-io

See also: Appendix:Variations of "io"

Esperanto

Etymology

From Latin -ia in country names.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈio]
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: i‧o

Suffix

-io

1. a country named after the root, whether that is a people, person, city, or river

   ‎japano (“a Japanese person”) + ‎-io → ‎Japanio (“Japan”)

   ‎Kolumbo (“Columbus”) + ‎-io → ‎Kolumbio (“Colombia”)

   ‎Romo (“Rome”) + ‎-io → ‎Romio (“the Roman Empire”)

   ‎Niĝero (“the Niger River”) + ‎-io → ‎Niĝerio (“Nigeria”)

   ‎Esperanto (“the Esperanto language”) + ‎-io → ‎Esperantio (“a notional Esperanto-speaking land”)

2. a science named after its practitioner

   ‎astronomo (“astronomer”) + ‎-io → ‎astronomio (“astronomy”)

   ‎biologo (“biologist”) + ‎-io → ‎biologio (“biology”)

   ‎kirurgo (“surgeon”) + ‎-io → ‎kirurgio (“surgery (branch of medicine)”)

Synonyms

• (country): -ujo for countries named after their inhabitants: Anglujo (“England”)
• (country): lando is also sometimes used for countries named after inhabitants: Svedlando = Svedio (“Sweden”)
• (science): scienco is used like a suffix with root words to form names of some sciences: vulkanoscienco = vulkanologio (“volcanology”)

Derived terms

Esperanto terms suffixed with -io

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Finnish

Etymology

From multiple sources, including extraction from words derived with -o from verb stems ending in -i, as well as from earlier and still dialectal -i(j)o, from -ja-i (for labial ai > o, compare plural forms of kala-type nouns), from -ja + -i.

Suffix

-io (front vowel harmony variant -iö, linguistic notation -iO)

1. Forms nouns from verbs or verbal stems.

   ‎itää (“to sprout”) + ‎-io → ‎itiö (“spore (of e.g. mushroom, moss)”)

   ‎valita (“to choose”) + ‎-io → ‎valio (“elite, select”)

2. Forms nouns from other nouns, adjectives, numbers or their stems.

   ‎yksi (“one”) + ‎-io → ‎yksiö (“a one-room apartment”)

   ‎kolme (“three”) + ‎-io → ‎kolmio (“a triangle; a yield sign”)

