Universal basic services (UBS) is an idea[1] of a form of social security in which all citizens or residents of a community, region, or country receive unconditional access to a range of free, basic, public services, funded by taxpayers and provided by a government or public institution.[2] The basic services commonly include:[3]
- education
- health care
- social housing
- essential food
- buses and trains
- basic internet
- legal aid and representation
Further services, where there are low or zero marginal costs for adding further users are:
- electricity and heating
- basic water and sanitation
- retail banking
- public broadcast media
History
editUniversal Basic Services is a development of the welfare state model. The term appeared in 2017 in press[4] and the first modelling in a report from University College London (UCL)'s Institute for Global Prosperity.[5] The British Labour Party welcomed[6] the report and announced in 2018[7] that UBS would be incorporated into the party's platform.
UBS inclusion rationale
editUniversal Basic Services are provided on the basis that they are necessary to sustain and enable each citizen's material safety, opportunity to contribute, or participate in the decision-making processes of their community, region or country, even if they lack any financial income. The UBS model extends the notion of a social safety net to include those elements necessary to fulfil a larger role[8] in society.
To substantiate inclusion in a UBS provision services meet at least one of these conditions:
- necessary to maintain the individual's or the society's material safety
- necessary to enable the individual's personal effort to use their skills and abilities to contribute to their society, either for remuneration or not
- necessary to allow the individual to participate in the political system(s) within which they live
The following table represents rationales used for the inclusion of certain services in a UBS definition:
| UBS | Material safety | Opportunity | Participation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Housing | ♦ | ||
| Electricity and heating | ♦ | ||
| Food and water | ♦ | ||
| Health and care | ♦ | ||
| Education | ♦ | ♦ | |
| Transport | ♦ | ♦ | |
| Information | ♦ | ♦ | |
| Legal | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ |
The specific content of any set of UBS varies according to the resources available to the society and their political definitions of what constitutes basic provision - see UBS Inclusion Rationale. Many societies already provide some elements of UBS, such as public education and public healthcare services.
Service definitions and examples
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Shelter
editPublic housing are built to provide affordable or subsidized housing for lower income earners. This is inline with rationale behind the UBS, to sustain social inclusion. UN-Habitat estimate that approximately 40% of the total world population will lack access to affordable housing by 2030.[9]
Sustenance
edit- Food bank
- Food security
- Human right to water and sanitation
- Right to food
- Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
- Soup kitchen
Health and care
editServices that support health, and services which provide for care of disabled, elderly and others.
In The Case for Universal Basic Services Coote and Percy argue for the expansion of the Care service definition to include childcare.[10]
Education
editSchooling and training.
Transport
editLocal transport to access other services, shops and employment.
Information
editAccess to communications that enable participation in society as well as access to the other services.
Legal
editThe Legal category UBS is a broad definition to include safety services, legal assistance and the apparatus necessary to sustain the society's legal system and political system. The courts, assemblies, political salaries, civil services and other aspects of the structure of the society are included in the definition of Legal UBS.
- Emergency medical services
- Policing
- Firefighting
- Legal aid
- Courts
- Right to counsel
- Social services agencies
Local service definitions
editUBS are designed and delivered by governments and institutions which tailor the exact content of the services to meet the particular circumstances of the local community.
Funding
editIn the standardised definition of UBS the cost of the services is funded by revenues derived from income taxes, which are hypothecated to the delivery of the UBS.
Most UBS services in societies around the world today are funded out of general government revenues, such as publicly funded healthcare.
Model costing
editIn October 2017 the Institute for Global Prosperity at University College London (UCL) produced a report[5] modelling the cost of UBS for the United Kingdom. The report modelled funding the UBS services (£42.16Bn) from a reduction in the Personal Tax Allowance.
Cost justifications for UBS
editThe cost of extending public services as universal entitlements is justified through some combination of the following savings:
- increased productivity through greater support for deeper specialisation
- substitution of cash benefits
- enhanced efficiency of delivery resulting from local design and demand management[11]
- long term savings in labour costs as UBS substitute for increases in pay[12]
Labour market effects
editThe two most common effects on operagraphics (labour markets) are:
- increased flexibility through enhanced access to job opportunities (e.g. transport access[13])
- reduced upward pressure on labour rates through the substitution of direct financial cost ("social wage"[12])
- The 2017 UCL report shows potential cost replacement of 80% of average pay for the lowest income decile[5]
Environmental benefits
editUBS can lead to lower emissions, particularly through greater use of public transport.[14]
Criticisms and conditions
edit- Responsive, effective and accountable local government – with financial autonomy – is necessary for the practical implementation of UBS
- UBS startup requires some increase in real costs that need to be financed before the labour market effects that could reduce those costs are activated
- UBS may be an inefficient method to cover the personal and necessarily individual living costs associated with needs such as toiletries, requiring any UBS to be supplemented by some form of cash transfers or credit system that can be used by citizens to satisfy personally specific living costs. This component could be delivered as a form of basic income, as modelled in the UCL report,[5] albeit at the low end of the scale within which basic income distributions are commonly proposed.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Coote, Kasliwal & Percy 2019, p. 4.
- ^ Gough, Ian (2020). "The Case for Universal Basic Services". LSE Public Policy Review. 1 (2). doi:10.31389/lseppr.12.
- ^ Moore, Portes et al (2016)
- ^ Coyle, Diane (4 April 2017). "Universal basic services are more important than income". Financial Times. Financial Times. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ^ a b c d Moore, Portes, Reed, Percy (23 December 2016). "Social prosperity for the future: A proposal for Universal Basic Services". IGP. IGP UCL. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ McDonnell, John. "John McDonnell response to the Institute for Global Prosperity's report on Universal Basic Services". Labour Party. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
- ^ McDonnell, John. "The new economics of Labour". Open Democracy. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
- ^ Unger, Roberto. "Freedom, Equality and a Future Political Economy: the structural change we need - Unger at RSA 2013". RSA. RSA. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ "The challenge". Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ Coote, Anna; Percy, Andrew. "The Case for Universal Basic Services". Wiley. Wiley. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ Randle, Kippin. "Beyond Nudge to Demand Management". RSA. RSA LGA. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ^ a b Adams, Paul (January 1978). "Social Control or Social Wage: On the Political Economy of the Welfare State". The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare. 5 (1). Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ^ Fisher, Impink (28 March 2017). "The socioeconomic stakes of transit". The Brookings Institution. The Brookings Institution. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ^ "Getting Beyond the Economy: A Journey with Extinction Rebellion".
Sources
edit- Coote, Anna; Kasliwal, Pritika; Percy, Andrew (May 16, 2019). Universal Basic Services: Theory and Practice - A literature review (PDF). UCL Institute for Global Prosperity.