Ascent and Vision Mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-31300-2.
- ^ Layton, Bentley (1987). The Gnostic Scriptures. London: SCM Press. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-334-02022-6.
- ^ Ehrman, Bart (2003a). Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. p. 59. ISBN 9780195141832. OCLC 52335003.
- ^ Davies, Stevan (1983a). The Gospel of Thomas and Christian Wisdom. Seabury Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9780816424566. OCLC 8827492.
- ^ Ehrman (2003a), p. 59.
- ^ a b c Hultgren, Arland J. (2000-06-22). The Parables of Jesus: A Commentary. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-6077-4.
- ^ DeConick, April D. (2006-08-15). Recovering the Original Gospel of Thomas: A History of the Gospel and Its Growth. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-04332-0.
- ^ Pagels, Elaine (2004). Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas. New York: Vintage.
- ^ DeConick, April (2015-12-22). Seek to See Him: Ascent and Vision Mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-31300-2.
- ^ DeConick, April (2015-12-22). Seek to See Him: Ascent and Vision Mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas. BRILL. p. 89. ISBN 978-90-04-31300-2.
- ^ Uro, Risto (1998-10-01). Thomas at the Crossroads: Essays on the Gospel of Thomas. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-61865-8.
- ^ DeConick, April D. (2006-08-15). Recovering the Original Gospel of Thomas: A History of the Gospel and Its Growth. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-04332-0.
- ^ a b Foster, Paul (2009-02-26). The Apocryphal Gospels: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-923694-7.
- ^ Davies, Stevan (1983b). "Thomas: The Fourth Synoptic Gospel". The Biblical Archaeologist. 46 (1). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 6–8. doi:10.2307/3209683. JSTOR 3209683. S2CID 171644324.
- ^ Ehrman, Bart (2003b). Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make it into the New Testament. United States: Oxford University Press. pp. 59ff. ISBN 9780199727131. OCLC 57124978.
- ^ Paterson Brown, Thomas (n.d.). "Are the Coptic Gospels Gnostic?". Metalogos. Retrieved 2022-01-25 – via metalogos.org.
- ^ Smith, Andrew Phillip (2014-03-17). A Dictionary of Gnosticism. Quest Books. ISBN 978-0-8356-3097-9.
- ^ Kim, Jung Hoon; Kim, Ch?ng-hun (2004-11-30). The Significance of Clothing Imagery in the Pauline Corpus. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-08246-6.