   ‎neljä (“four”) + ‎-io → ‎neliö (“a square”); shorter form for a square meter

Declension

Inflection of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation)
nominative		-io	-iot
genitive		-ion	-ioiden -ioitten
partitive		-iota	-ioita
illative		-ioon	-ioihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-io	-iot
accusative	nom.	-io	-iot
	gen.	-ion
genitive		-ion	-ioiden -ioitten
partitive		-iota	-ioita
inessive		-iossa	-ioissa
elative		-iosta	-ioista
illative		-ioon	-ioihin
adessive		-iolla	-ioilla
ablative		-iolta	-ioilta
allative		-iolle	-ioille
essive		-iona	-ioina
translative		-ioksi	-ioiksi
abessive		-iotta	-ioitta
instructive		—	-ioin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -ioni -ioni accusative nom. -ioni -ioni gen. -ioni genitive -ioni -ioideni -ioitteni partitive -iotani -ioitani inessive -iossani -ioissani elative -iostani -ioistani illative -iooni -ioihini adessive -iollani -ioillani ablative -ioltani -ioiltani allative -iolleni -ioilleni essive -ionani -ioinani translative -iokseni -ioikseni abessive -iottani -ioittani instructive — — comitative — -ioineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -iosi -iosi accusative nom. -iosi -iosi gen. -iosi genitive -iosi -ioidesi -ioittesi partitive -iotasi -ioitasi inessive -iossasi -ioissasi elative -iostasi -ioistasi illative -ioosi -ioihisi adessive -iollasi -ioillasi ablative -ioltasi -ioiltasi allative -iollesi -ioillesi essive -ionasi -ioinasi translative -ioksesi -ioiksesi abessive -iottasi -ioittasi instructive — — comitative — -ioinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -iomme -iomme accusative nom. -iomme -iomme gen. -iomme genitive -iomme -ioidemme -ioittemme partitive -iotamme -ioitamme inessive -iossamme -ioissamme elative -iostamme -ioistamme illative -ioomme -ioihimme adessive -iollamme -ioillamme ablative -ioltamme -ioiltamme allative -iollemme -ioillemme essive -ionamme -ioinamme translative -ioksemme -ioiksemme abessive -iottamme -ioittamme instructive — — comitative — -ioinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -ionne -ionne accusative nom. -ionne -ionne gen. -ionne genitive -ionne -ioidenne -ioittenne partitive -iotanne -ioitanne inessive -iossanne -ioissanne elative -iostanne -ioistanne illative -ioonne -ioihinne adessive -iollanne -ioillanne ablative -ioltanne -ioiltanne allative -iollenne -ioillenne essive -ionanne -ioinanne translative -ioksenne -ioiksenne abessive -iottanne -ioittanne instructive — — comitative — -ioinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -ionsa -ionsa accusative nom. -ionsa -ionsa gen. -ionsa genitive -ionsa -ioidensa -ioittensa partitive -iotaan -iotansa -ioitaan -ioitansa inessive -iossaan -iossansa -ioissaan -ioissansa elative -iostaan -iostansa -ioistaan -ioistansa illative -ioonsa -ioihinsa adessive -iollaan -iollansa -ioillaan -ioillansa ablative -ioltaan -ioltansa -ioiltaan -ioiltansa allative -iolleen -iollensa -ioilleen -ioillensa essive -ionaan -ionansa -ioinaan -ioinansa translative -iokseen -ioksensa -ioikseen -ioiksensa abessive -iottaan -iottansa -ioittaan -ioittansa instructive — — comitative — -ioineen -ioinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -io

Anagrams

• oi

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Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from English -ia, French -ie, Italian -ia, Russian -ия (-ija), Spanish -ia, ultimately from Latin -ia, from Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).

Suffix

-io

1. suffix denoting the country, region, domain, territory or province dependent upon the authority of a person

   ‎duko (“duke; duchess”) + ‎-io → ‎dukio (“duchy”)

   ‎episkopo (“bishop”) + ‎-io → ‎episkopio (“bishopric, diocese, episcopate”)

   ‎paroko (“parish priest, rector”) + ‎-io → ‎parokio (“parish”)

   ‎rejo (“sovereign, ruler, king, queen, monarch”) + ‎-io → ‎rejio (“kingdom”)

Usage notes

A common but false misconception is that countries that end with -ia in Ido, for example Albania, use this suffix when in fact it's part of the root itself. Though, -io at times can help shape country names to fit; Mexikia uses the extra i so not to be confused with Mexiko (“Mexico City”) at the same time resembling other country names.

Derived terms

Ido terms suffixed with -io

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Italian

Etymology 1

Unknown. Perhaps from Latin -ērium.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈi.o/
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: -ì‧o

Suffix

-io m (plural -ii)

1. Used with verb roots to derive nouns with durative, intensive or frequentative connotation; -le

Derived terms

Italian terms suffixed with -io

Italian terms suffixed with -io (frequentative)

Etymology 2

From Latin -īvus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈi.o/
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: -ì‧o

Suffix

-io m (plural -ii)

1. Alternative form of -ivo

Etymology 3

From Latin -ius.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o

Suffix

-io m

1. Added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning “having the quality of”; -y

Etymology 4

From Latin -ium.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o

Suffix

-io m

1. Forms the name of chemical elements; -ium

Derived terms

Italian terms suffixed with -io (chemical element)

Etymology 5

From Latin -īvit via Vulgar Latin -īut.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o

Suffix

-io

1. (archaic, Dantesque) Used with a stem to form the third-person singular past historic of regular -ire verbs

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Latin

Etymology 1

Suffix -ō on i-stems.

