Yoruba architecture describes the architectural styles of the Yoruba people of West Africa, dating back to approximately the 8th century.[1][2] and lasted up to and beyond the colonial period beginning in the 19th century CE.
   Top: Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove a World Heritage Site in Osogbo, Nigeria; Middle: Post-Colonial Yoruba-inspired architecture, Natural History Museum, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria; Bottom: Interior of the old palace of the Deji of Akure with a low incline stair leading to an elevated platform. | |
| Years active | c. ? AD - Present |
|---|---|
Typical houses consisted of rectangular windowless single-room buildings arranged around a central courtyard ringed by verandas.[3][4] Building styles resembled those of the Ashanti, including construction from earth, wood, palm oil[4] and straw bolstered by timber frameworks and roofed with thatched leaves and wood, or later aluminum and corrugated iron.
Most medieval/pre-colonial Yoruba settlements were surrounded by defensive mud walls.[5][3] Sungbo's Eredo, a series of such fortifications equipped with guard houses and moats, has been considered the largest pre-colonial monument in Africa, larger even than the Pyramid of Khufu in Egypt or Great Zimbabwe.[6][7][8]
After British colonization, architecture in Lagos in particular was influenced by Brazilian architecture, brought in large part by Agudas, which introduced elements such as masonry, stucco, arched windows and doorways, and added prominence to multi-storey buildings.
History
editPre-colonial styles
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Pre-colonial Yoruba people predominantly lived in ring-like urban clusters. Families lived in square structures built to enclose open courtyards, and the palaces of obas often had an open market area that made up the centre of a town.[9] A hierarchy of sorts was maintained throughout many Yoruba towns, wherein the oba or other ruler boasted the largest compound and the most courtyards. The dwelling places of the city's ward or lineage chiefs were following in size and space, which were also typically made with more than one central courtyard. The sizes of the houses of the town elders of local families followed suit.[9]
Traditional Yoruba architectural forms can be seen as hollow squares or circles, and buildings can be viewed as compounds consisting of various sub-units arranged in quadrilateral shapes surrounding an open courtyard. The open space served as the point of social contact for inhabitants and was also used for cooking and craft making.[10] The open spaces or courtyards were purposefully designed to be much larger than interior spaces to encourage communication between family members. On the other hand, the enclosed spaces made much smaller and darker were mostly used for sleeping.[9] The main material for building house walls was molded mud, obtained from laterite soils. Yoruba houses were built without windows.[10] Roofing materials were influenced by environmental conditions. In areas closest to the Atlantic coast, raffia palm leaves were frequently used for roofing, while in the northern regions, wood was substituted for palm fronds.[10]
The palaces and houses of chiefs had extended courtyards. Animal murals and carved posts beautified palaces and chiefly homes, which also served as prominent shrines for dedications to Orishas.[10] Gardens were prominent in Yoruba arts and architecture. Yoruba palaces often included gardens. At the Olowo's palace for example, there existed different kinds of gardens ranging from farm, temple, sacred, kitchen, and herb gardens. Impluviums were also utilized in Yoruba compounds to collect rain water.[11]
Gallery
editBuilding exterior
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Old palace of porto Novo built in the Yoruba style featuring a central courtyard which also serves as an impluvium. -
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View of a part of the exterior walls of the old Porto Novo (Ajaṣe, Hogbonu) palace.
Pillars, Posts, Panels and Beams
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Palace door wooden panel from Ikere -
The interior of a building in Ode Ondo, capital of the Ondo Kingdom. -
Carved planks and beams obtained from Yoruba Temples.
Yoruba Revival or Neo Yoruba Architecture
editThere has been a revival in certain Yoruba building styles both in West Africa, as well as in the Americas.
Brazilian styles
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Following the British conquest of Lagos, the town grew into a city with a varied population. This population consisted of the indigenous residents of Isale Eko (Lagos Island), Yoruba returnees from Brazil, Trinidad and Cuba, who had crossed the Atlantic twice, European merchants and British colonists, and mixed-race Creoles.[12] Many African returnees from Brazil had trained in masonry, and they introduced stuccoed bungalows and multi-storey buildings with arched windows and doorways, influenced by Brazilian architecture. This style began to dominate colonial Lagos, especially in Olowogbowo, Popo Aguda, Ebute Metta and Yaba.[12] Apprentices trained by the returnees later spread a modified variant across the region. These Brazilian style-houses were built with open spaces for ventilation between the tops of the walls and the roofs and verandahs on the front of back entrances. Two-story sobrados, quadrangular with central areas that could hold alcoves, chapels and staircases with accompanying passageways, became popular. A Sardinian established a brick and tile factory in Lagos, leading to affordable storey houses made from brick.[13] The brick columns and walls were plastered with ornamentation,[14] and further embellishments were incorporated into plinths, columns, shafts and bases.[15]
Stately houses were built and reproduced in different shapes and sizes by the Yoruba returnees from the New World into the city of Lagos. Examples include: the residence of Andrew Thomas, a two-story Brazilian-styled house designed with ornate works of plaster; Joaquim Devonde Branco's brickhouse, with wrought-iron windows; and the Caxton House on Marina, which was built with a two-story main building, two showrooms at each side of the main building, horse stables, and a garden.[13]
References
edit- ^ "Ile-Ife | Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
- ^ "Ife". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
- ^ a b "Pre-colonial Traditional Architectures of Nigeria". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2020-02-23. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
- ^ a b Eades, J. S. (1980). The Yoruba today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22656-2. OCLC 5126050.
- ^ Noble, Allen G. (2007). Traditional buildings : a global survey of structural forms and cultural functions. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-4356-3489-3. OCLC 216931397.
- ^ "10 Amazing Facts You Probably Don't Know About Nigeria". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
- ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2015). The history of Africa : the quest for eternal harmony (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-84454-3. OCLC 879329853.
- ^ Peter G. Stone, ed. (2011). Cultural heritage, ethics, and the military. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84615-944-2. OCLC 801440701.
- ^ a b c Vlach, John Michael (1976). "Affecting Architecture of the Yoruba". African Arts. 10 (1): 48–99. doi:10.2307/3335257. JSTOR 3335257.
- ^ a b c d Ojo, G. J. Afolabi (1968). "Traditional Yoruba Architecture". African Arts. 1 (3): 14–72. doi:10.2307/3334339. JSTOR 3334339.
- ^ Falade, J. B. (1990). "Yoruba Palace Gardens". Garden History. 8 (1): 47–56. doi:10.2307/1586979. JSTOR 1586979.
- ^ a b Cunha, Marianno Carneiro da; Verger, Pierre (1985). Da senzala ao sobrado: arquitetura brasileira na Nigéria e na República Popular do Benim = From slave quarters to town houses : Brazilian architecture in Nigeria and the People's Republic of Benin. São Paulo, SP: Nobel : EDUSP. pp. 24–34. ISBN 9788521301738. OCLC 14241928.
- ^ a b Akinsemoyin, ʼKunle (1977). Building lagos. F. & A. Services : Pengrail Ltd., Jersey. OCLC 26014518.
- ^ Adeyemi, Ekundayo (1989). "11. Architectural Development in Nigeria". Nigeria since independence : the first twenty-five years. Nigeria Since Independence History Panel. Ibadan, Nigeria: Heinemann Educational Books. pp. 322–340. ISBN 9781294736. OCLC 24911400.
- ^ Idowu, Ajibade-Samuel (June 2016). "Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew Partners: The Contributions of British Architects to Built Environment in Colonial Nigeria, 1946‑1959". História - Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto. 6 (a6): 269–288.