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Xue Susu (Chinese: 薛素素; also known as Xue Wu (薛五), Xuesu (薛素), Sujun, among other pen names) (c.1564–1650? C.E.) was a Chinese courtesan during the Ming Dynasty.[2] She was an accomplished painter and poet who was particularly noted for her figure paintings, which included many Buddhist subjects. Her works are held in a number of museums both in China and elsewhere. Her skill at mounted archery was commented upon by a number of contemporary writers, as were her masculine, martial tendencies; these were regarded as an attractive feature by the literati of the period.
Xue Susu | |
|---|---|
 Girl Playing a Jade Flute by Xue Susu, self-portrait[1] | |
| Born | around 1564 |
| Died | 1637 - 1652 |
| Other names | Xue Wu, Xuesu, Sujun, Runqing, Runniang, Wulang |
| Occupation(s) | courtesan, painter, poet, chess player |
| Known for | Mounted archery, painting |
| Xue Susu | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 薛素素 | ||||||||
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She lived in Eastern China, residing for most of her life in the Zhejiang and Jiangsu districts. After a career as a celebrated courtesan in Nanjing, Xue Susu was married about four times. During her later life, she eventually opted for the life of a Buddhist recluse.
Biography
editXue was born in either Suzhou or Jiaxing (contemporary sources disagree).[3] According to the historian Qian Qianyi she spent at least some of her childhood in Beijing.[4] Due to her poor background, Xue Susu had performed in a circus troupe since she was a child, and developed the skills of riding a horse, shooting a slingshot, and walking on a rope.[5] Later, Xue Susu chose to become a courtesan. She spent her professional life in the Qinhuai pleasure quarter of Nanjing in the 1580s,[6] where she became something of a celebrity among the literati and government officials who frequented the Jiaofang there.[7][1][3] She was highly selective in her clientele, accepting only learned and scholarly men as her lovers and declining to proffer her affections for mere financial gain.[1] While still in Jiaxing, Xue Susu met Dong Qichang, a then-unknown scribe and calligrapher who later became the Minister of Rites. At that time, he was still teaching in a private school to make a living. When Dong Qichang met Xue Susu, he was immediately attracted to her, and made a copy of the Heart Sutra for her, along with an inscription and postscript. Under the guidance of Dong Qichang, Xue Susu learned to paint landscapes, orchids, and bamboos with ease. Later, she also became proficient at line drawings of figures, flowers, and grass and insects. As an adult, her poems, books, and paintings attracted celebrities. She had also learned embroidery skills at an early age, and continued embroidering as she grew older. In the autumn of 1612, Li Rihua's disciples brought him an image of Guanyin, hand-embroidered by Xue Susu, and a volume of "Prajna Heart Sutra", which Li Rihua rated as "extremely exquisite".[8]
In the 1590s, she returned to Beijing, where the parties and literary gatherings that she hosted, as well as her archery demonstrations, further cemented her reputation.[9] Xue Susu became known as a "Scholarly Woman of Ten Talents" (十能才女). The ten talents were: writing poetry, calligraphy, painting, playing the guqin, playing chess, playing the flute, embroidery, riding a horse, walking on a rope, and shooting a slingshot.[10] Xue Susu was proficient in Go and is the only female chess player in the Ming Dynasty whose skill is documented.[11] Xue Susu referred to herself as "a female knight-errant",[3][12], and she chose the sobriquet Wulang (五郎), meaning "fifth young gentleman", as a nickname.[9] The "female knight-errant" epithet was reiterated by both the bibliophile Hu Yinglin and Fan Yulin, Secretary to the Ministry of War.[9] Apparently fond of martial causes, she was not above attempting to influence military affairs, on one occasion abandoning her lover Yuan Weizhi when he refused to fund an expedition against the Japanese in Korea.[3][4]
Xue's first marriage was to a general named Li - sometimes called “Li Zhengman” - with her quickly becoming his favorite concubine. After this marriage ended, she became a courtesan again. Later, when her portrait was circulated in the southern minority areas, an officer named Peng Xuanwei saw it and fell in love with her. In order to marry her, Peng sent his agents to shower Xue with money and gifts, with the aim of persuading her to come to Youyang. Upon arrival, Xue realized that she had been tricked[how?], and refused to marry Peng. Enraged, Peng kept Xue confined to his house for more than ten years before finally releasing her. After regaining her freedom, Xue chose to return to the life of a courtesan.[13] At some point after 1605, her career as a courtesan came to an end when she married the playwright and bureaucrat Shen Defu.[9][14] Finally, after leaving the Shen household, she married Yuan Weizhi (袁微之), a wealthy businessman in Suzhou, as a concubine.[15][16][17] Late in life, Xue wanted to have children, but she was past child-bearing age,so this was impossible. Instead, she prayed for all those in love to have the children she could not.[18][19]
In later life, she converted to Buddhism, largely retiring from the world.[1][3] Even in her eighties, however, she was active in the literary world, entertaining female artists such as Huang Yuanjie at her home on the West Lake during the final days of the Ming Dynasty.[1][9] With her Buddhist friend Yang Jiangzi (the sister of Xue's fellow courtesan Liu Rushi), she made pilgrimages to sacred sites such as Mount Lu and Mount Emei.[20] The date of her death is uncertain; some sources suggest that she may have lived into the 1650s, whilst others put her death in the late 1630s or early 1640s. Qian Qianyi mentions her death in a work published in 1652, so she must have died before this date.[9]