Suffix

-iō f (genitive -iōnis); third declension

2. Used to form abstract nouns from verbs.

Usage notes

The suffix -iō is added to a verb to create a third-declension feminine abstract noun.

Examples:

legiō, from legō

regiō, from regō

Declension

Third-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-iō	-iōnēs
Genitive	-iōnis	-iōnum
Dative	-iōnī	-iōnibus
Accusative	-iōnem	-iōnēs
Ablative	-iōne	-iōnibus
Vocative	-iō	-iōnēs

Synonyms

• -tus

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -io (abstract noun)

Further reading

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

Etymology 2

Extension of -ō (possibly by rebracketing).

Suffix

-iō m (genitive -iōnis); third declension

2. Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms various types of nouns designating persons that are characterized by or related to the base word, such as nicknames or names of professions.

Usage notes

Personal appellations ending in -iō appear to have often had a derogatory or pejorative shade of meaning, which in some cases resulted in a sense near that of a diminutive, as in the case of homunciō.

Declension

Third-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-iō	-iōnēs
Genitive	-iōnis	-iōnum
Dative	-iōnī	-iōnibus
Accusative	-iōnem	-iōnēs
Ablative	-iōne	-iōnibus
Vocative	-iō	-iōnēs

Synonyms

• -ō, -ārius

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -io (animate noun)

Etymology 3

From -i-ō. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yeti.

Suffix

-iō (present infinitive -iāre, perfect active -iāvī, supine -iātum); first conjugation

2. Used to form causative verbs from adjectives.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -iō (first conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-iō	-iās	-iat	-iāmus	-iātis	-iant
	imperfect	-iābam	-iābās	-iābat	-iābāmus	-iābātis	-iābant
	future	-iābō	-iābis	-iābit	-iābimus	-iābitis	-iābunt
	perfect	-iāvī	-iāvistī	-iāvit	-iāvimus	-iāvistis	-iāvērunt, -iāvēre
	pluperfect	-iāveram	-iāverās	-iāverat	-iāverāmus	-iāverātis	-iāverant
	future perfect	-iāverō	-iāveris	-iāverit	-iāverimus	-iāveritis	-iāverint
	sigmatic future1	-iāssō	-iāssis	-iāssit	-iāssimus	-iāssitis	-iāssint
passive	present	-ior	-iāris, -iāre	-iātur	-iāmur	-iāminī	-iantur
	imperfect	-iābar	-iābāris, -iābāre	-iābātur	-iābāmur	-iābāminī	-iābantur
	future	-iābor	-iāberis, -iābere	-iābitur	-iābimur	-iābiminī	-iābuntur
	perfect	-iātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-iātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-iātus + future active indicative of sum
	sigmatic future1	-iāssor	-iāsseris	-iāssitur	—	—	—
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-iem	-iēs	-iet	-iēmus	-iētis	-ient
	imperfect	-iārem	-iārēs	-iāret	-iārēmus	-iārētis	-iārent
	perfect	-iāverim	-iāverīs	-iāverit	-iāverīmus	-iāverītis	-iāverint
	pluperfect	-iāvissem	-iāvissēs	-iāvisset	-iāvissēmus	-iāvissētis	-iāvissent
	sigmatic aorist1	-iāssim	-iāssīs	-iāssīt	-iāssīmus	-iāssītis	-iāssint
passive	present	-ier	-iēris, -iēre	-iētur	-iēmur	-iēminī	-ientur
	imperfect	-iārer	-iārēris, -iārēre	-iārētur	-iārēmur	-iārēminī	-iārentur
	perfect	-iātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-iātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	-iā	—	—	-iāte	—
	future	—	-iātō	-iātō	—	-iātōte	-iantō
passive	present	—	-iāre	—	—	-iāminī	—
	future	—	-iātor	-iātor	—	—	-iantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		-iāre	-iāvisse	-iātūrum esse	-iārī, -iārier2	-iātum esse	-iātum īrī
participles		-iāns	—	-iātūrus	—	-iātus	-iandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		-iandī	-iandō	-iandum	-iandō	-iātum	-iātū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
²The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -io (causative)

