Tula Oblast (Russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, romanized: Tul'skaya oblast') is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in European Russia and is administratively part of the Central Federal District, covering an area of 25,700 square kilometers (9,900 sq mi). It has a population of 1,553,925 (2010 Census).[8] Tula is the largest city and the administrative center of the oblast.
Tula Oblast | |
|---|---|
| Тульская область | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
 | |
| Coordinates: 53°55′N 37°35′E / 53.917°N 37.583°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal district | Central[1] |
| Economic region | Central[2] |
| Administrative center | Tula |
| Government | |
| • Body | Oblast Duma |
| • Governor | Dmitry Milyaev |
| Area | |
| • Total | 25,679 km2 (9,915 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 69th |
| Population | |
| • Total | 1,501,214 |
| • Estimate (2018)[5] | 1,491,855 |
| • Rank | 31st |
| • Density | 58/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 73.3% |
| • Rural | 26.7% |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK  [6]) |
| ISO 3166 code | RU-TUL |
| License plates | 71 |
| OKTMO ID | 70000000 |
| Official languages | Russian[7] |
| Website | https://www.tula.ru |
Tula Oblast borders Moscow Oblast in the north, Ryazan Oblast in the east, Lipetsk Oblast in the southeast, Oryol Oblast in the southwest, and Kaluga Oblast in the west. Tula Oblast is one of the most developed and urbanized territories in Russia, and the majority of the territory forms the Tula-Novomoskovsk Agglomeration, an urban area with a population of over 1 million.
History
editThe Tula Oblast area has been inhabited since the Stone Age, as shown by the discoveries of burial mounds (kurgans) and old settlements.[9] By the eighth century, these lands were occupied by the Vyatichi, an East Slavic tribe who cultivated the land, traded, and worked at crafts, confirmed by records in property registers which mention an "ancient settlement" located at the confluence of the Upa River and Tulitsa River. The first mention of the city of Tula in 1146 is found in the Nikon Chronicle, in reference to the campaign of Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich of Chernigov. At the time the lands belonged to the Ryazan Principality, and Prince Sviatoslav passed through a number of settlements, including Tula, while heading for Ryazan.[10]
Geography
editTula Oblast is located in Russia's Central Federal District and borders Moscow, Ryazan, Lipetsk, Oryol, and Kaluga Oblasts.
Rivers
editTula Oblast contains more than 1,600 rivers and streams. Major rivers include:
Natural resources
editThe oblast is rich in iron ore, clay, limestone, and deposits of lignite (coal).[11] The lignite deposit is part of the Moscow coal basin.
Climate
editTula Oblast has a moderate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Average January temperature is −10 °C (14 °F) in the north and −9 °C (16 °F) in the south. Average July temperature is about +19 °C (66 °F) to +20 °C (68 °F). Annual precipitation is 470 millimetres (19 in) in the southeast and 575 millimetres (22.6 in) in the northwest.
Politics
edit
During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Tula CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.
The Charter of Tula Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Tula Oblast Duma is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Oblast Duma exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.
Local government
editRepresentative bodies of urban and rural settlements and urban districts consist of deputies elected in municipal elections. The representative body of the municipal district consists of the heads of settlements that are part of the municipal district, and of deputies of the representative bodies of these settlements, elected by the representative bodies of the settlements from among their members in accordance with the same norm of representation, regardless of the population of the settlement. The term of office of representative bodies of cities, rural settlements, city districts, and municipal districts is 5 years, with some exceptions when the term is 3 years.[12] Local government bodies in the Tula Oblast are headed by 103 heads of municipalities and 84 heads of municipal administrations.[13]
In accordance with the regional law of 2017, village elders carry out activities to organize interaction between local government bodies and residents of rural settlements when resolving issues of local importance.[14] As of 1 November 2022, 1,071 village elders operate in 23 municipal districts and urban districts. Their powers extend to the territory of more than 1,700 settlements, home to about 160,000 inhabitants.[13]
In the Tula Oblast, regional branches of dozens of political parties are registered, the largest in terms of membership being United Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), Patriots of Russia, the Party of Growth, A Just Russia – For Truth, Yabloko, and the Party of Pensioners of Russia.[15]
Since 2011, the "People's Budget" project has been implemented in the Tula Oblast, aimed at identifying and solving socially significant problems in the territories of the region’s municipalities. Project activities are financed from the budget of the Tula Oblast, the budgets of municipalities, and personal funds of residents and sponsors. The target orientation of the "People's Budget" project is to enhance the participation of residents of the Tula Oblast in solving local problems, creating comfortable living conditions, and supporting the initiatives of residents.[16][17]
In 2022, an annual survey of the population was conducted in the Tula Oblast on the effectiveness of the activities of heads of local government bodies and enterprises operating at the regional and municipal levels, in which 20,141 people participated. Efficiency assessment was carried out according to the following criteria: population satisfaction with the organization of transport services and the quality of roads, housing, and communal services. The overall percentage of satisfaction in municipal areas and urban districts was 88.13% (2020 - 81.01%, 2021 - 83.14%). The highest overall satisfaction rate in the municipalities is Kamensky District - 99.75, Tyoplo-Ogaryovsky District - 99.65%, Chernsky District - 99.12%, Donskoy city - 98.86%. Low satisfaction rates were noted in the municipalities of Kireyevsky District - 73.15%, Zaoksky District - 76.34%, Shchyokinsky District - 77.19%, Tula Urban Okrug - 77.29%, Aleksin city - 77.63%.[18]
Administrative divisions