Xue Susu had an inkstone called the Zhi Inkstone (脂砚), kept in a highly-decorated box. The bottom of the box is engraved with the words "Wanli Guiyou Gusu Wu Wanyou", and the four characters "红颜素心" (hongyansuxin, 'beautiful face, pure heart') are inscribed on the upper right. The inside of the lid is engraved with a portrait of Xue Susu with a fine dark pattern, which was painted by Qiu Zhu, the daughter of Qiu Ying. On the bottom of the inkstone is engraved small characters in official script: "The inkstone treasured by Zhiyanzhai will be preserved forever." There is a saying that the Zhiyanzhai in "A Dream of Red Mansions" may be named after Xue Susu Zhiyan.[21]
Paintings
edit
Already an accomplished painter in her teenage years,[1] Xue was well known for her artistic talent. Her work was considered similar to that of Chen Chun, who was an inspiration for many of her era.[22] One of her paintings was considered "the most accomplished work of its kind in the whole of the Ming period",[4] and contemporary art critics regarded her as "a master of technique".[4] Hu Yinglin considered her to be at the pinnacle of contemporary painting, asking, "What famous painter with skilled hands can surpass her?"[3] and claiming that "[she] surpasses anyone in the painting of bamboo and orchids."[1] She was also keenly admired by eminent painter and art critic Dong Qichang, who was inspired to copy the entire Heart Sutra in response to Xue's painting of Guanyin;[1] he claimed that "None [of Xue Susu's works] lacks an intention and spirit that approaches the divine."[3] Although she painted the standard subjects of landscapes, bamboo and blossoms (being particularly fond of orchids), Xue was noted for her work in figure painting, which was a comparatively unusual subject for courtesans.[1] Examples of her paintings are displayed at the Honolulu Museum of Art and the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco.[23]
Poetry
editXue regularly accented her paintings with her own poems, and published two volumes of writing, only one of which survives. Hua suo shi Chinese: 花瑣事 (Trifles about Flowers) is a collection of short prose essays and anecdotes about various flowers, whilst Nan you cao Chinese: 南游草 (Notes from a Journey to the South), which has been lost, apparently contained a selection of her poems regarding life as a courtesan. A number of these were collected in various anthologies from the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.[9]
Hu Yinglin wrote that "Her poetry, although lacking in freedom, shows a talent rare among women."[3] Moving in literary circles, Xue also provided the subject matter for many contemporary poets. Xu Yuan, another female poet of the period, describes Xue's allure:
Lotus blossoms as she moves her pair of arches
Her tiny waist, just a hand's breadth, is light enough to dance on a palm
Leaning coyly against the East Wind
Her pure colour and misty daintiness fill the moon.[24]
Hu Yinglin wrote of Xue:
Who transplanted this flower of renowned species to the Imperial garden?
Hers is a smile worth a thousand pieces of gold
She lives near the mooring like Taoye [Peach Leaf], under the wind
She resembles rushes, standing in the water, embracing the moon, and humming
The red phoenix is half-raised because of her mate
Her eyebrows are slightly frowning, expecting a heart to share
This is the moment to read Eternal Regret, the poem of Bo Juyi
Beside the bed, she is awaiting the lute of jade.[1]
Xue's own works deal with a variety of themes, from the mildy erotic:
Inside the city walls of stone in the pleasure quarter
I feel deeply mortified that my talents outshine all the others
The river glitters, the waters clear, and the seagulls swim in pairs
The sky looks hollow, the clouds serene, and the wild geese fly in rows
My embroidered dress partly borrows the hue of hibiscus
The emerald wine shares the scent of lotus
If I did not reciprocate your feelings
Would I dare to feast with you, Master He?[1]
to the romantic:
This lovely night I think of you, wondering whether you will return
The lonely lamp shines on me, casting a faint shadow
I clutch one lone pillow; there is nobody to talk to
Moonlight floods the deserted courtyard; tears soak my dress.[9]
to the whimsically philosophical:
Full of aroma is the taste of wine beneath the bloom
Tinged in azure the gate surrounded by bamboo
In solitude I watch the seagulls fly across the sky
Carefree and content, I feel fully satisfied.[1]
Xue often exchanged poems and paintings with her clientele, receiving their own artworks in exchange.[3]
Archery
editWhilst she excelled at poetry, painting and embroidery, the skill that set Xue apart from other courtesans was her talent for archery. Her mastery of a traditionally masculine art gave her an air of androgyny that was considered highly attractive by the literati of the time.[9][20] Having practiced in Beijing as a child,[1] she furthered her skills during a sojourn in the company of a military officer in the outlying regions of China. The horsemen of the local tribes there were impressed with her shooting, and she became something of a local celebrity.[4] Later in life she gave public demonstrations in Hangzhou, which drew large audiences.[1][4] Hu Yinglin describes one such performance:
"She is able to shoot two balls from her crossbow one after another and make the second ball strike the first and break it in mid-air. Another trick she can do is to place a ball on the ground, and, by pulling the bow backwards with her left hand, while her right hand draws the bow from behind her back, hit it. Out of a hundred shots, she does not miss a single one.[1]
The poet Lu Bi recalls another trick shot performed by Xue: "When the servant girl takes a ball in her hand and places it on top of her head / She [Xue] turns around, hits it with another ball, and both balls fall to the ground."[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Daria Berg (2008). "Amazon, Artist, and Adventurer: A Courtesan in Late Imperial China". In Kenneth James Hammond; Kristin Eileen Stapleton (eds.). The human tradition in modern China. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 19–30. ISBN 978-0-7425-5466-5.