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-iō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation iō-variant

2. Used to form some third conjugation verbs.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -iō (third conjugation iō-variant)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-iō	-is	-it	-imus	-itis	-iunt
	imperfect	-iēbam	-iēbās	-iēbat	-iēbāmus	-iēbātis	-iēbant
	future	-iam	-iēs	-iet	-iēmus	-iētis	-ient
	perfect	-ī	-istī	-it	-imus	-istis	-ērunt, -ēre
	pluperfect	-eram	-erās	-erat	-erāmus	-erātis	-erant
	future perfect	-erō	-eris	-erit	-erimus	-eritis	-erint
	sigmatic future1	-ō	-is	-it	-imus	-itis	-int
passive	present	-ior	-eris, -ere	-itur	-imur	-iminī	-iuntur
	imperfect	-iēbar	-iēbāris, -iēbāre	-iēbātur	-iēbāmur	-iēbāminī	-iēbantur
	future	-iar	-iēris, -iēre	-iētur	-iēmur	-iēminī	-ientur
	perfect	-us + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-us + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-us + future active indicative of sum
	sigmatic future1	-or	-eris	-itur	—	—	—
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-iam	-iās	-iat	-iāmus	-iātis	-iant
	imperfect	-erem	-erēs	-eret	-erēmus	-erētis	-erent
	perfect	-erim	-erīs	-erit	-erīmus	-erītis	-erint
	pluperfect	-issem	-issēs	-isset	-issēmus	-issētis	-issent
	sigmatic aorist1	-im	-īs	-īt	-īmus	-ītis	-int
passive	present	-iar	-iāris, -iāre	-iātur	-iāmur	-iāminī	-iantur
	imperfect	-erer	-erēris, -erēre	-erētur	-erēmur	-erēminī	-erentur
	perfect	-us + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	-e	—	—	-ite	—
	future	—	-itō	-itō	—	-itōte	-iuntō
passive	present	—	-ere	—	—	-iminī	—
	future	—	-itor	-itor	—	—	-iuntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		-ere	-isse	-ūrum esse	-ī	-um esse	-um īrī
participles		-iēns	—	-ūrus	—	-us	-iendus, -iundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		-iendī	-iendō	-iendum	-iendō	-um	-ū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

Derived terms

Category Latin terms suffixed with -io (third conjugation) not found

Etymology 5

From i stem+*-yéti (denominative suffix) or later non-inherited fabrications.

Suffix

-iō (present infinitive -īre, perfect active -īvī, supine -ītum); fourth conjugation