editDemographics
editPopulation: 1,501,214 (2021 Census);[19] 1,553,925 (2010 Census);[8] 1,675,758 (2002 Census);[20] 1,867,013 (1989 Soviet census).[21]
Settlements
editLargest cities or towns in Tula Oblast
2010 Russian Census | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Administrative Division | Pop. | |||||||
 Tula  Novomoskovsk |
1 | Tula | City of oblast significance of Tula | 501,169 |  Donskoy  Aleksin | ||||
| 2 | Novomoskovsk | Novomoskovsky District | 131,386 | ||||||
| 3 | Donskoy | Town of oblast significance of Donskoy | 64,552 | ||||||
| 4 | Aleksin | Aleksinsky District | 61,732 | ||||||
| 5 | Shchyokino | Shchyokinsky District | 58,139 | ||||||
| 6 | Uzlovaya | Uzlovsky District | 55,282 | ||||||
| 7 | Yefremov | Yefremovsky District | 42,350 | ||||||
| 8 | Bogoroditsk | Bogoroditsky District | 31,897 | ||||||
| 9 | Kimovsk | Kimovsky District | 28,485 | ||||||
| 10 | Kireyevsk | Kireyevsky District | 25,557 | ||||||
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 1,419,456 | — |
| 1926 | 1,505,263 | +6.0% |
| 1959 | 1,920,308 | +27.6% |
| 1970 | 1,952,467 | +1.7% |
| 1979 | 1,906,176 | −2.4% |
| 1989 | 1,867,013 | −2.1% |
| 2002 | 1,675,758 | −10.2% |
| 2010 | 1,553,925 | −7.3% |
| 2021 | 1,501,214 | −3.4% |
| Source: Census data | ||
Vital statistics for 2022:[22][23]
- Births: 9,568 (6.7 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 24,860 (17.4 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):[24]
1.15 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[25]
Total — 68.97 years (male — 64.05, female — 73.85)
Ethnic composition (2010):[8]
- Russians - 95.3%
- Ukrainians - 1%
- Armenians - 0.6%
- Tatars - 0.5%
- Azeris - 0.4%
- Romani people - 0.3%
- Belarusians - 0.2%
- Germans - 0.2%
- Others - 1.5%
- 19,778 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[26]
Religion
editAccording to a 2012 survey[27] 62% of the population of Tula Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 2% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Muslims. In addition, 19% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is atheist, and 3% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[27]
Economy
editTula Oblast is part of the Central economic region. It is a prominent industrial center with metalworking, engineering, coalmining, and chemical industries.[29] Major industrial cities include Novomoskovsk and Aleksin. Historical industries, such as firearm, samovar, and accordion manufacturing, still play an important role in the region.[citation needed]
The oblast also has a developed agricultural sector, which ranks 33rd in Russia in agricultural production.[10] The sector includes farming grain (wheat and rye), potatoes, sugar beets, and vegetable growing, livestock raising, and dairying.
Culture
edit
Tula Oblast has more than 100 museums. Several are located in the administrative center of the oblast, the city of Tula, notably the Tula State Arms Museum, the Tula Kremlin, and the Tula Samovar Museum. Another important cultural tourist attractions is the home and country estate of Leo Tolstoy, Yasnaya Polyana, located 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) outside of the city of Tula.
The oblast also has four professional theaters, a philharmonic orchestra, and a circus.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ For example, at the Satinskoye settlement site. Yushkova, Maria A. (2012). "Northwestern Russia at the periphery of the north European and Volga-Uralic Bronze Age". In Anfinset, Nils; Wrigglesworth, Melanie (eds.). Local Societies in Bronze Age Northern Europe. London: Equinox (Acumen). pp. 129–147. ISBN 978-1-84553-742-5.
- ^ a b "Tula Region". Kommersant Moscow. 8 March 2004. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
- ^ "Tula Oblast". Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (2001). Retrieved 31 October 2006.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Закон Тульской области от 10 июля 2014 года №2168-ЗТО О регулировании отдельных правоотношений, связанных с организацией и деятельностью органов местного самоуправления на территории Тульской области" [Law of the Tula Region of 10 July 2014 No. 2168-ZTO On the regulation of certain legal relations related to the organization and activities of local government bodies in the territory of the Tula Oblast]. Electronic fund of legal, regulatory and technical documents (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Отчет министерства внутренней политики и развития местного самоуправления в Тульской области по итогам работы за 2022 год" [Report of the Ministry of Internal Policy and Development of Local Self-Government in the Tula Region on the results of work for 2022]. Ministry of Internal Policy and Development of Local Self-Government in the Tula Oblast. 30 January 2023.
- ^ "Что делают сельские старосты Тульской области?" [What do village elders in the Tula Oblast do?]. News Tula (in Russian). 27 May 2021. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ "Список региональных отделений политических партий, зарегистрированных в Тульской области" [List of regional branches of political parties registered in the Tula Oblast] (PDF). Government of the Tula Oblast (in Russian). 16 August 2016.
- ^ "Агеев: С 2011 года на реализацию проекта Народный бюджет привлечено более 2,8 млрд руб" [Ageyev: Since 2011, more than 2.8 billion rubles have been raised for the implementation of the People’s Budget project]. Tula Pressa (in Russian). 15 November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Власти Тульской области выделят 1,5 млрд рублей на продление проекта "Народный бюджет"" [The authorities of the Tula Oblast will allocate 1.5 billion rubles to extend the People's Budget project]. TASS (in Russian). 26 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Сводный доклад Тульской области о результатах мониторинга эффективности деятельности органов местного самоуправления городских округов и муниципальных районов, расположенных в границах Тульской области, по итогам 2022 года" [Summary report of the Tula Oblast on the results of monitoring the effectiveness of local government bodies of urban districts and municipal districts located within the borders of the Tula Oblast, based on the results of 2022] (PDF). Government of the Tula Obblast. 13 September 2023.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [Total fertility rate]. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ "ВПН-2010". rosstat.gov.ru.
- ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
- ^ "Tula". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
External links
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