- ^ "Past events｜Remembering my father Wang Yiping: Behind the donation of Yi Bing Shou Inkstone and Ming Dynasty Lin Liang's paintings". Archived from the original on 11 September 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kang-i Sun Chang; Haun Saussy; Charles Yim-tze Kwong (1999). Women writers of traditional China: an anthology of poetry and criticism. Stanford University Press. pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-0-8047-3231-4.
- ^ a b c d e f Victoria B. Cass (1999). Dangerous women: warriors, grannies, and geishas of the Ming. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8476-9395-5.
- ^ ""Jinling Painting Circle" promotes female painters to enter the history of Chinese art, Gong Xian is the leader of "Jinling"". Archived from the original on 11 September 2024.
- ^ Daria Berg (24 July 2013). Women and the Literary World in Early Modern China, 1580-1700. Routledge. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-1-136-29021-3.
- ^ "Many should take their own portraits" - the beauty of women in the works of female painters of the Ming and Qing Dynasties". Archived from the original on 11 September 2024.
- ^ "Jiayou Beauty｜Xue Susu: "Riding a horse with a slingshot", a legendary life". Archived from the original on 11 September 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Berg, Daria (2009). "Cultural Discourse on Xue Susu, A Courtesan in Late Ming China" (PDF). International Journal of Asian Studies. 6 (2): 171–200. doi:10.1017/S1479591409000205. S2CID 145248344. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
- ^ 《明诗综》卷九十八：“薛五校书有十能，诗、书、画、琴、弈、箫、绣，而驰马、走索、射弹，尤绝技也。”
- ^ "[Playing Chess] The Ming Dynasty period when there were countless famous chess players". Archived from the original on 11 September 2024.
- ^ Alexandra Green (1 February 2013). Rethinking Visual Narratives from Asia: Intercultural and Comparative Perspectives. Editor, Alexandra Green. Hong Kong University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-988-8139-10-1.
- ^ 徐树敏《众香词》:“为李征蛮所嬖，其画像传入蛮峒。彭宣府深慕好之。吴人冯生自谓能致素素，费金钱无算。久之，语不雠，宣尉怒羁留十余年乃遣。北里名姬，至于倾动蛮夷，世所希有也。”
- ^ Lin Foxhall; Gabriele Neher (3 April 2012). Gender and the City before Modernity. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1-118-23444-0.
- ^ 钱谦益《列朝诗集小传》（薛素素）：“中年长斋礼佛，数嫁皆不终。晚归吴下富家，为房老以死。”
- ^ "科普成果 | 嘉兴明清女性画家史话（下）" [Popular science results | History of female painters in Jiaxing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties (Part 2)]. zjskw.gov.cn.
- ^ "Jiayou Beauty｜Xue Susu: "Riding a horse with a slingshot", a legendary life".
- ^ Richard M. Barnhart; Yang Xin (1997). Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting. Yale University Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-300-09447-3.
- ^ 《珊瑚网》载李日华题薛素素《花里观音》云：“薛素能挟弹调筝，鸣机刺绣；又善理眉掠鬓，人间可喜可乐，以娱男子事，种种皆出其手。然花繁春老后，人情不免有绿阴青子之思，姬无可着力。今又以绘法精写大士，代天下有情夫妇祈嗣，此又是于姬己分上补一段大缺陷也。乃欢喜以赞曰：慧女春风手，百花指端吐；菩萨现花中，自结真实果。”
- ^ a b Wetzel, J. (2002). "Hidden Connections: Courtesans in the Art World of the Ming Dynasty". Women's Studies. 31 (5): 645–669. doi:10.1080/00497870214051. S2CID 145231141.
- ^ "Appreciation of the Ming Dynasty female painter Xue Susu's orchid bamboo paintings". Archived from the original on 11 September 2024.
- ^ "Flowers, 1615". Asian Art Museum of San Francisco. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- ^ Helen Tierney (1999). Women's Studies Encyclopedia: A-F. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-313-31071-3.
- ^ Dorothy Ko (1994). Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth Century China. Stanford University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-8047-2359-6.
Further reading
edit- Robinson, James (1988). Views from Jade Terrace: Chinese Women Artists 1300-1912. New York: Indianapolis Museum of Art and Rizzoli. pp. 82–88.