2. Used to form fourth conjugation verbs.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -iō (fourth conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-iō	-īs	-it	-īmus	-ītis	-iunt
	imperfect	-iēbam	-iēbās	-iēbat	-iēbāmus	-iēbātis	-iēbant
	future	-iam	-iēs	-iet	-iēmus	-iētis	-ient
	perfect	-īvī, -iī	-īvistī, -iistī	-īvit, -iit	-īvimus, -iimus	-īvistis, -iistis	-īvērunt, -īvēre, -iērunt, -iēre
	pluperfect	-īveram, -ieram	-īverās, -ierās	-īverat, -ierat	-īverāmus, -ierāmus	-īverātis, -ierātis	-īverant, -ierant
	future perfect	-īverō, -ierō	-īveris, -ieris	-īverit, -ierit	-īverimus, -ierimus	-īveritis, -ieritis	-īverint, -ierint
	sigmatic future1	-īssō	-īssis	-īssit	-īssimus	-īssitis	-īssint
passive	present	-ior	-īris, -īre	-ītur	-īmur	-īminī	-iuntur
	imperfect	-iēbar	-iēbāris, -iēbāre	-iēbātur	-iēbāmur	-iēbāminī	-iēbantur
	future	-iar	-iēris, -iēre	-iētur	-iēmur	-iēminī	-ientur
	perfect	-ītus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-ītus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-ītus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-iam	-iās	-iat	-iāmus	-iātis	-iant
	imperfect	-īrem	-īrēs	-īret	-īrēmus	-īrētis	-īrent
	perfect	-īverim, -ierim	-īverīs, -ierīs	-īverit, -ierit	-īverīmus, -ierīmus	-īverītis, -ierītis	-īverint, -ierint
	pluperfect	-īvissem, -iissem	-īvissēs, -iissēs	-īvisset, -iisset	-īvissēmus, -iissēmus	-īvissētis, -iissētis	-īvissent, -iissent
	sigmatic aorist1	-īssim	-īssīs	-īssīt	-īssīmus	-īssītis	-īssint
passive	present	-iar	-iāris, -iāre	-iātur	-iāmur	-iāminī	-iantur
	imperfect	-īrer	-īrēris, -īrēre	-īrētur	-īrēmur	-īrēminī	-īrentur
	perfect	-ītus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-ītus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	-ī	—	—	-īte	—
	future	—	-ītō	-ītō	—	-ītōte	-iuntō
passive	present	—	-īre	—	—	-īminī	—
	future	—	-ītor	-ītor	—	—	-iuntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		-īre	-īvisse, -iisse	-ītūrum esse	-īrī	-ītum esse	-ītum īrī
participles		-iēns	—	-ītūrus	—	-ītus	-iendus, -iundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		-iendī	-iendō	-iendum	-iendō	-ītum	-ītū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -io (fourth conjugation)

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Old Spanish

Etymology

From Latin -ium, from the adjectival suffix -ius.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈ-io/

Suffix

-io

1. (added to nouns) A suffix forming abstract nouns.

   ‎sennor (“lord, master”) + ‎-io → ‎sennorio (“dominion, jurisdiction”)

Derived terms

Old Spanish terms suffixed with -io

Descendants

• Spanish: -ío

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Portuguese

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese -io, from Latin -īvus. Doublet of -ivo.

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈi.u/, /ˈiw/ [ˈiʊ̯]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈi.u/

Suffix

-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ios, feminine plural -ias)

1. -ive; -y (forms adjectives from verbs, indicating a tendency or inclination)

   ‎escorregar (“to slip”) + ‎-io → ‎escorregadio (“slippery”)

   ‎arredar (“to withdraw from”) + ‎-io → ‎arredio (“withdrawn, solitary”)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈi.u/, /ˈiw/ [ˈiʊ̯]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈi.u/

Suffix

-io m (noun-forming suffix, uncountable)

1. (informal) forms collectives

   ‎mulher (“woman”) + ‎-io → ‎mulherio (“a bunch of women”)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): (stressed on the preceding vowel) /i.u/ [ɪ.u]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): (stressed on the preceding vowel) /i.u/ [ɪ.u]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): (stressed on the preceding vowel) /i.o/ [ɪ.o]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): (stressed on the preceding vowel) /i.u/

Suffix

-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)

1. (chemistry) -ium (forms the names of chemical elements and isotopes)

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈiw/ [ˈiʊ̯]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈiw/

Verb

-io

1. Obsolete spelling of -iu.

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Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from New Latin -ium, from Latin -um, based on Latin terms for metals, such as ferrum (“iron”).

Suffix

-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)

1. -ium

Derived terms

Spanish terms suffixed with -io

Further reading

• “-io”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

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Welsh

Etymology

Variant of -o, initially after a stem that contained /j/ (for Brythonic /ɣ/ or from palatalization after a diphthong), later extended to other verbstems.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɔ/

Suffix

-io

1. Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech.

Derived terms

Welsh terms suffixed with -io

Related terms

• -o (Forms verbnouns from verb stems ending in i̯)