The voiced bilabial nasal is a type of consonantal sound which has been observed to occur in about 96% of spoken languages.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨m⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m. The bilabial nasal occurs in English, and it is the sound represented by "m" in map and rum. Very few languages (e.g. Wyandot) are known to lack this sound. A small number of languages have been observed to lack independent nasal phonemes altogether, such as Quileute, Makah, and Central Rotokas.[2]
| Voiced bilabial nasal | |
|---|---|
| m | |
| IPA number | 114 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | m |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006D |
| X-SAMPA | m |
| Braille |  |
Features
edit
Features of the voiced bilabial nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Varieties
edit| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| m | plain m |
| mʲ | palatalised |
| mˠ | velarised |
| mˤ | pharyngealized |
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ǃKung | m | [m] | 'eat' | ||
| Adyghe | мазэ / māză | [maːza] | 'moon' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[3] | مطابخ / maṭābiḫ | [maˈtˤɑːbɪχ] | 'kitchens' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[4] | մայր / mayr | 'mother' | ||
| Assyrian | ܡܪܐ / mara | [maːra] | 'owner' | ||
| Basque | maitatu | [majt̪at̪u] | 'to love' | ||
| Bengali | মা / ma | [ma] | 'mother' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | мъгла / mygla | [mɐɡla] | 'fog' | ||
| Catalan[5] | meu | [ˈmeʊ̯] | 'mine' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Cherokee | ᎠᎹ / ama | [ama˦] | 'water' | ||
| Cantonese | 貓 / 猫 / māau | 'cat' | See Cantonese phonology | ||
| Chukchi | Mанэгран | [maneɣɻan] | 'tent' | ||
| Chuvash | манăн / manën | [manən] | 'my' | ||
| Czech | muž | 'man' | See Czech phonology | ||
| Dutch[6] | mond | 'mouth' | See Dutch phonology | ||
| Dhivehi | mas | [mas̪] | 'fish' | See Dhivehi phonology | |
| English | him | 'him' | See English phonology | ||
| Esperanto | tempo | 'time' | See Esperanto phonology | ||
| Filipino | manok | [maˈnok] | 'chicken' | See Filipino phonology | |
| Finnish | minä | 'I' | See Finnish phonology | ||
| French[7] | manger | 'to eat' | See French phonology | ||
| Georgian[8] | სამი / sami | [ˈsɑmi] | 'three' | ||
| German | Maus | 'mouse' | See Standard German phonology | ||
| Greek[9] | μάζα / maza | 'clump' | See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Gujarati | મોર / mór | [moːɾ] | 'male peacock' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hawaiian[10] | maka | [maka] | 'eye' | See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hindi | मधु / mëdhu | [məd̪ʱuː] | 'honey' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hebrew | אמא / ima | [ˈʔimäʔ] | 'mother' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian | ma | 'today' | See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Indonesian[11] | masuk | [ˈmäsʊʔ] | 'enter' | ||
| Italian[12] | mamma | 'mommy' | See Italian phonology | ||
| Japanese[13] | 豆 / mame | [mäme̞] | 'bean' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | мазэ / mazè | [maːza] | 'moon' | ||
| Kagayanen[14] | manang | [manaŋ] | 'older sister' | ||
| Kazakh | кеме / keme | [keme] | 'ship' | See Kazakh phonology | |
| Khmer | ខ្មែរ / khmae | [kʰmae] | 'Khmer' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Korean | 마을 / maûl | [mɐɯl] | 'village' | See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | moer | [muːʁ] | 'carrot' | Common. Example from the Weert dialect. | |
| Lithuanian | mama | [ˈmɐmɐ] | 'mom' | ||
| Macedonian | мајка / majka | [ˈmajka] | 'mother' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | malam | [mäläm] | 'night' | ||
| Malayalam[15] | കമ്മി / kammi | [kəmmi] | 'shortage' | ||
| Maltese | ilma | [ilma] | 'water' | ||
| Mandarin | 貓 / 猫 / māo | 'cat' | See Mandarin phonology | ||
| Marathi | मन / mën | [mən] | 'mind' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Mutsun | muruṭ | [muɾuʈ] | 'night' | ||
| Nepali | आमा / āmā | [ämä] | 'mother' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | mamma | [ˈmɑmːɑ] | 'mom' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Ojibwe | ᐊᓈᒥᒻ / anaamim | [ənaːˈmɪm] | 'accuse' | See Ojibwe phonology | |
| Odia | ମା / mä | [mä] | 'mother' | ||
| Persian | مادر / madär | [mɒdær] | 'mother' | See Persian phonology | |
| Pirahã | baíxi | [ˈmàí̯ʔì] | 'parent' | allophone of /b/ | |
| Polish[16] | masa | 'mass' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[17] | mato | 'bush' | See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Punjabi | ਮੈਂ / mēm̐ | [mɛ̃ː] | 'I' | ||
| Russian[18] | муж / muž | 'husband' | Contrasts with palatalized version. See Russian phonology | ||
| Sanskrit | अहम् / aham | [əhəm] | 'I' | See Sanskrit phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[19] | мој / moj | [môːj] | 'my' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | muž | [mu̞ʂ] | 'man' | ||
| Slovene | miš | [mîʃ] | 'mouse' | ||
| Spanish[20] | grumete | [ɡɾuˈme̞te̞] | 'cabin boy' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | miti | [ˈmiti] | 'trees' | ||
| Swedish | mask | [mask] | 'worm' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Telugu | మబ్బు/mabu | [mabːu] | 'cloud' | Occurs as allophone of anuswara when followed by retroflex stops | |
| Thai | มอมแมม / mommäm | [mɔːm.mɛːm] | 'shabby' | See Thai phonology | |
| Toki Pona | mani | [mani] | 'money' | ||
| Tsez | мец / mec | [mɛ̝t͡s] | 'tongue' | ||
| Turkish | benim | [be̞ˈn̟ɪm] | 'mine' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[21] | молоко / moloko | [mɔɫɔˈkɔ] | 'milk' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Urdu | مکان / mëkan | [məkaːn] | 'house' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Uyghur | مەن / män | [mæn] | 'I' | ||
| Uzbek | men | [men] | 'I' | ||
| Vietnamese[22] | muối | [mwojˀ˧˥] | 'salt' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | mam | 'mother' | See Welsh phonology | ||
| West Frisian | mar | [mar] | 'lake' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yi | ꂷ / ma | [ma˧] | 'bamboo' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[23] | man | [maŋ] | 'animal' | |
Palatalized
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgarian[24] | мя́сто/mästo | [mʲa̟sto] | 'place' | Contrasts with /m/. See Bulgarian phonology. | |
| Irish | mé | [mʲeː] | 'I' | Contrasts with /mˠ/. See Irish phonology. | |
| Kildin Saami[25] | ме̄рр/mʹērr | [mʲerː] | 'sea' | Kildin Saami contrasts varieties of bilabial nasals in voicedness, length and palatalization.[25] | |
| Latgalian[26] | miļti | [mʲilʲtʲi][27] | 'flour' | Contrasts with /m/.[26] See Latgalian phonology. | |
| Lithuanian[28] | miglà | [mʲɪɡˈɫa] | 'mist' | Contrasts with /m/. See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Marshallese[29] | emān | [ɛmʲænʲ] | 'four' | Contrasts with /mˠ/.[29] | |
| Nenets | Tundra Nenets[30] | мяˮ/ḿaq | [mʲɑ][31] | 'tent' | Contrasts with /m/.[30] |
| Forest Nenets[30] | [example needed] | ||||
| Russian | медь/měď | 'copper' | Contrasts with /m/. See Russian phonology. | ||
| Veps[32] | nem' | [nemʲ] | 'peninsula' | Contrasts with /m/.[32] | |
Velarized
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gilbertese | mwe[33] | [mˠe] | 'sleep' | Contrasts with /m/ and /mː/. | |
| Irish | má | [mˠɑː] | 'if' | Contrasts with /mʲ/. See Irish phonology. | |
| Marshallese[29] | m̧winam̧ōn | [mˠinʲɑmˠʌnʲ] | 'caterpillar' | Contrasts with /mʲ/.[29] | |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "Segments - m". PHOIBLE. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
- ^ Ian Maddieson (2009). "Nasals and Nasalization: Revisiting universals". Nasal 2009. Wikidata Q115902630.
- ^ Thelwall (1990:37)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Newton (1972:10)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:139)
- ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008:210)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Okada (1999:117)
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
- ^ Klagstad (1958:48)
- ^ a b Rießler (2022:222)
- ^ a b Nau (2011:12)
- ^ Nau (2011:14)
- ^ Pakerys (1995:?)
- ^ a b c d Choi (1992:14)
- ^ a b c Burkova (2022:680)
- ^ Burkova (2022:681)
- ^ a b Grünthal (2022:294)
- ^ Stephen & Groves (1978)
References
edit- Burkova, Svetlana (2022). "Nenets". The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford Guides to the World's Languages (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Choi, John (1992). "Phonetic Underspecification and Target Interpolation: An Acoustic Study of Marshallese Vowel Allophony". Working Papers in Phonetics. 82. Los Angeles: UCLA. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Riho, Grünthal (2022). "Veps". The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford Guides to the World's Languages (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Klagstad, Harold (1958). "The Phonemic System of Colloquial Standard Bulgarian". Slavic and East European Journal. 2 (1). American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages: 42–54. doi:10.2307/304696. JSTOR 304696.
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Nau, Nicole (2011), A short grammar of Latgalian, Munich: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-86288-055-3
- Newton, Brian (1972), The generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, vol. 8, Cambridge University Press
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296, S2CID 38504322
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
- Rießler, Michael (2022). "Kildin Saami". The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford Guides to the World's Languages (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
- Pakerys, Antanas (1995). Lietuvių bendrinės kalbos fonetika (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Žara. OCLC 911717523.
- Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Illustrations of the IPA:Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (2): 209–213, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003320
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Trussel, Stephen; Groves, Gordon (1978). A Combined Kiribati-English Dictionary based on the works of Hiram Bingham, D.D. and Father Ernest Sabatier, M.S.C. (translated by Sr. M. Oliva) with additional scientific material from Luomala, Goo & Banner. University of Hawaii. Retrieved 2022-06-13.